Communication System
Third Year
First Term (2021-2022)
Reference : Communication Systems Engineering, John G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi, 2nd Ed.
Lecturer: Dr. Rna Ghallab
Instructions
Chapter 4
Analog-to-digital conversion
Analog-to-digital conversion
Analog-to-digital conversion is (basically) a 2 step process:
1. Sampling
• Convert from continuous-time analog signal 𝑥𝑎 (𝑡), into a discrete-time signal by taking
the “samples” at discrete-time intervals (Ts).
2. Quantization
• Map amplitude sampled values into set of discrete values 𝑘𝑄.
3. Encoding
• Convert each quantized value into Binary codeword.
3. Encoding
• Encoding converts each quantized value into Binary
codeword.
• Encoding increases the security in the communication system
transmission.
• There are several types of Line codes.
Line codes
1. Unipolar non return-to-zero (NRZ) Signaling
2. Polar non return-to-zero(PNRZ) Signaling
3. Unipor return-to-zero (URZ) Signaling
4. Bipolar return-to-zero (BRZ) Signaling
5. Split-phase (Manchester code)
Line codes
Example 1
A sinusoidal signal, with amplitude of 3.25 volts and frequency of 50 Hz, is
applied to a uniform quantizer of the midtread type whose output takes on
the values 0, ±1, ±2, ±3 volts. Determine the nyquist rate .Sketch the
waveform of the resulting quantizer output for one complete cycle of the
input.
(b) Repeat this evaluation for the case when the quantizer is of the midrise
type whose output takes on the values ± 0.5, ±1.5, ±2.5, ±3.5 volts.
Example 2
Given the data stream 1110010100, sketch the transmitted sequence of pulses for
each of the following line codes:
(a) Unipolar nonreturn-to-zero
(b) Polar nonreturn-to-zero
(c) Unipolar return-to-zero
(d) Bipolar return-to-zero
(e) Manchester code
