Calculus and Analytic Geometry

(CSSS/SESS-1713)
Week 5 Lecture
Course Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Rayees Ahmad

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Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science & Technology (FOST),
University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

Email: [email protected]

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Topic: Definition of derivative, Derivative by 1st principle, Techniques of differen-
tiation
Outline of the Lecture
In this lecture, we will focus on the following contents:

1. The Derivative of function and its examples

• Physical interpretation of derivative

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• Geometrical interpretation of derivative

2. Differentiation
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3. Techniques for differentiation

• Derivatives of algebraic functions, and its examples

– Derivatives of constant functions, and its examples
– Derivatives of power functions, and its examples
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– Extended power rule, and its examples

– Generalized power rule, and its examples
– Scalar multiple rule, and its examples
– Sum and difference rule, and its examples
– Product rule, and its examples
– Quotient rule, and its examples
Dr

• Derivatives of logarithmic functions, and its examples

• Derivatives of exponential functions, and its examples
• Derivatives of trigonometric functions, and its examples

4. Practice questions

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 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
Calculus and Analytic Geometry

1 The derivative of function

The function f 0 defined by the formula

f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
is called the derivative of f with respect to x.

Note: There are different symbols that are used to express the derivative of a function f (x).

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Mathematicians Notations for derivative
dy df
Leibniz dx or dx
Newton f (x• )
Lagrange f (x0 )

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Cauchy Df (x)

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1.1 Physical interpretation of derivative
Physically, the derivative represents the instantaneous rate of change of f at point x.

1.2 Geometrical interpretation of derivative

Geometrically, the derivative represents the slope of the tangent line.
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Example 1.1. Consider the function f (x) = −3x + 1.

1. Find the derivative of f with respect to x.

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2. Use the result of part 1 to find instantaneous rate of change of f at x = 2 and interpret it.

Solution: The given function is f (x) = −3x + 1. First we will find the derivative f 0 (x) of this
function f (x) = −3x + 1.
.R

For this, we have given f (x) = −3x + 1. This implies that f (x + h) = −3(x + h) + 1.

The formula for derivative of the function is given as

f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
Dr

Putting values in the formula, we have

[−3(x + h) + 1] − [−3x + 1]
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
[−3(x + h) + 1] − [−3x + 1]
= lim
h→0 h
−3x − 3h + 1 + 3x − 1
= lim
h→0 h
−3h
= lim
h→0 h
= lim (−3)
h→0

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 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
1.2 Geometrical interpretation of derivative Calculus and Analytic Geometry

Putting the limit, we have

f 0 (x) = lim (−3) = −3
h→0
Hence,
f 0 (x) = −3

Step 2: The instantaneous rate of change of f at x = 2 is

f 0 (2) = −3

Step 3: [Interpretation] This means that y decreases instantaneously 3 units per one

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unit increase in x at point x = 2.
Example 1.2. Consider the function f (x) = x2 .

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1. Find the derivative of f with respect to x.

2. Use the result of part 1 to find instantaneous rate of change of f at x = 2 and interpret it.

3. Find the equation of tangent line at x = 2.

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Solution: The given function is f (x) = x2 . First we will find the derivative f 0 (x) of this func-
tion f (x) = x2 .

For this, we have given

This implies that

f (x) = x2 .
ee
f (x + h) = (x + h)2 .

The formula for derivative of the function is given as

f (x + h) − f (x)
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f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
Putting values in the formula, we have

(x + h)2 − (x)2
f 0 (x) = lim
.R

h→0 h
x + h + 2hx − x2
2 2
= lim
h→0 h
h2 + 2hx
= lim
h→0 h
h(h + 2x)
= lim
h
Dr

h→0
= lim (h + 2x)
h→0

Putting the limit, we have

f 0 (x) = lim (h + 2x) = 0 + 2x = 2x

h→0

Hence,
f 0 (x) = 2x

Step 2: The instantaneous rate of change of f at x = 2 is

f 0 (2) = 2(2) = 4 ⇒ f 0 (2) = 4

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 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
1.2 Geometrical interpretation of derivative Calculus and Analytic Geometry

Step 3: [Interpretation] This means that f increases instantaneously 4 units per one
unit increase in x at point x = 2.

Step 4: The formula for equation of tangent line is given as

y − y0 = mtan (x − x0 )
(1.2.1)
y − f (x0 ) = mtan (x − x0 )

As we have given f (x) = x2 . At x0 = 2, the value of function is f (x0 ) = 22 = 4. And

mtan = f 0 (2) = 4

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So putting all these values in above formula (1.2.1), we get

y − 4 = 4(x − 2)

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y − 4 = 4x − 8
y = 4x − 8 + 4
y = 4x − 4

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Hence, the equation of tangent line is

y = 4x − 4

Step 5: The graph of tangent line is given as:

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Figure 1: Graph of tangent line

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Example 1.3. Consider the function f (x) = 2x3 + 3.

1. Find the derivative of f with respect to x.

2. Use the result of part 1 to find instantaneous rate of change of f at x = −1 and interpret
it.

3. Find the equation of tangent line at x = −1.

Solution: The given function is f (x) = 2x3 + 3. First we will find the derivative f 0 (x) of this
function f (x) = 2x3 + 3.

