STANDARD RESULTS

d d
1. (xn) = nxn–1 2. (ax) = ax loge a
dx dx
d d 1
3. (ex) = ex 4. (loge x) =
dx dx x
d 1 d
5. (log10 x) = log10 e 6. (sin x) = cos x
dx x dx
d d
7. (cos x) = – sin x 8. (tan x) = sec2 x
dx dx
d d
9. (cosec x) = – cosec x cot x 10. (cot x) = – cosec2 x
dx dx

d d 1
11. (sec x) = sec x tan x 12. (sin–1 x) =
dx dx 1 x2

d 1 d 1
13. (cos–1 x) = 14. (tan–1 x) =
dx 1 x2 dx 1 x2

d 1 d 1
15. (sec–1 x) = 16. (cot–1 x) =
dx x x2 1 dx 1 x2

d 1 ex e x
17. (cosec–1 x) = – 18. sinh x =
dx x x2 1 2

ex e x
ex e x
19. cosh x = 20. tanh x = x x
2 e e
21. cosh2
x– sinh2x = 1, x+ sech2 tanh2 x = 1, coth2 x = 1 + cosech2 x
22. cosh2 x + sinh2 x = cosh 2x

23. sinh–1 x = log (x + x2 1 ), cosh–1 x = log ( x x2 1)

d d
24. (sinh x) = cosh x 25. (cosh x) = sinh x
dx dx
d d
26. (tanh x) = sech2 x 27. (coth x) = – cosech2 x
dx dx
d d
28. (sech x) = – sech x tanh x 29. (cosech x) = – cosech x coth x
dx dx
du dv
d dv du d FG u IJ = v dx u dx
30. Product rule:
dx
(uv) = u
dx
+v
dx
31. Quotient rule:
dx H vK 2
v

dy dy dt
32. = . if y = f1(t) and x = f2(t)
dx dt dx
(xi)
 (xii)

33. sin–1 x + cos–1 x = , tan–1 x + cot–1 x = , sec–1 x + cosec–1 x =

2 2 2

FG a b IJ = tan a – tan b, tan F a b I = tan

34. tan–1
H 1 ab K
–1
GH 1 ab JK –1 –1 –1 a + tan–1 b

F 2x I = sin F 2x I = 2 tan x
35. tan–1 GH 1 x JK
2 GH 1 x JK
–1
2
–1

3 tan x tan 3 x
36. sin 3x = 3 sin x – 4 sin3 x, cos 3x = 4 cos3 x – 3 cos x, tan 3x =
1 3 tan 2 x

2 tan x
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x, tan 2x = ,
1 tan 2 x

1 tan 2 x
cos 2x = 2 cos2 x – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2 x = cos2 x – sin2 x =
1 tan 2 x

x3 x5 x7 x2 x4 x6
37. sin x = x – + – + ..., cos x = 1 – + – + ...
3! 5! 7! 2! 4 ! 6!
x2 x3
ex = 1 + x + + + ...
2! 3!
(1 – x)–1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + ... ; | x | < 1 (1 + x)–1 = 1 – x + x2 – x3 + ...
(1 – x)–2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ... (1 + x)–2 = 1 – 2x + 3x2 – 4x3 + ...
C D C D C D C D
38. sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos , sin C – sin D = 2 cos sin
2 2 2 2

C D C D C D D C
cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos , cos C – cos D = 2 sin sin
2 2 2 2
39. 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B), 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)
2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B), 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)
40. sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B, sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B, cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

d 1 d 1
41. (sinh–1 x) = , (cosh–1 x) =
dx 1 x 2 dx x 2
1

d 1 d 1
(tanh–1 x) = , where | x | < 1, (coth–1 x) = 2 , where | x | > 1
dx 1 x2 dx x 1

d 1 d 1
(sech–1 x) = – , (cosech–1 x) = –
dx x 1 x 2 dx x x2 1

42. (cos + i sin )n = cos n + i sin n , (cos + i sin )–n = cos n – i sin n
43. sin2 + cos2 = 1, sec2 – tan2 = 1, 1 + cot2 = cosec2
 (xiii)

44. 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270° 360°

sin 0 1/2 1/ 2 3 /2 1 0 –1 0

cos 1 3 /2 1/ 2 1/2 0 –1 0 1

tan 0 1/ 3 1 3 0 0
45. 90° – 90° + – +
sin cos cos sin – sin
cos sin – sin – cos – cos
tan cot – cot – tan tan
a b c b2 c2 a2
46. sine formula: = = ; cosine formula: cos A =
sin A sin B sin C 2bc
a b c
47. Area of triangle = s(s a) (s b) (s c) , where s =
2

nC
n!
48. r =
r!n r!

