Republic of the Philippines
University of Eastern Philippines
University Town, Northern Samar
Web: http://uep.edu.ph; Email:
[email protected] COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
UEP LABORATORY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
GRADE: 12 SEMESTER: FIRST SEMESTER
SUBJECT PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 NO. OF 90 hours/semester
TITLE: HOURS/SEM.:
Reading and Writing
PREREQUISITE: English for Academic
and Professional
Purposes
Common Subject This course develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills
Description: through qualitative research.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
MODULE
IN
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
UNIT 3
Prepared by: Mr. Andy E. Arcilla, LPT, MAE
THE RESEARCH PAPER
Research - is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of
existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new
concepts, methodologies and understandings. This includes synthesis and analysis of
previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes.
Research Paper - a paper in which students present their views and finding about
a chosen topic (Cendana, e t . Al. 1989).
Characteristics of a Research Paper:
• must be culmination and final product of an involved process of research, critical thinking,
source evaluation, organization, and composition.
• must provide the student with an exceptional opportunity to increase his knowledge in a
particular field.
• it engages the sources used to offer a unique perspective and understanding.
• a systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data.
• a systematic approach to solve small problems of daily living.
• sets out to enhance our understanding of a phenomenon.
• is not an information gathering.
• is not a catchword used to get attention.
• originates with a question or problem.
• is an exercise in self-enlightenment.
• does not transport facts from one source to another.
• requires the articulation of a goal.
• accepts certain critical assumptions.
• requires general plan for proceeding.
• divides the principal problem into more manageable sub-problems.
• is not guided by the specific research, but instead general question or hypothesis.
Inquiry-Based Learning in Research
- In RESEARCH gives you the following…
• elevates interpretative thinking through graphic skills.
• improves learning abilities.
• widens vocabulary.
• facilitates problem-solving acts.
• encourages cooperative learning.
• provides mastery of procedural knowledge.
• encourages higher-order thinking strategies.
• hastens conceptual understanding.
• is genre that requires one to spend time investigating and evaluating sources with
intent to offer interpretation of the texts
Writing Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 2
UNIT 2.5: WRITING CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS
BACKGROUND - INTRODUCTION
Writing your research paper begins with knowing the parts of it. Chapter 1 has the
following parts:
- Background of the Study
- Objective of the Study
- Hypothesis of the Study (for Quantitative Research only)
- Theoretical Framework
- Conceptual Framework
- Significance of the Study
- Scope and Limitation
- Definition of Terms
WRITING CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The Background of the Study establishes the context of the research. It
explains why your research topic is important and essential to understanding
the main aspects your study as you highlight your strongest literature, their
common claims, and common evidences.
Let’s begin with the BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:
1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY shows careful presentation of the importance
and validity of the problem.
2. To do this, it requires systematic and orderly presentation of background information
with educational trends related to the problem, unsolved issues, and social concerns
which are mainly dependent on what the writers know about anything related and
relevant to the approved research title.
3. Discussion must be deductive in nature, meaning from the general idea from which
the title originally rooted down to the specific goal of your research.
4. You are yet discouraged to include/cite ideas or information from experts or other
authors, because the BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY must focus on what you
already know about everything concerning your chosen research topic. However, you
are to include a LEGAL BASIS (a provision from the Constitutions of the
Philippines) to localize the study, and in what specific way do you think your fellow
Filipinos will be benefiting from your study.
5. Follow the TIOC Approach in writing INTRODUCTION:
- Highlight the Trends in the field.
- Pinpoint the Issues underlying the trend/s.
- Include your 7 STRONGEST LITERATURE, 3 COMMON CLAIMS and 3
COMMON EVIDENCES in paragraph forms with citation. Use your
SMILEY GRAPHIC ORGANIZER.
Writing Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 3
Remember this from one of your activities? You must have done that, because, basically,
whatever you have put here prior to your chosen topic will be the content of your Background
of the Study. If you have not done this yet, better start with this.
- Discuss the possible Contribution of the research attempt to
advancing/improving disciplinal theory, research, practice, and policy (cross-
reference to strengthen claims).
TITLE: Teaching and
Study the example below: Assessment Practices of
English Teachers and their
Introduction Effect to Academic
Performance
This research study came from the
general idea on EDUCATION.
With that discussion of this Background of the Study
INTRODUCTION is deductively
done.
This is the LEGAL BASIS of the
study.
WRITING CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
Writing Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 4
Why the OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY is Important
• It establishes the importance of the topic.
• It creates reader interest.
• It focuses the reader’s attention on how the study will add to the literature.
Stating the OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
• States the objectives in the opening paragraph (i.e., something that needs a
solution)
• Identify an issue – Research-based research problems – Practical problems
• Reference the problem using the literature
• Common pitfall: defining the problem based on the solution
Objective the Study is a clear identification of the statement. This part enumerates
succinct and unambiguous statement of specific problems related to the major problem.
For Qualitative Research:
A Qualitative research problem is an educational issue or problem in the study.