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 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
1.2 Geometrical interpretation of derivative Calculus and Analytic Geometry

For this, we have given

f (x) = 2x3 + 3
This implies that
f (x + h) = 2(x + h)3 + 3

The formula for derivative of the function is given as

f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h

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Putting values in the formula, we have

[2(x + h)3 + 3] − [2x3 + 3]

f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h

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[2(x + h + 3x2 h + 3xh2 ) + 3] − [2x3 + 3]
3 3
= lim
h→0 h
2x + 2h + 6x h + 6xh2 + 3 − 2x3 − 3
3 3 2
= lim

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h→0 h
3 2
2h + 6x h + 6xh 2
= lim
h→0 h
h(2h2 + 6x2 + 6xh)
= lim
h→0 h
2 2
= lim (2h + 6x + 6xh)
h→0

Putting the limit, we have

ee
f 0 (x) = lim (2h2 + 6x2 + 6xh)
h→0
= 2(0)2 + 6x2 + 6x(0)
= 6x2
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Hence,
f 0 (x) = 6x2

Step 2: The instantaneous rate of change of f at x = −1 is

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f 0 (−1) = 6(−1)2 = 6(1) = 6 ⇒ f 0 (−1) = 6

Step 3: [Interpretation] This means that f increases instantaneously 6 units per one
unit increase in x at point x = −1.

Step 4: The formula for equation of tangent line is given as

Dr

y − y0 = mtan (x − x0 )
(1.2.2)
y − f (x0 ) = mtan (x − x0 )

As we have given
f (x) = 2x3 + 3
At x0 = −1, the value of function is

f (x0 ) = 2(−1)3 + 3 = 2(−1) + 3 = −2 + 3 = 1

And the slope of tangent line is

mtan = f 0 (−1) = 6(−1)2 = 6(1) = 6 ⇒ mtan = 6

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 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
1.2 Geometrical interpretation of derivative Calculus and Analytic Geometry

So putting all these values in above formula (1.2.2), we get

y − 1 = 6(x − (−1))
y − 1 = 6(x + 1)
y − 1 = 6x + 6
y = 6x + 6 + 1
y = 6x + 7

Hence, the equation of tangent line is

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y = 6x + 7

Step 5: The graph of tangent line is given as:

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Figure 2: Graph of tangent line
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1
Example 1.4. Consider the function f (x) = x−2 .

1. Find the derivative of f with respect to x.

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2. Use the result of part 1 to find instantaneous rate of change of f at x = 1 and interpret it.

3. Find the equation of tangent line at x = 1 and display it on the graph.

Solution: The given function is f (x) = 1

x−2 . First we will find the derivative f 0 (x) of this
1
function f (x) = x−2 .
Dr

For this, we have given

1
f (x) =
x−2
This implies that
1
f (x + h) =
(x + h) − 2
The formula for derivative of the function is given as
 
0 f (x + h) − f (x) 1
f (x) = lim == lim f (x + h) − f (x)
h→0 h h→0 h

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 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
1.2 Geometrical interpretation of derivative Calculus and Analytic Geometry

Putting values in the formula, we have

 
0 1 1 1
f (x) = lim −
h→0 h (x + h) − 2 x−2
 
1 1 1
= lim −
h→0 h (x + h − 2) (x − 2)
 
1 (x − 2) − (x + h − 2)
= lim
h→0 h (x + h − 2)(x − 2)
 
1 x−2−x−h+2
= lim
h→0 h (x + h − 2)(x − 2)

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1 −h
= lim
h→0 h (x + h − 2)(x − 2)
 
−1
= lim

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h→0 (x + h − 2)(x − 2)

Putting the limit, we have  

0 −1
f (x) = lim

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h→0 (x + h − 2)(x − 2)
−1
=
(x + 0 − 2)(x − 2)
−1
=
(x − 2)(x − 2)
−1
=
(x − 2)2
Hence,
ee
−1
f 0 (x) =
(x − 2)2

Step 2: The instantaneous rate of change of f at x = 1 is

ay

−1 −1 −1
f 0 (1) = 2
= 2
= = −1 ⇒ f 0 (1) = −1
(1 − 2) (−1) 1

Step 3: [Interpretation] This means that f decreases instantaneously 1 units per one
.R

unit increase in x at point x = 1.

Step 4: The formula for equation of tangent line is given as

y − y0 = mtan (x − x0 )
(1.2.3)
y − f (x0 ) = mtan (x − x0 )
Dr

As we have given
1
f (x) =
x−2
At x0 = 1, the value of function is
1 1
f (x0 ) = = = −1 ⇒ f (x0 ) = −1
1−2 −1
And the slope of tangent line is

mtan = f 0 (1) = −1 ⇒ mtan = −1

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 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
Calculus and Analytic Geometry

So putting all these values in above formula (5), we get

y − (−1) = (−1)(x − 1)
y + 1 = −x + 1
y = −x + 1 − 1
y = −x

Hence, the equation of tangent line is

y = −x

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Step 5: The graph of tangent line is given as:

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Figure 3: Graph of tangent line
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2 Differentiation
The process of finding the derivative of a function f is called the differentiation.
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3 Techniques for Differentiation

There are different techniques which are used in differentiation to find the derivatives of various
functions. We will study some basic functions here and then we will find the derivatives of these
functions.
Dr

3.1 Derivatives of algebraic functions

A function, that can be defined as a root of polynomial equation, is called an algebraic
function.
Algebraic functions contains algebraic expressions with operations of addition, subtraction, mul-
tiplication, division, and raising to a fractional power. Some algebraic functions are given below:
√
2 1 t+1
f (x) = x + 1, g(x) = , h(t) =
x t
In this section, We will discuss about the derivatives of algebraic functions. For this, let f (x) and
g(x) be two algebraic functions, then the following formulas hold to calculate the derivatives.

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 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
3.1 Derivatives of algebraic functions Calculus and Analytic Geometry

3.1.1 Derivative of constant function

The derivative of constant function is zero. Let c is any real number, then the derivative
of c is calculated by the following formula

d
(c) = 0
dx

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sM Figure 4:
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For example, the derivative of constant functions f (x) = 5 and f (x) = −10, is given as

d d
(5) = 0, (−10) = 0
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dx dx

3.1.2 Derivative of power function

The derivative of power function f (x) = xn , where n is a positive integer, is calculated

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by the following formula

d d d
(x)n = n.xn−1 × (x) ⇒ (x)n = n.xn−1
dx dx dx

This formula is called power rule.

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In particular, the derivative of simplest power function f (x) = x is 1, that is, the derivative
of power function f (x) = x is
d
(x) = 1
dx

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 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
3.1 Derivatives of algebraic functions Calculus and Analytic Geometry

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Figure 5:

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The derivative of simplest power function f (x) = x2 and f (x) = x3 are calculated as

d
(x)2 = 2.x2−1 = 2x,
dx
d
(x)3 = 3.x3−1 = 3x2
dx
dy
Example 3.1. Find dx , if y = x7 .
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Solution:

d d  7
(y) = x
dx dx
ay

= 7x7−1
= 7x6
So,
d  7
x = 7x6
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dx
dy
Example 3.2. Find dx , if y = 3x8 + 2x + 1.
Solution:

d d 8 
(y) = 3x + 2x + 1
dx dx
Dr

d d d
= (3x8 ) + (2x) + (1)
dx dx dx
d d
= 3 (x8 ) + 2 (x) + 0
dx dx
8−1
= 3(8)x + 2(1)
= 24x7 + 2
So,
d 8
3x + 2x + 1 = 24x7 + 2

dx

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 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
3.1 Derivatives of algebraic functions Calculus and Analytic Geometry

3.1.3 Extended power rule

If r is any real number, then

d
(x)r = r.xr−1
dx
This formula is called extended power rule.

√ 3
For example, the derivative of functions f (x) = x−2 , g(x) = x and h(x) = x− 2 are given as

d
(x)−2 = (−2).x−2−1 = (−2).x−3
dx

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 − 3    
d 2 3 − 32 −1 3 5
x = − .x = − .x− 2
dx 2 2
 1  
d √
   
d 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

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x = x = .x 2 −1 = .x− 2 = .x− 2
dx dx 2 2 2
√
Example 3.3. Find ds
dt , if s = (1 + t) t.

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Solution:

d d √ 
(s) = (1 + t) t
dt dt
d √ 
= (1 + t) t
dt
d 1
= (1 + t).(t) 2
dt
ee
d 1 1
= (t) 2 + t1 .(t) 2
dt
d 1 1
= (t) 2 + (t)1+ 2
dt
d 1
ay

3
= (t) 2 + (t) 2
dt
d   12 d   32
= t + t
dt dt
1 1 3 3
= [t] 2 −1 + [t] 2 −1
.R

2 2
1 −1 3 1
= t 2 + t2
2 2
So,
d √  1 1 3 1
(1 + t) t = t− 2 + t 2
dt 2 2
dy √
, if y = x + x1 .
Dr

Example 3.4. Find dx

Solution:

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 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
3.1 Derivatives of algebraic functions Calculus and Analytic Geometry

d d √ 1
(y) = x+
dx dx x
d 1
x 2 + x−1

=
dx
d   12 d  −1
= x + x
dx dx
1 1
= (x) 2 −1 + (−1)(x)−1−1
2
1 1
= x− 2 + (−1)x−2
2

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1 1
= x− 2 − x−2
2
1 1
= 1 − 2
2 x2 x

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1 1
= √ − 2
2 x x
So,

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d √
 
1 1 1
x+ = √ − 2
dx x 2 x x

3.1.4 Generalized power rule

If f (x) be a function be differentiable at x and r is any real number, then

 r  r−1  
d d
ee
f (x) = r. f (x) × f (x)
dx dx
This formula is called generalized power rule.
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For example, the derivative of y = (x2 + 5)2 is given as

d 2 d 2
(x + 5)2 = 2.(x2 + 5)2−1 × (x + 5)
dx  dx 
2 d 2 d
= 2.(x + 5) × (x ) + (5)
.R

dx dx
= 2.(x2 + 5) × [2x + 0]
= 2.(x2 + 5) × (2x)
= 4x(x2 + 5)
= 4x3 + 20x
Dr

dy
Example 3.5. Find dx , if y = (3x2 + 1)2 .
Solution:

d d
(3x2 + 1)2 = 2.(3x2 + 1)2−1 × (3x2 + 1)
dx  dx 
2 d 2 d
= 2.(3x + 1) × (3x ) + (1)
dx dx
= 2.(3x2 + 1) × [6x + 0]
= 2.(3x2 + 1) × (6x)
= 12x(3x2 + 1)
= 36x3 + 12x

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 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
3.1 Derivatives of algebraic functions Calculus and Analytic Geometry

So,
 
d
(3x + 1) = 36x3 + 12x
2 2
dx

3.1.5 Constant multiple rule

If f is differentiable at x and c is any real number, then cf is differentiable at x and is

given by the formula    
d d
c.f (x) = c. f (x)
dx dx

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For example,    
d d
5.f (x) = 5. f (x)
dx dx
   
d d

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− 9.f (x) = −9. f (x)
dx dx
   
d 2 2 d
.f (x) = . f (x)
dx 3 3 dx

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dy
Example 3.6. Find dx , if y = 4x7 .
Solution:

d d  7
(y) = 4x
dx dx
d  7
=4 x
dx
ee
= 4(7)x7−1
= 28x6
So,
d  7
ay

4x = 28x6
dx

3.1.6 Sum and difference rule

.R

If f (x) and g(x) are differentiable at x, then the derivative of f (x) + g(x) and f (x) − g(x)
are given by the formula
     
d d d
f (x) + g(x) = f (x) + g(x)
dx dx dx
     
d d d
f (x) − g(x) = f (x) − g(x)
dx dx dx
Dr

For example, let f (x) = 2x6 and g(x) = x−9 , then the derivative of f (x) + g(x) is given by the
formula    
d d 6 −9
f (x) + g(x) = 2x + x
dx dx
   
d 6 d −9
= 2x + x
dx dx
   
d 6 d −9
=2 x + x
dx dx
= 2.(6)x6−1 + (−9)x−9−1
= 12x5 + (−9)x−10
= 12x5 − 9x−10

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 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
3.1 Derivatives of algebraic functions Calculus and Analytic Geometry

