Lecture-2
Internal Combustion Engines
Dr. Jnana Ranjan Senapati,
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Rourkela
1
I C Engines
• An internal combustion engine is a
device in which the chemical energy
of the fuel is released inside the engine
and used directly for mechanical work.
Examples:
– Piston Engines
– Gas Turbine Engines (Open Cycle)
– Rocket Engines
2
History of IC engines:
1700s - Steam engines (external combustion engines)
1860 - Lenoir engine ( = 5%)
1867 - Otto-Langen engine ( = 11%, 90 RPM max.)
1876 - Otto four stroke “spark ignition” engine
( = 14%, 160 RPM max.)
1880s - Two stroke engine
1892 - Diesel four stroke “compression ignition” engine
1957 - Wankel “rotary” engine
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Historical IC Engines
FLYWHEEL
4
Engine Anatomy
Air cleaner
Carburetor Camshaft
Rocker arm
Intake valve
Cam sprocket Exhaust valve
Piston
Connecting rod
Timing belt
Timing belt Crankshaft
tensor
Oil pump
Crank sprocket Oil pickup 5
V-6 Engine
Inlet A V6 engine is a
runner
Air intake
six-cylinder piston
manifold engine where the
cylinders share a
common crankshaft
and are arranged in
a V configuration.
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Two Stroke Spark Ignition Engines
Stroke 1: Fuel-air mixture is introduced into the
cylinder and is then compressed,
combustion initiated at the end of the stroke
Stroke 2: Combustion products expand doing
work and then exhausted
• Power is delivered to the
crankshaft on every revolution
7
Two Stroke Spark Ignition Engine
Exhaust
Port*
Transfer
Port*
Fuel-air-oil
mixture
Reed
valve
Expansion Exhaust Intake (“Scavenging”)
Crank
shaft
*No valves and
thus no camshaft
Fuel-air-oil
mixture
Compression Ignition 13
Intake: The fuel/ air
mixture is first drawn into
the crankcase by the
vacuum created during
the upward stroke of the
piston. The illustrated
engine features a poppet
intake valve, however
many engines use a rotary
valve incorporated into
the crankshaft.
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During the downward stroke the poppet valve is
forced closed by the increased crankcase
pressure. The fuel mixture is then compressed in the
crankcase during the remainder of the stroke.
10
Transfer/Exhaust: Towards the
end of the stroke, the piston
exposes the intake port,
allowing the compressed
fuel/ air mixture in the
crankcase to escape around
the piston into the main
cylinder. This expels the
exhaust gasses out the
exhaust port, usually located
on the opposite side of the
cylinder. Unfortunately,
some of the fresh fuel
mixture is usually expelled as
well.
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Compression: The
piston then rises,
driven by flywheel
momentum, and
compresses the fuel
mixture.
(At the same time,
another intake stroke
is happening beneath
the piston).
12
Power: At the top of the
stroke the spark plug
ignites the fuel mixture.
The burning fuel
expands, driving the
piston downward, to
complete the cycle.
13
Crankcase scavenged Two-Stroke SI Engine
14
Two stroke engine
In two-stroke engines, the cycle is completed in one revolution of the
crankshaft.
The main difference between two-stroke and four-stroke engines is in
the method of filling the fresh charge and removing the burnt gases
from the cylinder.
In the four-stroke engine, these operations are performed by the
engine piston during the suction and exhaust strokes, respectively. In
a two-stroke engine, the filling process is accomplished by the
charge compressed in the crankcase or by a blower. The induction of
the compressed charge moves out the product of combustion
through exhaust ports. Therefore, no separate piston strokes are
required for these two operations.
Two strokes are sufficient to complete the cycle, one for compressing
the fresh charge and the other for expansion or power stroke. It is to
be noted that the effective stroke is reduced.
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Two stroke engine
16
Two Stroke Engines
• Small Engines – Absence of valve
mechanism makes cheaper, compact
and lighter engines
• Large Engines – That operates at a low
RPM. Requires a power stroke from
every revolution for smooth operation.
17
Two Stroke Engines
• Two stroke engines have
advantages over four stroke:
– simplified construction (no valves)
– fire once every revolution for a
significant power boost
• Great power to weight ratio
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The two stroke cycle
• The two stroke engine ignites every
revolution of the crankshaft. These
Engines overlap operations to
reduce parts while maintaining
power.
• In simpler words, in a two stroke
engine there are only:
– Compression
– Combustion
• Thus, Two Strokes.