49. z x n dx =
xn 1
n 1
+ c; n –1

z 1
x
dx = log x + c;
e z e x dx = ex + c; z a x dx =
ax
log e a
+c

z sin x dx = – cos x + c; z cos x dx = sin x + c

z tan x dx = log sec x + c; z cot x dx = log sin x + c

z sec x dx = log (sec x + tan x) + c = log tan FG x IJ + c

H 4 2K
z cosec x dx = log (cosec x – cot x) + c = log tan
x
2
+c

z sec x tan x dx = sec x + c; z cosec x cot x dx = – cosec x + c

50. z a 2
dx
x 2
= sin–1
FG x IJ + c;
H aK z a 2
dx
x 2
= cos–1
FG x IJ + c
H aK
z a2
dx
x2
=
1
a
FG x IJ + c;
tan–1
H aK a z 2
dx
x2
=
FG x IJ + c
1
H aK
a
cot–1

z a 2
dx
x2
=
1
2a
F a x IJ + c;
log G
H a xK z x
dx
2
a
=
1
2a
log G
2
F x a IJ + c
H x aK
z x x2
dx
a 2
1
= sec G J + c;
a
F xI
H aK –1
z dx
x x2
1
= cosec G J + c
a a2
F xI
H aK –1
 (xiv)

51. z sech2 x dx = tanh x + c, z cosech2 x dx = – coth x + c

z sinh x dx = cosh x + c, z cosh x dx = sinh x + c

z sech x tanh x dx = – sech x + c, z cosech x coth x dx = – cosech x + c

52. z a2 x2 dx =
1
2
x a2 x2 +
1 2
2
x
a sin–1 + c
a

z a2 x2 dx =
1
2
x a2 x2 +
1 2
2
a log (x + a2 x2 ) + c

z x2 a2 dx =
1
2
x x2 a2 –
1 2
2
a log (x + x2 a2 ) + c

z a
dx
2
x 2
= sinh–1
FG x IJ + c;
H aK z x
dx
2
a 2
= cosh–1
FG x IJ + c
H aK
53. z
a
b
f ( x) dx =
za
b
f ( y) dy ;
za
b
f ( x) dx = –
z a

b
f ( x) dx ;
z
0
a
f ( x) dx =
z a

0
f (a x) dx

z a

a
f ( x) dx = S
T| 0,
z
R|2 f ( x) dx, if f ( x) is even functionU|
a

V
if f ( x) is odd function W|
0

z
0
2a
f ( x) dx = S2
T| 0,
z
R| f ( x) dx, if f (2a x) f (x) U|
0
a

if f (2a x)
V
f ( x) W|
54. Leibnitz rule for differentiation under the integral sign
d
dx z ( )

( )
f ( x, ) dx =
z ( )

( )
{ f ( x, )} dx + f{ ( ), }
d ( )
d
– f{ ( ), }
d ( )
d

r xi yj zk
55. If r = xi yj zk then | r | = x2 y2 z2 and r = =
2 2
|r| x y z2

– – –
56. AB = position vector of B-position vector of A = OB – OA

57. a b = | a | | b | cos ; work done = F dr

c

58. a b = | a | | b | sin n

59. Area of parallelogram = a b , Moment of force = r F

 (xv)

a1 a2 a3
60. a (b c ) = [ a b c ] = b1 b2 b3 = (a b) . c
c1 c2 c3

where a = a1 i , b = b1 i and c = c1 i

If a (b c ) = 0, then a , b , c are coplanar.

a c a d
61. a × (b c ) = (a c ) b – ( a b) c 62. ( a × b ) ( c × d ) =
b c b d

63. ( a × b ) × ( c d) = [a b d] c – [a b c ] d
64. A (Adj. A) = | A | I 65. AA–1 = I = A–1 A
66. AI = A = IA 67. (ABC) = C B A
68. (AB)C = A(BC); A(B + C) = AB + AC
69. A + B = B + A; A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
70. (AB)–1 = B–1A–1
71. Walli’s formula

R| n 1 . n 3 n 5 3 1

z0
/2
sin n
d = z0
/2
cos n
d = Sn 1 n
n
|| n . n
T
n 2
3
2
.

.
n
n
n
4
5
4
...... . .
4 2 2
4 2
...... .
5 3
if n is even

if n is odd

72. z eax sin bx dx =

a
eax
2
b2
(a sin bx – b cos bx) + c

z eax cos bx dx =
a
eax
2
b2
(a cos bx + b sin bx) + c

73. (1/ 2) = , ( 1/ 2) = – 2
x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
74. log (1 + x) = x – + – + – + ......
2 3 4 5 6

x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
log (1 – x) = – x – – – – – – ......
2 3 4 5 6

FG 1 IJ FG 1 IJ
75. sin n = 0 ; cos n = (– 1)n, sin n
H 2 K = (– 1)n ; cos n
H 2 K = 0, where n I

76. x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz = (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx).