Electrical Measurement and Measuring

Instrumentations
Cathode Ray Oscillo Scope(CRO)

Dr. Saumendra Sarangi

Electrical Engineering
Faculty of EED, MNNIT, Allahabad

Dr. Haitham El-

 CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope)

Introduction:

➢The CRO stands for a Cathode Ray Oscilloscope.

➢It is typically divided into four sections which are display, vertical

controllers, horizontal controllers, and Triggers.

➢Oscilloscopes used the probes for the input.

➢We can analyze the waveform by plotting amplitude along with the x-

axis and y-axis.

 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
What Is A CRO

➢ The cathode ray oscilloscope is an electronic test instrument.

➢ It is used to obtain waveforms when the different input signals are

given.

➢ In the early days, it is called as an Oscillograph.

➢ The oscilloscope observes the changes in the electrical signals

over time.
 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
What It Does

By seeing the waveform, we can analyze some properties

like

➢ Amplitude,
➢ Frequency,
➢ Rise time,
➢ Distortion,
➢ Time interval
 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
How it looks like

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Block Diagram of CRO
Different Components Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

The CRO consists of the following:

(i) CRT- cathode Ray tude

(ii) Vertical amplifier
(iii) Delay line
(iv) Horizontal amplifier
(v) Time-base generator
(vi) Triggering circuit
(vii) Power supply
Block Diagram of CRO

➢ Cathode ray tube and acts as a heating element

➢ In an oscilloscope, the CRT produces the electron

beam which is accelerated to a high velocity.

➢ It brings to the focal point on a fluorescent screen.

➢ Thus, the screen produces a visible spot where the electron

beam strikes.

➢ The electrons can act as an electrical pencil of light which

produces a light where it strikes.
Basics of CRO

➢ We need various electrical signals and voltages.

➢ This is provided by the power supply circuit of the oscilloscope.

➢ Here we will use high voltage and low voltage.

➢ The low voltage is used for the heater of the electron gun to
generate the electron beam.

➢ The high voltage is required for the cathode ray tube to speed up
the beam.
Block Diagram of CRT- Cathode Ray Tube
Block Diagram of CRT- Cathode Ray Tube
Components of CRT- Cathode Ray Tube

➢ Electron Gun assembly

➢ Deflection Gun Assembly

➢ Fluorescent Gun Assembly

➢ Glass Envelope and Base of the tube

Electron Gun:

• In the electron gun of the CRT, electrons are emitted, converted into
a sharp beam and focused upon the fluorescent screen.

• The electron beam consists of an indirectly heated cathode, a

control grid, an accelerating electrode and a focusing anode.
•
• The cathode emitting the electrons is surrounded by a control grid
with a fine hole at its centre.

• The accelerated electron beam passes through the fine hole.

• The negative voltage at the control grid controls the flow of

electrons in the electron beam, and consequently, the brightness of
the spot on the CRO screen is controlled.
CRT Control Circuits:
CRT Control Circuits:
✓ Intensity
✓ Focus
Focusing Anode
Accelerating Anode
✓ Astigmatism
additional focusing control
Analogus to optical lenses Astigmatism

✓ Vertical Position and Horizontal Position

Vertical Deflecting System:

• Input selector

• Input Attenuator

• Vertical Amplifier
Vertical Deflecting System:
Vertical Deflecting System: Amplifier
Horizontal Deflecting System:

1. Basic Sweep generator(Time Base)

2. UJT Sweep Generator

3. Triggered Sweep
Basic Sweep Generator:
Triggering Sweep :
Triggering Pulse Ciruit :
Deflection of moving electron:

• Lets the two plates A and B

are separated by distance d
• The plates are of length l
• S= is the distance of the
screen from the middle of
the plate
• u m/s is the initial velocity
along X-axes at a point O.
Equipotential surfaces and lines of Force:
Equipotential surfaces and lines of Force:
Force on electron Beam:

When the electron beam passes through the equipotential surfaces, feels
a force in the vertical direction (F=qE). Hence only vertical component of
speed changes and the tangential component remains unchanged
 Force on electron Beam:

Lets assume that the field is uniform and dose not extend beyond the ends of the plates.
Axial Velocity of the Electrons remains unchanged and is equal to u as there is no axial force
and therefore no axial acceration
The periord for which the electron remain in the region t= l/u
Force on electron Beam:

If there is no initial velocity along Y-axes but has acceleration along Y –axes , it can be
given by
𝐹 𝑒𝐸 𝑒𝑉 𝑚
𝑎𝑦 = = = ( 2)
where E=V/d
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚𝑑 𝑠
The velocity along Y-axes
𝑒𝑉 𝑙
𝑣𝑦 =0+𝑎𝑦 t=
𝑚𝑑 𝑢
After the lectrocn leaves the region of deflection plates , it travels in a
straight line, because there is no field acting on it
Force on electron Beam:

Let S be the distance along X-axes from the point =l/2 to the screen. Then considering
a small triangle
𝑒𝑉 𝑙
𝑦 𝑣𝑦 𝑚𝑑 𝑢
= = =
𝑆 𝑣𝑥 𝑢
The velocity along Y-axes
𝑒𝑉𝑙𝑆
y= 2
𝑚𝑑𝑢
If Va is the accelerating voltage and V is the deflecting voltage, then
1
𝑚 𝑢2 = 𝑒𝑉𝑎
2
Force on electron Beam:

1
𝑚 𝑢2 = 𝑒𝑉𝑎
2
From this relation
2𝑒𝑉𝑎
u=
𝑚
𝑒𝑉𝑆𝑙 𝑙𝑆𝑉
the deflection y= 2𝑒𝑉𝑎 = 2𝑑𝑉𝑎
𝑚𝑑
𝑚
From the above expression we can conclude that for fixed accelerating
voltage, va and dimension of CRT , the deflection of electron beam on the
screen is directly proportional to the deflection of the voltage Vd.
Lissajous pattern:

When two different or same signals are applied across the horizontal as well
as vertical plates , different patterns are observed over the screen of CRO .
These patterns are called as LISSAJOUS PATTERN
Pattern for a sinusoidal supply:
Lissajous Patern:
Lissajous Patern:
Measurement of Phase Angle:
Measurement of phase angle:
Measurement of Frequency:
Measurement of Frequency:

Lissasous pattern are usually two types

Closed : has no free End
Open: Has free end
In case of an open Lissasous pattern , free end is treated as half peak
Measurement of Frequency:

Lissasous pattern are usually two types

Closed : has no free End
Open: Has free end
In case of an open Lissasous pattern , free end is treated as half peak