Heaven’s Light is Our Guide
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
Welcome to the Lecture
on
Single Point Cutting
Tool Geometry
Cutting Tool Geometry
Cutting tools for metal cutting have many shapes, each of which are
described by their angles or geometries. Every one of these tool
shapes have a specific purpose in metal cutting.
The primary machining goal is to achieve the most efficient
separation of chips from the work piece.
Both material and geometry of the cutting tools play very important
roles on their performances in achieving effectiveness, efficiency and
overall economy of machining.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RUET
Cutting Tools
Cutting tools may be classified according to the number of major cutting
edges (points) involved as follows:
• Single point: e.g., turning tools, shaping, planning and slotting tools
and boring tools
• Double (two) point: e.g., drills
• Multipoint (more than two): e.g., milling cutters, broaching tools, hobs,
gear shaping cutters etc.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RUET
Single Point Cutting Tool
Turning Tool
Single Point Cutting Tool Geometry_1.mp4
Single Point Cutting Tool Geometry_2.mp4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RUET
Single Point Cutting Tool
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RUET
Single Point Cutting Tool
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RUET
Tool Designation (ASA system)
According to ASA tool designation System-
αb – Back rake angle
αs – Side rake angle
θe – End relief angle
θs– Side relief angle
Ce– End cutting edge angle
Cs – Side cutting edge angle
R- Nose radius
All the angles are provided in degrees and nose radius in millimeter.
Tool signature of High speed steel tool: 0-7-7-7-15-15-0.5
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RUET
Single Point Cutting Tool Parts
Size
It is determined by the width of shank, height of shank and overall length.
Shank
Shank is main body of a tool. It is held in a holder.
Flank
Flank is the surface or surfaces below and adjacent to cutting edge.
Heel
Heel is intersection of the flank and base of the tool.
Base
Base is the bottom part of the shank. It takes the tangential force of cutting.
Face
Face is surface of tool on which chip impinges when separated from workpiece.
Cutting Edge
Cutting edge is the edge of that face which separates chip from the workpiece.
The total cutting edge consists of side cutting edge, the nose and end cutting
edge.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RUET
Relief Angles
The purpose of the relief angle is to enable the side of the tool to clear the work
and prevents rubbing action below cutting edge. Small relief angle gives
maximum support below the cutting edge and is necessary while machining
hard and strong workpiece. Too much relief angle weakens the cutting edge and
failure of tool may takes place. Relief angles generally lie between 5° to 15°.
Side Relief Angle
The angle between the portion of the side flank immediately below the side
cutting edge and line perpendicular to the base of tool measured at right angles
to the side flank is known as side relief angle. It is the angle that prevents
interference, as the tool enters the work material.
End Relief Angle
End relief angle is the angle between the portion of the end flank immediately
below the end cutting edge and the line perpendicular to the base of tool,
measured at right angles to end flank. It is the angle that allows the tool to cut
without rubbing on the work piece.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RUET
Rake Angles
The rake angle of a tool affects the angle of shear during the formation of
chip. Larger rake angle provides larger shear angle, lower cutting force,
good surface finish but decreasing the cutting angle and leaves less metal
at the cutting point.
Back Rake Angle
The rake angle of single point cutting tool is useful in determining the
direction of chip flow across the face of the tool and to move the chip
away from the machined work piece surface.
Side Rake Angle
The significance of side rake angle is that it is used to avoid rubbing
action between tool and workpiece.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RUET
Cutting Edge Angles
Side Cutting Edge Angle
It affects the tool life and surface finish. It enables a tool that feed
sideways into a cut to contact the work first behind the tip. Larger side
cutting edge angle tending to separate tool and work and promotes
chatter. While the edge lasts longer for small angle. The most satisfactory
angle is generally 15° but it may varies from 30 to 45°.
End Cutting Edge Angle
End cutting edge angle vary from 8° to 15°. End cutting edge angle
prevents rubbing between the end of the tool and the workpiece. If end
cutting edge angle is less, it will cause vibration because of excessive
tool contact with workpiece. With end cutting edge angle, surface finish
decreases and vice-versa.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RUET
Nose Radius
Nose radius is provided to increase strength of tip of the tool. This is
done by thinning the chip where it approaches tip of tool and by
enlarging the chip over a larger area of the point. It is also provided to
increase the surface finish. If the radius is more, the surface finish will be
good. But due to too large nose radius, contact between tool and work
piece increases, which in turn increase friction and promotes vibration
and chatter.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RUET
Inserts and Tool Angles
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RUET
Inserts and Tool Angles
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RUET
Tool Wear
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Economic Cutting Speed
The tool life at some intermediate cutting speed during metal cutting
operations at which the total cost is minimum.
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