So,
 
d −9
6
2x + x = 12x5 − 9x−10
dx

Similarly, for f (x) = 2x6 and g(x) = x−9 , then the derivative of f (x) − g(x) is given by the
formula    
d d 6 −9
f (x) − g(x) = 2x − x
dx dx
   
d 6 d −9
= 2x − x
dx dx

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d 6 d −9
=2 x − x
dx dx
= 2.(6)x6−1 − (−9)x−9−1
= 12x5 − (−9)x−10

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= 12x5 + 9x−10
So,

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d
2x6 − x−9 = 12x5 + 9x−10
dx
dy
Example 3.7. Find dx , if y = − 13 (x7 + 2x − 9).
Solution:

d d 1 7 
(y) = − (x + 2x − 9)
dx dx 3
ee
1 d 7 
=− x + 2x − 9
3 dx 
1 d 7 d d
=− (x ) + (2x) − (9)
3 dx dx dx
ay

 
1 d
= − 7.x7−1 + 2. (x) − 0
3 dx
 
1 6
= − 7.x + 2.(1)
3
.R

 
1 6
= − 7x + 2
3
So,
   
d 1 7 1 6
− (x + 2x − 9) = − 7x + 2
dx 3 3
Dr

3.1.7 Product rule

If f (x) and g(x) are differentiable at x, then the derivative of f (x).g(x) is given by the
formula      
d d d
f (x).g(x) = f (x). g(x) + g(x). f (x)
dx dx dx

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 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
3.1 Derivatives of algebraic functions Calculus and Analytic Geometry

For example, let f (x) = 2x6 and g(x) = x−9 , then the derivative of f (x)g(x) is given by the
formula    
d d 6 −9
f (x)g(x) = (2x ).(x )
dx dx
   
6 d −9 −9 d 6
= 2x . x +x . 2x
dx dx
 
6 −9−1 −9 d 6
= 2.x .(−9)x + x .(2) x
dx
= 2(−9).x6 .x−10 + x−9 .(2)(6)x6−1
= −18x6−10 + 12.x−9 .x5

ik
= −18x−4 + 12.x−9+5
= −18x−4 + 12.x−4
= (−18 + 12).x−4

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= −6.x−4
So,

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d
(2x )(x ) = −6.x−4
6 −9
dx
dy
Example 3.8. Find dx , if y = (x + 1)(2x − 1).
Solution:

d d 
(y) = (x + 1)(2x − 1)
dx dx
ee
d d
= (x + 1). (2x − 1) + (2x − 1). (x + 1)
dx  dx  
d d d d
= (x + 1). (2x) − (1) + (2x − 1). (x) + (1)
dx dx dx dx
ay

 
d  
= (x + 1). 2. (x) − 0 + (2x − 1). 1 + 0
dx
   
= (x + 1). 2.(1) + (2x − 1). 1
= 2(x + 1) + (2x − 1)
.R

= 2x + 2 + 2x − 1
= 4x + 1
So,
 
d
(x + 1)(2x − 1) = 4x + 1
dx
Dr

3.1.8 Quotient rule

f (x)
If f (x) and g(x) are differentiable at x, then the derivative of g(x) is given by the formula

d d
[f (x)] − f (x). dx
 
d f (x) g(x) dx [g(x)]
= 2
dx g(x) [g(x)]

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 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
3.1 Derivatives of algebraic functions Calculus and Analytic Geometry
f (x)
For example, let f (x) = x2 + 2x and g(x) = x − 8, then the derivative of g(x) is given by the
formula
d x2 + 2x
   
d f (x)
=
dx g(x) dx x − 8
d d
(x − 8) dx (x2 + 2x) − (x2 + 2x). dx (x − 8)
= 2
(x − 8)
d d d d
(x − 8)[ dx (x2 ) + − (x2 + 2x).[ dx
dx (2x)] (x) − dx (8)]
= 2
(x − 8)
(x − 8)[2x + 2(1)] − (x2 + 2x).[1 − 0]
=
(x − 8)2

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(x − 8)[2x + 2(1)] − (x2 + 2x).[1 − 0]
=
(x − 8)2
2.(x − 8).(x + 1) − (x2 + 2x)

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=
(x − 8)2
2(x2 + x − 8x − 8) − x2 − 2x
=
(x − 8)2

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2(x2 − 7x − 8) − x2 − 2x
=
(x − 8)2
2x2 − 14x − 16 − x2 − 2x
=
(x − 8)2
x2 − 16x − 16
=
(x − 8)2
So,
ee
d x2 + 2x x2 − 16x − 16
 
=
dx x − 8 (x − 8)2

3x+4
dy
y=
ay

Example 3.9. Find dx , if .

x2 +1
Solution:
 
d d 3x + 4
(y) =
dx dx x2 + 1
.R

d d
(x2 + 1). dx (3x + 4) − (3x + 4). dx (x2 + 1)
=
(x2 + 1)2
d d d d
(x2 + 1).[ dx (3x) + dx (4)] − (3x + 4).[ dx (x2 ) + dx (1)]
=
(x2 + 1)2
d
(x2 + 1).[3. dx (x) + 0] − (3x + 4).[2x + 0]
=
(x2 + 1)2
Dr

3(x2 + 1) − 2x(3x + 4)
=
(x2 + 1)2
3x + 3 − 6x2 − 8x
2
=
(x2 + 1)2
−3x2 − 8x + 3
=
(x2 + 1)2
So,
−(3x2 + 8x − 3)
 
d 3x + 4
=
dx x2 + 1 (x2 + 1)2

16
 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
3.2 Derivatives of logarithmic functions Calculus and Analytic Geometry
dy x2
Example 3.10. Find dx , if y = 3x−4 .
Solution:

x2
 
d d
(y) =
dx dx 3x − 4
d d
(3x − 4). dx (x2 ) − (x2 ). dx (3x − 4)
= 2
(3x − 4)
d d
(3x − 4).(2x) − (x2 ).[ dx (3x) − dx (4)]
= 2
(3x − 4)

ik
d
2x(3x − 4) − x2 .[3. dx (x) − 0]
= 2
(3x − 4)
6x − 8x − x2 [3(1)]
2
=
(3x − 4)2

al
6x2 − 8x − 3x2
=
(3x − 4)2
2
3x − 8x

sM
=
(3x − 4)2
So,
x2 3x2 − 8x
 
d
=
dx 3x − 4 (3x − 4)2

3.2 Derivatives of logarithmic functions

ee
The natural logarithm of a number is its logarithm to the base of a mathematical
constant e, where
e ≈ 2.718281828459....
ay

is an irrational number, known as transcedental number. The natural logarithm of a number

x is represented by ln(x) or loge (x).

Note: e0 = 1, e1 = e, ln(e) = 1.
.R

Important tips for logarithm:

ln(x × y) = ln(x) + ln(y)

 
x
ln = ln(x) − ln(y)
y
 m
Dr

ln x = m × ln(x)
 x
ln e = x, if x≥0

eln(x) = x, if x≥0

Derivative formula for logarithmic functions: The derivative of logarithmic functions can
be calculated by the following formulas
 
d 1
ln(x) =
dx x

17
 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
3.3 Derivatives of exponential functions Calculus and Analytic Geometry

and  
d 1 d
ln f (x) = × [f (x)]
dx f (x) dx
Example 3.11.
   
d 1 d 1 d d 1 2
ln(2x + 1) = × (2x + 1) = × (2x) + (1) = × (2) =
dx 2x + 1 dx 2x + 1 dx dx 2x + 1 2x + 1

Hence  
d 2
ln(2x + 1) =
dx 2x + 1

ik
3.3 Derivatives of exponential functions

al
The function of the form f (x) = ex or f (x) = ax , a 6= 0, a > 0, is called a exponential function,
where e is the natural base and a is the common base and x is the corresponding exponent
(power).

sM
The derivative formula for exponential functions is
   
d x x d x d x
a = a . ln(a). (x) = a . ln(a) ⇒ a = ax . ln(a)
dx dx dx

and    
d x x d x d x
e = e . ln(e). (x) = e .(1).(1) ⇒ e = ex
ee
dx dx dx

Example 3.12.
 
d x3 3 d 3 3 3
= ex × ln(e) × (x ) = ex × (1) × 3x2 = 3x2 ex
ay

e
dx dx

Hence  
d x3 3
e = 3x2 ex
dx
.R

Example 3.13.
 
d x+5 d
2 = 2x+5 × ln(2) × (x + 5) = 2x+5 × ln(2) × (1 + 0) = 2x+5 × ln(2)
dx dx

Hence  
d x+5
Dr

2 = 2x+5 × ln(2)
dx

3.4 Derivatives of trigonometric functions

Trigonometric function of the real functions which describe the relation of an angle of a right
triangle to the ratios of the two sides of that triangle. These are also known circular functions,
angle functions, or gonometric functions.

Trigonometry is a very important branch of mathematics which is used in all areas of sciences,
including computer science, biology, chemistry, physics, etc.

18
 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
Calculus and Analytic Geometry

The derivative formulas for trigonometric functions are

   
d d d
sin(x) = cos(x) × (x) = cos(x) ⇒ sin(x) = cos(x)
dx dx dx
   
d d d
cos(x) = − sin(x) × (x) = − sin(x) ⇒ cos(x) = − sin(x)
dx dx dx
   
d d d
tan(x) = sec2 (x) × (x) = sec2 (x) ⇒ tan(x) = sec2 (x)
dx dx dx

ik
and the derivative formulas for reciprocals of trigonometric functions are
   
d d d
cosec(x) = −cosec(x) cot(x) × (x) = −cosec(x) cot(x) ⇒ cosec(x) = −cosec(x) cot(x)
dx dx dx

al
   
d d d
sec(x) = sec(x) tan(x) × (x) = sec(x) tan(x) ⇒ sec(x) = sec(x) tan(x)
dx dx dx

sM
   
d 2 d 2 d
cot(x) = −cosec (x) × (x) = −cosec (x) ⇒ cot(x) = −cosec2 (x)
dx dx dx

Example 3.14.
 
d d 2
sin(x + 5) = cos(x2 + 5) ×
2
(x + 5) = cos(x2 + 5) × (2x + 0) = 2x cos(x2 + 5)
dx dx
Hence
ee
 
d
sin(x + 5) = 2x cos(x2 + 5)
2
dx
ay

4 Practice questions
4.1 Derivative of function
1. Consider the function f (x) = 3x + 2.
.R

• Find the derivative of f with respect to x.

• Use the result of part 1 to find instantaneous rate of change of f at x = 0 and interpret
it.
• Find the equation of tangent line at x = 0 and display it on the graph.

2. Consider the function f (x) = 2x2 + 3.

Dr

• Find the derivative of f with respect to x.

• Use the result of part 1 to find instantaneous rate of change of f at x = −2 and
interpret it.
• Find the equation of tangent line at x = −2 and display it on the graph.

3. Consider the function f (x) = x3 + 1.

• Find the derivative of f with respect to x.

• Use the result of part 1 to find instantaneous rate of change of f at x = −1 and
interpret it.

19
 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
4.2 Derivative by direct method Calculus and Analytic Geometry

• Find the equation of tangent line at x = −1 and display it on the graph.

4. Consider the function f (x) = x1 .

• Find the derivative of f with respect to x.