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2 stroke compared to 4 stroke
• In two stroke engines • In four stroke
the crankcase is a engines, the
pressurization crankcase is
chamber to force separate from the
fuel/oil/ air into the compression
cylinder. Here, we chamber. This
mix oil and gas to allows the use of
lubricate internal heavy oil for
parts. lubrication.
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Disadvantages of a two-stroke
• The engines do not last as long
due to poor lubrication.
• Increased heating due to more
number of strokes limits the
maximum speed.
• The engines do not use fuel
efficiently.
• These engines produce a lot of
pollution.
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Summary
• During scavenging (when inlet and exhaust
ports remain open for sometime), some fresh
charge may escape through exhaust. This
leads to higher fuel consumption and
lower thermal efficiency.
• Greater cooling & lubrication requirements.
• Power output is only more than 30 % and
not doubled.
22
Single Cylinder Engine
Single-cylinder engine gives one power stroke per
crank revolution (360 CA) for 2 stroke, or every two
revolutions for 4 stroke.
The torque pulses on the crank shaft are widely
spaced, and engine vibration and smoothness are
significant problems.
4-stroke
2-stroke
0 CA 180 CA 360 CA 540 CA 720 CA 180 CA
(TC) (TC) (TC)
Used in small engine applications where
engine size is more important
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24
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4 Stroke vs. 2 Stroke
• 2 Stroke needs a blower and will usually use a
supercharger
• 2 Stroke combustion process not as complete
(more pollution)
• 2 stroke engines weigh less and have higher RPM
operating speeds.
• 4 stroke engine has Intake, Compression, Power,
and Exhaust strokes.
• 2 stroke has power and compression.
• 2 strokes used more for emergencies, 4
strokes used more for propulsion
References
1. Crouse WH, and Anglin DL, (1985), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Eastop TD, and McConkey A, (1993), Applied Thermodynamics for
Engg. Technologists, Addison Wisley.
3. Fergusan CR, and Kirkpatrick AT, (2001), Internal Combustion Engines, John
Wiley & Sons.
4. Ganesan V, (2003), Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Gill PW, Smith JH, and Ziurys EJ, (1959), Fundamentals of I. C. Engines, Oxford
and IBH Pub Ltd.
6. Heisler H, (1999), Vehicle and Engine Technology, Arnold Publishers.
7. Heywood JB, (1989), Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill.
8. Heywood JB, and Sher E, (1999), The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine, Taylor & Francis.
9. Joel R, (1996), Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison-Wesley.
10. Mathur ML, and Sharma RP, (1994), A Course in Internal Combustion Engines,
Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi.
11. Pulkrabek WW, (1997), Engineering Fundamentals of the I. C. Engine, Prentice Hall.
12. Rogers GFC, and Mayhew YR, (1992), EngineeringThermodynamics, Addison
Wisley.
13. Srinivasan S, (2001), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
14. Stone R, (1992), Internal Combustion Engines, The Macmillan Press Limited, London.
15. Taylor CF, (1985), The Internal-CombustionEnginein TheoryandPractice,Vol. 1 & 2,
The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Web Resources
1. http://www.mne.psu.edu/simpson/courses
2. http://me.queensu.ca/courses
3. http://www.keveney.com/twostroke.html
4. http://www.eng.fsu.edu
5. http://www.personal.utulsa.edu
6. http://www.glenroseffa.org/
7. http://www.howstuffworks.com
8. http://www.me.psu.edu
9. http://www.uic.edu/classes/me/ me429/lecture-air-cyc-web%5B1%5D.ppt
10. http://www.osti.gov/fcvt/HETE2004/Stable.pdf
11. http://www.rmi.org/sitepages/pid457.php
12. http://www.tpub.com/content/engine/14081/css
13. http://webpages.csus.edu
14. http://www.nebo.edu/misc/learning_resources/ ppt/6-12
15. http://netlogo.modelingcomplexity.org/Small_engines.ppt
16. http://www.ku.edu/~kunrotc/academics/ 180/Lesson%2008%20Diesel.ppt
17. http://navsci.berkeley.edu/NS10/PPT/
18. http://www.career-center.org/ secondary/powerpoint/sge-parts.ppt
19. http://mcdetflw.tecom.usmc.mil
20. http://ferl.becta.org.uk/display.cfm
21. http://www.eng.fsu.edu/ ME_senior_design/2002/folder14/ccd/Combustion
22. http://www.me.udel.edu
23. http://online.physics.uiuc.edu/courses/phys140
24. http://widget.ecn.purdue.edu/~yanchen/ME200/ME200-8.ppt -
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