a (2) (A) DETERMINANTS: ‘The determinant of order 2 is denoted by and its value is (ad ~ bo) la 3 le al Determinant of order three: ‘Phe representation of nine numbers a,, by, ¢,, la bo lar be ey Jaz bs Cs) ay Byy Cy Gay By» Gy it the form is defined as the determinant of order 3. The nine numbers are called the elements of the determinant. 3) Value of the determinant of order 3: ‘The value of the determinant is given by la, bo ib, oy), |e |, [a2 &|, [a2 By Jar Pa Ip, eal ag cs)" las bal jaz Bs ‘Cal = ay (bye3 ~ Bye) ~ By 42% ~ 93%) + ©(ab, ~ aby) ) ‘Minor and cofactor of elements of a determinant of order 3: lan Bie M3 Leth = |@21 bes C3) las) B32 3a i Ma, (ii) opt |) Minors of the elements : We denote the minor of a, (ie. element of ith row and j* column) by M,, For example minor of ap, i.e. minor of element of 2nd row and. 1*t column is denoted by M,, etc. lazy Axa] _ foar 23] yg = (22 24 - +My = Mis“ la, a. Jas. A Jas, Aa a1 aa] _ [42 43] y= (2 2), ete = , My vette. lagg aq” 7? (an as Cofactors of the elements: Cofactor of a, = (-1)'*4(M,), denoted by Ay l@22 23} = (12 ‘The cofactor of = (1? |, aa, erties of determinants: Property 3: If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are| identical, then the value of determinant is zero. determinant is multiplied by the same number, K,| then the value of determinant so obtained is K times| that of the original determinant. Property 5: If each element of any row (or column) is expressed as the sum of two terms then the determinant can be expressed as the sum of two determinants. Property 6: If same multiple of all elements of any row (¢ column) are added to the corresponding elements any other row (or column), then the value of the n¢ determinant so obtained remains unchanged. ‘NOTE: We have to make some operations on row: and columns of a determinant. We write thes operations in symbolic forms. For example : @) R, OR It means “interchange 1st row and 2° row. (i) Cy Cy It means “interchange C, and C3. i) Ry Ry 2Ry It means “subtract 2 times of R, from Ry Application of determinants (Cramer's rule} ‘The solution of a,x+ byy= ¢ and a,x+ boy ~« 2s, ye B, provided D #0. dL of ah Penh ‘This is the Cramer’s rule for two unknowns : (6) is given by: x la where, D = ‘The solution of a,x+ byy* 42> dy, 4% bay and a,x + byy + G2™ dis given by 2. De Dro) D’ D x= \a > a{0} Properties of transpo; () For any matrix (a i) KAI" = KAT (ig (a) (A+ B= ary By (iv) (AB)T = BTAT (provided conformabili ability exist for product (v)_1!A is a symmetric matrix, then AT— A : PROBLEM 1: Ifa = [C084 sina sina cosa. ware [em SOLUTION: wee ara of cosa iS [psoaecezee Sateal mee) ~ LE # constant) sina] [ cosa sina cosa. 29 skew aymnetne malate SS (wil) If 4 tsa square matrix, then * (0) A+ Attn aymmetie matrix (0) A~ AT is skew-symmetric matrix (witha square matrix A can be expressed aa 1 1 Ae Faranediasan Ca mo |} then show that in ~sin 2a cos 20 a) 90830 ‘sin 3a (i) A? = cas [Ses ase sina, sina cosa aan ~sina)cosa+cosa(-sina) (-sina)sina+cosacosa = [00s?a-sin?a 2sinacosa r2sinacosa -cos*a-sin? a, az = [£0820 sin2a 0 =sin2a cosa)‘ 3 2 Alea = [00820 sin2a] [cosa sina , (i) AS = A2«A [eae cos2e||-sinz cosy] “ffm equation (1) ad = | ($0S82acosa-sin2asina) (cos2asina+sin2aéosa) | ~ |(-sin2acosa—cos2asina) (-sin2asina +cos2acosa)| = |seetleoticatesacaenen sina(1—2sin?a)+cosa(2sinacosa) i ), -cosa(2sina.cosa)-sina(1-2sin?a) -sina(2sinacosa)+cosa(2cos? a1)ms Wa," ites iley * (ay ay= {O eeey fc 11,29 and J=129 1 agrtx2 = 3 a7" 9 TE = 2 a y= 2"2= 4, ns - =3x3- ag" 3*2 = 6 ayy 9 23 46 69 (H) ay= (6492, i= 1,2,3 and j=1,2,3 antl t Ber you Je.., 13 11 = (141)? = 22 = 4, Oy (1 Ferra? = hors > (2. ya 2S QB). Br lB YP = Gooey tag = (ude * 2. ities iF for i= 1, 2,3 and j=1,2,3Determinants and Matrices 0, fins a (iv) ay {a ti>y for i= 1,2,3 and j=1,2,3 mt, iti R,- Ry, Ro Ra Rs 0 a-b cb-a) 0 b-e ale~b) 1 ¢ ab By R2> R2- Ry 1 ¢ ab we o1-e S e-bnae 1 = Las, = @-bb-e Z 1 ¢ ab 0 1.-¢ o1l 1 ¢ ab = (a Blb- ae- alt - = (a-blb-ale- a) = RH.S. 0,1 -¢ 01 -a = (a-by(b-c)le~al}a ne ene. ‘A new Apron Mathematics wens + wccteay z yea 2 , y | 2 abe+ ab+ be te ute pa te PROB! LEM 4: souurioy: =? m4 roperties o: Ms f determinants show that!