• A research topic is the broad subject matter being addressed in a study.
• A purpose is the major intent or objective of the study.
• Research questions are those that the researcher would like answered or
addressed in the study.
There is a need in justifying the importance of stating research problem:
• Justification based on what other researchers have found
• Justification based on personal or workplace experiences
• Justification based on the experiences that others have had in the
workplace
Examples of research questions for different qualitative methodologies:
Different types of studies go under the umbrella of qualitative research; each with its own
philosophy and ways of looking at the world as well as various methods of interpreting data.
Here are some qualitative research question examples that could be used through different
qualitative approaches:
Grounded theory:
TITLE: Attitudes of Elderly People with Stroke towards the Use of Assistive
Devices and Technologies
What are the attitudes of elderly people with stroke towards the daily use of assistive
devices and technologies?
Phenomenology:
TITLE: The Role of Therapist’s Spirituality in the Patients’ Treatment
Writing Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 5
What role does the therapist’s spirituality play in the treatment of his or her patients?
TITLE: Overcoming Fears by Physically Assaulted Female Teachers
How do female high school teachers who have been physically assaulted by students
overcome their fears so they can effectively teach?
Ethnography:
TITLE: Students’ Online Class Conceptualization of Class Participation
How do students in an online class conceptualize class participation processes shape
active oral participation?
Narrative inquiry:
TITLE: Daily Routine Activities by People Living with Chronic Rheumatic
Conditions
How does a good everyday life come about when living with chronic rheumatic
conditions?
Case study:
TITLE: Strategies Employ by Small Businesses to achieve Effective and Viable
Workplace
What strategies are being used by small businesses that have effective and viable
workplace wellness programs?
Note that these question may be expounded to answer more specific questions which the
researchers wish to address the objectives of their study.
For Quantitative Research:
One GENERAL QUESTION from where your research title is derived.
There must be questions about INDEPENDENT and DEPENDENT
VARIABLES; and
Then question for TESTING HYPOTHESIS.
Example:
Teaching and Assessment Practices of English Teachers and
their Effect to the Academic Performance of the Education Students
This study focuses on the determination of the effect of
teaching and assessment practices of the English teachers on the
General Question academic performance of Education students which would serve
as the basis for training development program.
Writing Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 6
Specifically, it seeks to answer to the following questions:
1. How can the teaching practices of the English teachers
be described in terms of the following strategies:
1.1 Lecture/discussion;
1.2 Individualized instruction;
Questions for the
1.3 Collaboration with students;
INDEPENDENT
1.4 Review of past lessons; and
VARIABLES
1.5 Small group discussion?
with their
parameters
2. How can the assessment practices of English teachers
be described in terms of the following classroom activities:
2.1 Homework;
2.2 Projects;
2.3 Exercises/drills; and,
2.4 Recitation?
3. What is the academic performance of the Education
students in their English subjects as revealed by the First and
Second Semester Grades for the academic year 2018 – 2019, such
Question for the
as:
DEPENDENT
3.1 Speech and Oral Communication
VARIABLES
3.2 English Plus
with their
3.3 Writing in the Discipline
parameters
3.4 Philippine Literature in English
3.5 World Literature.
3.6 Purposive Communication
Question for 3.7 Technical Writing
TESTING THE
HYPOTHESIS 4. Do the teaching and assessment practices of the English
teachers affect the academic performance of the Education
students?
WRITING CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY
Clear-cut statement of hypothesis/assumptions.
• Formulate the hypothesis
• Null hypothesis (H0) – This is what prove in quantitative research.
• Research/Alternative hypothesis (H1)
Example:
Teaching and Assessment Practices of English Teachers and
their Effect to the Academic Performance of the Education Students
QUESTION TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS: Do the teaching and assessment practices of the
English teachers affect the academic performance of the Education students?
Writing Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 7
Therefore the Null Hypothesis is:
The teaching and assessment practices of the English teachers do not affect the
academic performance of the Education students?
However, if the Question to Test the Hypothesis is expressed this way:
QUESTION TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS: Is there a significant relationship between the
teaching and assessment practices of English Teachers and the Academic Performance of
Education students?
Therefore the Null Hypothesis is:
There is no significant relationship between the teaching and assessment practices of
the English teachers and the academic performance of the Education students?
WRITING CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Theoretical Framework is the clear presentation of the theory which explains why the
study exists. This only means that you have to choose a theory which may give the reason
for your study to stand on its own. There may not be exact theory to support your study,
but the closest you get to explain its relationship to your chosen study depends on your
creativity.
You may use SEC Approach in writing your Theoretical Framework:
Rule 1: State the theory suggested sentence stems below
a. The theoretical basis of this paper is……
b. This study is theoretically anchored on……
c. This paper is premised on……
Rule 2: Explain the theory
Rule 3: Contextualize the theory
Contextualizing the theory means to relate the theory to your study.
The Contextual Framework explains the appropriate development of conceptual frame
with reference to the problems of the study. This serves as the blueprint of your study, as it gives
general procedure and process that may have to go through.