• Use the result of part 1 to find instantaneous rate of change of f at x = 3 and interpret
it.
• Find the equation of tangent line at x = 3 and display it on the graph.
1
5. Consider the function f (x) = x2
.

ik
• Find the derivative of f with respect to x.
• Use the result of part 1 to find instantaneous rate of change of f at x = 1 and interpret
it.

al
• Find the equation of tangent line at x = 1 and display it on the graph.

4.2 Derivative by direct method

sM
1. Find the derivative of the function f (x) = π 3

2. Find the derivative of the function f (x) = −3(x−12 )

3. Find the derivative of the function f (x) = 12 (x4 + 7)

4. Find the derivative of the function f (x) = (3x2 − 1)(x2 + 2)

ee
5. Find the derivative of the function f (x) = (x2 − 1)(x2 + 1)

6. Find the derivative of the function f (x) = (x + 1)(x2 − x + 1)

dy x−2
7. Find the derivative of the function y=
ay

dx x4 +x+1
√
dy (2 x+1)(x−1)
8. Find the derivative dx of the function y= x+3
9. Find the derivative of the functions f (x) = ln(x2 − 5x + 6)
.R

10. Find the derivative of the functions f (x) = e x2 −1 and g(x) = 2 x2 +7

11. Find the derivative of f (x) = cos(2x−12 + 18x) and g(x) = sec(2x−12 + 18x)
Dr

20
 Calculus and Analytical Geometry (CSSS-1713)
Week no. 5
Course Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Rayees Ahmad
Lecturer, Department of Mathematics, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

ik
Email: [email protected]

October 21, 2024

al
sM
Topic: Techniques for differentiation, Composition of function, Chain Rule

Outline of the Lecture

In this lecture, we will focus on the following contents:

1. Advanced examples of derivatives of trigonometric functions, logarithmic functions and

exponential functions
ee
2. Composition of functions

3. Representation of dependent and independent variable and their derivatives

4. Chain rule and its examples

ay

5. Practice questions
.R
Dr

1
 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
Calculus and Analytical Geometry

1 Advanced examples of derivatives of trigonometric functions,

logarithmic functions and exponential functions
Example 1.1. Find the derivative of y = sin4 (x3 ).

Solution:

The given function is

y = sin4 (x3 )

ik
Now, applying derivative w.r.t x, we have
 
d d 4 3
(y) = sin (x )
dx dx

al
Since we know that  n
n
sin (θ) = sin(θ)

So, we have

sM
 4
dy d 3
= sin(x )
dx dx
Applying generalized power rule, we have
 4−1  
dy d
= 4. sin(x3 ) × sin(x3 )
dx dx
 3  
dy d
= 4. sin(x3 ) × sin(x3 )
dx dx
ee
Applying derivative on trigonometric function, we have
dy d
= 4. sin3 (x3 ) × cos(x3 ) × (x)3
dx dx
ay

dy d
= 4. sin3 (x3 ) × cos(x3 ) × 3x2 × (x)
dx dx
dy
= 4. sin3 (x3 ) × cos(x3 ) × 3x2
dx
dy
= 12x2 . sin3 (x3 ). cos(x3 )
.R

dx
Hence,
 
dy d
= sin (x ) = 12x2 . sin3 (x3 ). cos(x3 )
4 3
dx dx
cot(x)
Example 1.2. Find the derivative of y = 1+cosec(x)
Dr

Solution:

The given function is

cot(x)
y=
1 + cosec(x)
First, We will simply the given function as
cot(x)
y=
1 + cosec(x)
cos(x)  
sin(x) cos(x) 1
y= 1 ∵ cot(x) = , cosec(x) =
1 + sin(x) sin(x) sin(x)

2
 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
Calculus and Analytical Geometry

By taking L.C.M in denominator of the fraction, we have

 
cos(x)
sin(x)
y= 
sin(x)+1
sin(x)

It can also be written as    

cos(x) sin(x) + 1
y= ÷
sin(x) sin(x)
By changing the division sign into multiplication, we have

ik
cos(x) sin(x)
y= ×
sin(x) sin(x) + 1
This implies that

al
cos(x)
y=
sin(x) + 1
Now, we will applying the derivative on the simplified function as

sM
 
d d cos(x)
(y) =
dx dx sin(x) + 1
Applying the quotient rule, we have
d d
dy [sin(x) + 1] × dx [cos(x)] − cos(x) × dx [sin(x) + 1]
=
dx [sin(x) + 1]2
ee
By applying the derivatives on the terms given in the numerator, we have
d d
dy [sin(x) + 1] × [− sin(x)] − cos(x) × [ dx [sin(x)] + dx (1)]
= 2
dx [sin(x) + 1]
ay

dy − sin(x)[sin(x) + 1] − cos(x) × [cos(x) + 0]

=
dx [sin(x) + 1]2
dy − sin2 (x) − sin(x) − cos2 (x)
=
dx [sin(x) + 1]2
dy − sin(x) − sin2 (x) − cos2 (x)
.R

=
dx [sin(x) + 1]2
dy − sin(x) − [sin2 (x) + cos2 (x)]
=
dx [sin(x) + 1]2
dy − sin(x) − 1
= , (∵ sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1)
dx [sin(x) + 1]2
dy −[sin(x) + 1]
Dr

=
dx [sin(x) + 1].[sin(x) + 1]
dy −1
=
dx sin(x) + 1
Hence,
 
dy d cot(x) −1
= =
dx dx 1 + cosec(x) sin(x) + 1

Practice question: Find the derivative of the following function

sin(x) sec(x)
f (x) =
1 + x tan(x)

3
 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
Calculus and Analytical Geometry

Example 1.3. Find the derivative of f (x) = ecos(x) ln(sin x)

Solution:

