Chapter: 02

Acid, Base and Salt

By Mrs Uzma Shahzaib

Section B: Short Question

Q1 Discuss the properties of acid and bases.

Ans: Properties of Acid

️⚫The acids have a sour taste.

⚫They can produce a stinging sensation on the broken skin.

⚫They are soluble in water.

⚫The acids turn blue litmus red.

⚫The pH of the acidic solution is less than seven.

Properties of Bases

⚫The bases have a bitter taste.

⚫They are slippery in touch.

⚫Some bases are soluble in water.

⚫They turn red litmus blue.

⚫The pH of the basic solution is greater than seven

Q2 Elaborate the Arrhenius concept of acid and base with suitable

example

Ans: Arrhenius Theory of Acids and Bases:

Svante Arrhenius put forward a theory related to acids and bases. According
to this theory, acids are those substances that produce hydrogen (H +) when
dissolved in water are called acids (HCI, HNO 3, CH3COOH, HCN) and bases
are those substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH) when dissolved in
water (NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)).

Properties of acids are due to presence of Hydrogen ions (H +):

HCl -------> H+ + Cl -

Properties of bases are due to presence of Hydroxide ions (OH):

NaOH ----->Na+ +OH-

Salt is an ionic compound that is formed by the reaction of an acid and base.

HBr + KOH----->KBr+H2O

Q3 What is Bronsted - Lowery theory?

Ans: Bronsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases:

In 1923 Danish chemist Bronsted and English chemist Lowry proposed new
definitions of

acid and base. According to this theory, any substance behaves as an acid
when it donates a proton (H+ ) to a base and any substance which accepts a
proton, behaves Like a base, so acids are proton donors and bases are
proton acceptors they both react with water to produce hydronium ions (H 30+
).

Let us consider the dissolution of hydrogen chloride in water. In this reaction,

HCl donate one proton to water (H20), and water (H20) accepts one proton to
become H30+

HCl+ H 20 ------>H30+ + CI -

Thus HCI isa Bronsted acid and H20, is Bronsted base. H30+ is conjugated acid
and CI- is a conjugated base.

Let us consider another following reaction:

CH3COOH + H2O ----> CH3CO0- + H3O +

It is a reversible reaction. In the forward reaction acetic acid is an acid which

is donating proton white water is a base and accepts a proton. Like this, we
have pairs of conjugated acid base pairs. Conjugated acid is produced by
accepting protons from a base and

conjugated base is produced by donating protons from an acid.

Q 4 What are conjugate acid-base pairs? Explain with exam

Ans: Conjugate Acid Base Pairs:

An acid after Losing a proton becomes a base whereas a base after
accepting the proton becomes an acid.

eg: H20 + NH3 --------> NH4+ + OH-

A base formed by the loss of a proton by acid is called the conjugate base of
the acid. An acid formed by the gain of a proton by the base is called the
conjugate acid of the acid.

Acid-base pairs such as H₂O/OH- and NH4+/NH3 which are formed by the loss
or gain of a proton are called conjugate acid-base acid.

An acid-base pair which differs by one proton is called conjugate acid-base

pair. In the above example, H₂O/OH and NH4*/NH3 are conjugate acid-base
pairs. A strong acid would have a large tendency to donate a proton. Thus
the conjugate base of a strong acid would be a weak base. Similarly, the
conjugate base of a weak acid would be strong base.

Q5 Done in ur register

Q6 Elaborate the ionization equation of water

Ans: Water lonization:

Water is a neutral liquid which possesses an equal number of Hydrogen (H +)

and hydroxide ions (OH-) due to this pure water is considered a weak
electrolyte. It ionize according to following reaction:

H₂O ⇌ H ++ OH-

The equilibrium constant [ Kc ] of water is given by:

Kc = [H+] [OH-] / [H₂O]

The square brackets represent the molar concentration of species and its
units are mole.dm-3 As, we know the ionization of water is very small so the
concentration isapproximately unchanged and considered as constant (K w)
so, the equation will be

Kc [H₂O] = [H+] [OH-]

Kc [H₂O] = Kw

Kw = [H+] [OH-]
Where Kw is the ionic product constant of water and its value is 1 x 10 -14

(mol.dm-³)².

Q7 Define the following term

(a) pH (b) Indicator (c) Neutralization (d) Titration

pH: A measurements. of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H +) in a

solution. It may be defined as " the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion
concentration".

pH= - log [H +]

Indicator: any substance that gives a visible sign, usually by a colour

change, of the presence or absence of a threshold concentration of a
chemical species, such as an acid or an alkali in a solution.

Neutralization: is a chemical reaction in which acid and a base react with

each other to form salt and water.

Titration: is a tecnique used to determine the concentration of unknown

solution.

Q8: Define buffers. what is the composition of buffers? Discuss its

importance in our daily life.

Ans: Buffers: A buffer is a solution that can resist pH change upon the
addition of an acidic or basic component. It can neutralize small amounts of
added acid or base, thus maintaining the of the solution relatively stable.

Composition of Buffers:

To effectively maintain a pH range, a buffer must consist of a weak

conjugate acid-base pair, meaning either a weak acid and its conjugate base,
or a weak base and its conjugate acid.

For example:

• Acetic acid (weak organic acid formula CH 3COOH) and a salt containing its
conjugate base, the acetate anion (CH3CO0- ), such as sodium acetate
(CH3COONa)

Ammonia (weak base formula NH3 ) and a salt containing its conjugate acid,
the ammonium cation, such as Ammonium Hydroxide (NH 4OH)

Importance of Buffer:
Buffers are extremely important for Living organisms because most
biochemical processes proceed normally only when the pH remains within a
fairly narrow range. An excess of H+ or OH- can interfere with the structure
and activity of many bimolecules, especially proteins. Therefore, buffers are
commonly used in Living organisms to help maintain a relatively stable pH.
In humans, for example, buffers act to maintain blood pH between 7.35 and
7.45 even though acids and bases are continually being added to and
removed from the blood as it travels through the body. The three main buffer
systems in our bodies are the bicarbonate buffer system, the phosphate
buffer system, and the protein buffer system.

In the Laboratory, molecular and cellular biologists make extensive use of

buffers to stabilize the pH of aqueous solutions. Buffers are also important in
certain commercial household products. Shampoo for example, contains
buffers of citric acid and sodium hydroxide, which work to balance out the
natural alkalinity of soap, which would otherwise burn the scalp , baby lotion
is buffered to a slightly acidic pH of six, which inhibits the growth of bacteria
and other pathogens.

Section C Detailed Question

Q1: Describe salts, preparation of salts and types of salts?

Ans: Salts:

Salt is an ionic compound that contains formed by the neutralization of acid

and base. Salt is important for animal Life and saltiness is one of the basic
human tastes. Salt is an ioniccompound that has a cation other than H + and
an anion other than OH- and is obtainedalong with water in the neutralization
reaction between acids and bases.

Examples: NaCl, CuCl2 , etc.

NaOH + HCI ----------> NaCl+ H 2O

2KOH + H2SO4 ------> K2SO4 + H2O

Preparation of Salts:

Salts are produced by the action of acids on metals, metal oxides, metal
hydroxide, metal carbonates and metal bicarbonates:
 CaO+ H2SO4 ------> CaSO4 + H2O

(calcium sulphate)

KOH + HNO3 ------> KNO3 + H2O

(Potassium nitrate)

BaCO3 + HCl ------> BaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

(Barium chloride )

Salts are produced by

the action of a base with an acid or a metal with a base

H2SO4 + 2NaoH-------> Na2SO4 + 2H2O

(Sodium sulphate)

Types and of Salts

Acidic salt: They are acidic in nature with pH less than 7. eg NH 4Cl, NaHSO4
etc

Basic Salt: They are basic in nature with pH more than 7. eg CH 3COONa,
K2CO3 etc

Neutral Salt: They are formed by complete neutralization of acid and base
with pH 7

NaCl,KCl etc

Q.2 Explain in detail how water ionization is related with PH of

solution.