A conceptual framework illustrates what you expect to find through your research. It
defines the relevant variables for your study and maps out how they might relate to each other.
You should construct a conceptual framework before you begin collecting data. It is often
represented in a visual format.
Designing a conceptual framework
A conceptual framework can be designed in many different ways. The form your takes
will depend on what kinds of relationships you expect to find.
Writing Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 8
To visualize our expected cause-and-effect relationship, we will use the basic design
components of boxes, arrows, and lines.
Componen Meaning
t
Box Variable
Arrow Causal relationship
Line Correlation
To indicate a causal relationship, each arrow should start from the independent variable
(the cause) and point to the dependent variable (the effect).
Use a line when you expect a correlation between two variables, but no cause-and-effect
relationship.
Example: Given the title: (Sample QUANTITATIVE RESEARC TITLE)
Teaching and Assessment Practices of English
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE
Teachers and
their Effect to the Academic Performance of the Education
Students
DEPENDENT
VARIABLE
The
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK for this title is:
Writing Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 9
Parameters of
TEACHING
PRACTICES
Parameters of
ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCE
Parameters of
ASSESSMENT
PRACTICES
A parameter is a numerical quantity or attribute of a population that is estimated using
data collected from the population. Parameters are to populations as statistics are to samples.
Parameters may also refer to specific aspects of a sampling distribution of a test statistic or
reference distribution. In shorts, these are sub-variables of INDEPENDENT or DEPENDENT
VARIABLES so to measure them.
Example: Given the title: (Sample QUALITATIVE RESEARC TITLE)
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE
Factors Affecting Stage Fright
DEPENDENT
VARIABLE
The CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK for this title is:
Factors
Stage Fright
(parameters
(parameters
will be
will be
identified
identified
through
through
Research
Research
Literature)
Literature)
Or Qualitative Research can use the Coombs’ Conceptual Framework or the IPO:
Writing Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 10
INPUT
Factors OUTPUT
(Parameters PROCESS (Parameters
will be will be
identified identified
through Research through
Research Processes Research
Literature) Literature)
WRITING CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The Significance of the Study is a clear presentation of the significance of the study, and
its role in current contemporary development. It is also an orderly identification of
probable users of the research, specific ways on how the findings could be used by them.
To write this part, the researchers must identify group of people who are part of the same
organization or institution from where the researchers belong. In your case, the institution being
referred to here is your school. You begin enumerating them in terms of their position from the
highest down, from inside of the institution, then outside of the institution.
Look at this example. Group of
people, from the highest down to
lowest in rank in terms of position
in the institution. The last
beneficiary could be PARENTS,
and other group of people outside
the institution.
Writing Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 11
WRITING CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
Scope and Limitation requires sufficient delimitation of the problem area in terms of
content, time, place, and subjects of the investigation.
Note: Use future
tense of the.
WRITING CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF TERMS
This part presents list of important terms and key variables (which is usually found in
the TITLE and Statement of the Problem) use in the papers with operational and
conceptual definitions. The list must be arranged in alphabetical order.
This format may be followed:
Academic Performance. It refers to…..
Writing Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 12
Teaching Practices. It refers to .......
DO THIS!
Now, the research writing proper begins. With the guidelines/lectures/concepts
discussed here, you are to write Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND and
all the subparts of the title you have submitted and was approved by your research teacher.
You have 4 weeks to 1 month to finish and submit your CHAPTER 1.
Please, follow this format:
Type written on Short bond papers
Margin: Right (facing the paper) – 1 inch; left, top an bottom – ½ inch
Font style: Courier
Font size: 12
Double space
For your TITLE PAGE, follow the format on the next page:
NOTE TO MR. SOLOMON:
PLEASE COORDINATE WITH YOUR GROUPMATES.
Republic of the Philippines
University of Eastern Philippines
University Town, Northern Samar
Web: http://uep.edu.ph; Email:
[email protected] COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Writing Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 13
UEP LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL
TITLE
A Research Proposal
presented to the Faculty of Senior High School Department
University of Eastern Philippines
Laboratory High School
In partial fulfilment
of the requirement for the Course Practical Research in Daily Life 2
Name of the Researchers
REFERENCES:
Marquez-Fong, S. and Tigno, C. 2016. Practical Research 1. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.
Prieto, N., Naval, V., and Carey T. 201. Practical Research 1. Quezon City: Vibal Group Inc.
Kubicek, 2005. “Inquiry-based learning”. In Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology.
Accessed September 26, 2014. www.ericdigest.org
Writing Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 14
Neil, J. 2007. “Quantitative versus qualitative research”. In Quantitative versus Qualitative
Research; Key Points in Classic Debate. Accessed September 30, 2014.
www.wilderdom.com/research/QualitativeVersusQualitativeResearch.html
Snape, D. and Spencer, A. 2013. Qualitative research practice: A single guide for social
science students. Retrieve from
http://196.29.172.66:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1231/1/122.pdf
Writing Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 15