The given function is

f (x) = ecos(x) ln(sin x)
Now, applying derivative w.r.t x, we have
 
d d cos(x)
[f (x)] = e × ln(sin x)
dx dx

ik
Applying the product rule, we have
   
d d cos(x)
f 0 (x) = ecos(x) × ln(sin x) + ln(sin x) × e

al
dx dx
Simplifying the derivative, we have
   
1 d d

sM
0 cos(x) cos(x)
f (x) = e × × sin(x) + ln(sin x) × e × cos(x)
sin(x) dx dx
Simplifying the derivatives, we have
1 d d
f 0 (x) = ecos(x) × × cos(x) × (x) + ln(sin x) × ecos(x) × [− sin(x)] × (x)
sin(x) dx dx
cos(x)
f 0 (x) = ecos(x) − ecos(x) sin(x) ln(sin x)
sin(x)
ee
 
0 cos(x) cos(x) cos(x)
f (x) = e cot(x) − e sin(x) ln(sin x), ∵ cot(x) =
sin(x)
This implies that  
ay

0 cos(x)
f (x) = e cot(x) − sin(x) ln(sin x)

Hence,
   
d d cos(x) cos(x)
[f (x)] = e ln(sin x) = e cot(x) − sin(x) ln(sin x)
dx dx
.R

Practice question: Find the derivative of the function

f (x) = esin(x) ln(cos x)

Answer:  
0 sin(x)
f (x) = e cos(x) ln(cos x) − tan(x)
Dr

 
2 x+5
Example 1.4. Find the derivative of f (x) = sin x2 −9

Solution:

The given function is  

2 x+5
f (x) = sin
x2 − 9
Since we know that  n
sinn (θ) = sin(θ)

4
 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
Calculus and Analytical Geometry

So, we have
  2
x+5
f (x) = sin
x2 − 9
Applying the derivative, we have
  2
d d x+5
[f (x)] = sin
dx dx x2 − 9
Applying generalized power rule, we have
  2−1   
0 x+5 d x+5
f (x) = 2. sin × sin

ik
x2 − 9 dx x2 − 9
This implies that
     
x+5 x+5 d x+5
f 0 (x) = 2. sin

al
× cos ×
x2 − 9 x2 − 9 dx x2 − 9
Now applying quotient rule, we have
d d

sM
(x2 − 9) × dx (x + 5) − (x + 5) × dx (x2 − 9)
   
0 x+5 x+5
f (x) = 2. sin × cos ×
x2 − 9 x2 − 9 (x2 − 9)2
d d d d
(x2 − 9) × [ dx (5)] − (x + 5) × [ dx (x2 ) −
   
x+5 x+5 (x) + dx dx (9)]
f 0 (x) = 2. sin × cos ×
x2 − 9 x2 − 9 (x2 − 9)2
(x2 − 9) × [1 + 0] − (x + 5) × [2x − 0]
   
x+5 x+5
f 0 (x) = 2. sin × cos ×
x2 − 9 x2 − 9 (x2 − 9)2
2
   
x+5 x+5 (x − 9) − 2x(x + 5)
f 0 (x) = 2. sin × cos ×
ee
2
x −9 2
x −9 (x2 − 9)2
x2 − 9 − 2x2 − 10x
   
x+5 x+5
f 0 (x) = 2. sin × cos ×
x2 − 9 x2 − 9 (x2 − 9)2
−x2 − 10x − 9
   
x+5 x+5
ay

f 0 (x) = 2. sin × cos ×

x2 − 9 x2 − 9 (x2 − 9)2
−(x2 + 10x + 9)
   
x+5 x+5
f 0 (x) = 2. sin × cos ×
x2 − 9 x2 − 9 (x2 − 9)2
x2 + 10x + 9
   
x+5 x+5
f 0 (x) = −2 sin
.R

cos ×
x2 − 9 x2 − 9 (x2 − 9)2
x2 + 9x + x + 9
   
x+5 x+5
f 0 (x) = −2 sin cos ×
x2 − 9 x2 − 9 (x2 − 9)2
   
x+5 x+5 x(x + 9) + 1(x + 9)
f 0 (x) = −2 sin 2
cos 2
×
x −9 x −9 (x2 − 9)2
   
x+5 x+5 (x + 9)(x + 1)
f 0 (x) = −2 sin cos ×
Dr

2
x −9 2
x −9 (x2 − 9)2
   
x+5 x + 5 (x + 9)(x + 1)
f 0 (x) = −2 sin cos
x2 − 9 x2 − 9 (x2 − 9)2
Hence,
      
d d 2 x+5 x+5 x + 5 (x + 9)(x + 1)
[f (x)] = sin = −2 sin cos
dx dx x2 − 9 x2 − 9 x2 − 9 (x2 − 9)2

Practice question: Find the derivative of the function

 
x
f (x) = cos3
x+1

5
 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
Calculus and Analytical Geometry

Answer:    
x x
− cos2 x+1 . sin x+1
f 0 (x) =
(x + 1)2
  
Example 1.5. Find the derivative of f (x) = cos sin e ln(x)

Solution:

The given function is

ik
  
ln(x)
f (x) = cos sin e

Applying the derivative, we have

al
   
d d ln(x)
[f (x)] = cos sin e
dx dx

Applying derivative of trigonometric function, we have

sM
   
0 ln x d ln x
f (x) = − sin sin(e ) × sin(e )
dx

This implies that    

0 ln x ln x d ln x
f (x) = − sin sin(e ) × cos(e )× e
dx
Now applying derivative of exponential function, we have
ee
   
0 ln x ln x ln x d
f (x) = − sin sin(e ) × cos(e ) × e × ln x
dx

Now applying derivative of logarithmic function, we have

ay

 
0 1
f (x) = − sin sin(e ) × cos(eln x ) × eln x ×
ln x
x

This implies that

.R

1
f 0 (x) = − eln x sin(sin(eln x )) cos(eln x )
x
Hence,
   
d d ln(x) 1
[f (x)] = cos sin e = − eln x sin(sin(eln x )) cos(eln x )
dx dx x

Practice question: Find the derivative of the function

Dr

 
f (x) = sin cos(2x − 5)

2 Composition of functions
Let f be a function from X to Y , i.e., f : X → Y and g be a function from Y to Z, i.e.,
g : Y → Z, then the composition of functions f and g is a function, denoted by g ◦ f , from
set X to set Z, i.e., g ◦ f : X → Z, and is defined as

(g ◦ f )(x) = g(f (x)) = gf (x), for all x∈X

6
 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
Calculus and Analytical Geometry

The functions f and g are called composite functions.