Ans: lonization of Water:

Water will self-ionize to a very small extent under normal conditions. The
reaction in which a water molecule donates one of its protons to a
neighbouring water molecule, either in pure water or in an aqueous solution,
is referred to as theionization of water. In an auto ionization process, one
water cann react with another to form an OH- ion and H3O+

2H₂O ⇌ H 3O++ OH-

Pure Water's lon-Product Constant:

This reaction's equilibrium constant K can be written as follows

K = [ H3O]+ [OH-] / [H₂O]2

As a result, the number of dissociated water molecules is very small. The

auto-ionization reaction's equilibrium is far to the left, with few water
molecules dissociating. As a result, the auto-ionization reaction Leaves [H₂O]
essentially unchanged and can be treated as a constant. By incorporating
this constant into the equilibrium expression, we can rearrange the
equilibrium constant equation to define a new equilibrium constant, the
Liquid water ion-product constant (Kw):

K = K w / [H₂O]2

K w = [ H3O]+ [OH-]

The concentrations of the hydronium ion and the hydroxide ion are equal
when pure liquid water is in equilibrium with hydronium and hydroxide ions
at 25°C:

H 3O+ = OH- = 1.003 x 10-7 mol/L

Therefore,

Kw = 1.003 x 10-7 molL-1 x 1.003 x 10-7 mol/L-1

= 1.006 x 10 -7 molL-2

• At 25°C, the equilibrium constant Kw applies to any aqueous solution, not

water.

• The hydronium ion and the hydroxide ion concentrations are equal the
solution is neutral.

If [ H3O+ ] > [OH-] the solution is acidic

If [ H3O+ ] < [OH-] the solution is basic

The H3O concentration in an aqueous solution is a quantitative measure of

acidity ; the higher the H3O+ concentration, the more acidic the solution. In
contrast the higher the concentration of OH - the more basic the solution.

Relationship among pH
The pH scale is a concise way of describing the concentration of H3O* in a
solution, and thus its acidity or basicity. The equilibrium constant K w is
expressed as:

K w = [H]+ [OH]-

Taking the negative logarithm of both sides of the equation:

-logKw = -log [ H]+ [OH]-

-logKw = -log [ H]+ + (log[OH]-)

pKw = pH+ pOH

since, pKw = 14

Hence pH it is proved that pH + pOH = 14.00 for any neutral solution with
pH = pOH = 7

Q3. Do in register

Q4: What do you mean by balancing of neutralization reaction with

the. help of examples.

Ans: Balancing of Neutralization Reaction:

The balancing of a neutralization reaction involves the equal consumption of

H+ and OH- in an aqueous solution due to this we have to look at the acidity
of the base and basicity of acid in the balancing equation

For example:

the chemical equation of neutralization of sodium hydroxide and

hydrochloric acid is as followS:

NaOH + HCI----------> NaCl + H2O

NaOH and HCI are neutralizing each other in a ratio of 1:1 because one mole
of NaOH releases one mole of OH- and one mole of HCI releases one mole of
H+. Similarly, NaOH or KOH when reacted with HBr, Hl, and HNO 3 , shows a
ratio of 1:1. One mole of each HI, HNO3 and HBr releases one mole of H+.

pH 7.

Q5: Write uses of some salts.

Ans: Uses of Some Salts:

Salts play an important role in our daily Life. The following are some uses of
salts.

(1) Most of the chemical fertilizers used in agriculture by farmers are salts,
for example, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate,
potassium chloride and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertlizers.

(i) Certain salts are used as pesticides to kill or destroy insects, pests, weeds
and fungi.

Examples: Copper sulphate, Iron sulphate and mercury chloride.

(ii) In medical field hydrated calcium sulphate is found in plaster of Paris.It is

used to make plaster casts for supporting broken bones.

(iii) Patients suffering from anemia use iron sulphate heptahydrate.

(iv) Sodium hydrogen carbonate is an ingredient in anti-acids. This salt can

neutralize the excess acid secreted by the stomach.

(v) Barium sulphate is used to make barium meals for patients who need to
take an X-ray of their stomach. The salt helps to make internal soft organs
like intestines appear on X-ray films.

(vi) Potassium permanganate can kill bacteria and hence is suitable for use
as a disinfectant.