Similarly, for three functions f, g and h, the composition of functions is defined as
 
h ◦ (g ◦ f )(x) = h g(f (x)) = hgf (x), for all x ∈ X

 
Example 2.1. Suppose we have given a composite function cos x2 +1

Solution:

ik
From the given composite function, we can extract the functions f and g given as

f (x) = x2 + 1

al
and
g(x) = cos(x)
  

sM
Example 2.2. Suppose we have given a composite function ln 2
sin x + 1

Solution:

From the given composite function, we can extract the functions f, g and h given as

f (x) = x2 + 1
ee
g(x) = sin(x)
and
h(x) = ln(x)
ay

3 Representation of dependent and independent variable and

their derivatives
.R

The dependent variable is a function of independent variable.

1. When one variable is dependent on one independent variable, then

y = f (x), i.e., y is a function of x

• The derivative of dependent variable y w.r.t independent variable x can be written

Dr

as
dy
dx
2. When one variable is dependent on two independent variables, then

z = f (x, y), i.e., z is a function of x and y

• The derivative of dependent variable z w.r.t independent variables x and y can be

written as
dz dz df df
, or ,
dx dy dx dy

7
 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
Calculus and Analytical Geometry

3. When one variable is dependent on three independent variables, then

w = f (x, y, z), i.e., w is a function of x, y and z

• The derivative of dependent variable w w.r.t independent variables x, y and z can be

written as
dw dw dw df df df
, , or , ,
dx dy dz dx dy dz

4 Chain rule

ik
The chain rule for two functions f and g can be expressed as
dy dy dt
= ×
dx dt dx

al
where y = f (t) and t = f (x).
The chain rule for three functions f, g and h can be expressed as

sM
dy dy dt du
= × ×
dx dt du dx
where y = f (t), t = f (u) and u = f (x).

Example 4.1. Find the derivative of the function y = (3x2 − 2x + 7)6 using chain rule.

Solution:
ee
Suppose that
t = 3x2 − 2x + 7 (4.0.1)
ay

This implies that

y = (t)6 (4.0.2)
Now, differentiate equation (4.0.1) w.r.t variable x, we have
d d
(3x2 − 2x + 7)
.R

(t) =
dx dx
dt d d d
= 3 (x2 ) − 2 (x) + (7)
dx dx dx dx
dt
= 3(2x) − 2(1) + 0
dx
dt
= 6x − 2
dx
Dr

Now, differentiate equation (4.0.2) w.r.t variable t, we have

d d
(y) = (t)6
dt dt
dy d
= 6(t)6−1 × (t)
dt dt
dy
= 6t5
dt

Applying the chain rule, we have

dy dy dt
= ×
dx dt dx

8
 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
Calculus and Analytical Geometry

Putting values of derivatives, we have

dy
= 6t5 × (6x − 2)
dx
Putting value of t, we have
dy
= 6(3x2 − 2x + 7)5 × (6x − 2)
dx
dy
= 6(3x2 − 2x + 7)5 × 2(3x − 1)
dx

ik
Hence
dy
= 12(3x − 1)(3x2 − 2x + 7)5
dx

al
Example 4.2. Find the derivative of the function y = sin(2x) using chain rule.

Solution:

sM
Suppose that
t = 2x (4.0.3)
This implies that
y = sin(t) (4.0.4)
Now, differentiate equation (4.0.3) w.r.t variable x, we have

d d
ee
(t) = (2x)
dx dx
dt d
= 2 (x)
dx dx
dt
ay

= 2(1)
dx
dt
=2
dx

Now, differentiate equation (4.0.4) w.r.t variable t, we have

.R

d d
(y) = sin(t)
dt dt
dy d
= cos(t) × (t)
dt dt
dy
= cos(t) × (1)
dt
Dr

dy
= cos(t)
dt

Applying the chain rule, we have

dy dy dt
= ×
dx dt dx
Putting values of derivatives, we have
dy
= cos(t) × (2)
dx
dy
= 2 cos(t)
dx

9
 Resource Person: Dr. M. Rayees Ahmad
Calculus and Analytical Geometry

Putting value of t, we have

dy
= 2 cos(2x)
dx
Hence
dy
= 2 cos(2x)
dx

5 Practice questions
Find the derivative of the following functions

ik
1. f (x) = sin2 (3x)
ex
2. f (x) = cos(x)

al
sin(x)
3. f (x) = sec(3x+1)

sin(x) sec(x)
4. f (x) =

sM
1+x tan(x)
√
5. f (x) = x tan(x2 )
2
6. f (x) = ex (1 − 5x2 )

7. f (x) = x3 ln(x2 )

8. f (x) = ln(sin x)
ee
9. f (x) = sin(ln x)

10. f (x) = ex ln x

11. f (x) = (5x7 − x4 + 1)5

ay

12. f (x) = sec2 (x) − tan2 (x)

Find the derivative of the following functions using chain rule

.R

1. f (x) = sin2 (3x)

2. f (x) = (5x7 − x4 + 1)5

4
3. f (x) = (x2 − x + 2) 3

4. f (x) = ln(sin x)
Dr

5. f (x) = sin(ln x)

6. f (x) = ex ln x

7. f (x) = tan(x2 + 1)
p
8. f (x) = sec(x) + x2

9. f (x) = [x3 tan(x) + 1]−4

10