MATH 4174-Differential Equations and Applications for Engineers-SPRING 2021 SEC 2.2-2.
3 (WEEK 2)
SECTION 2.2
Solve the given differential equation by separation of variable
Remember that a differential equation of order one in y represented by
F (x, y, y 0 ) = 0
is separable provide it can be written in the form
dy
= g(x)h(y).
dx
4.
dy − (y − 1)2 dx = 0.
Solution:
• ODE in y: The differential equation in y is of the form
dy dy
− (y − 1)2 = 0 ⇔ = (y − 1)2
dx dx
and is separable. Separating and Integrating we get
Z Z
dy 1
= dx and a general solution is given by − = x + c.
(y − 1)2 y+1
• ODE in x: The differential equation in x is of the form
dx dx 1
1 − (y − 1)2 =0⇔ =
dy dy (y − 1)2
and is separable. Separating and Integrating we get
Z Z
1
dx = dy
(y − 1)2
1
and an explicit general solution is given by x=c− .
y−1
8.
dy
yex = e−y + e−2x−y .
dx
Solution:
Dividing LHS and RHS of the DE by yex , we get
e−y−x + e−3x−y e−y
dy
e−x + e−3x .
= =
dx y y
Separating
Z Z
y
e−x + e−3x dx
ye dy =
Page 1
MATH 4174-Differential Equations and Applications for Engineers-SPRING 2021 SEC 2.2-2.3 (WEEK 2)
and integrating by parts the LHS, we obtain an implicit general solution given by
e−3x
(y − 1)ey + c = −e−x −
3
10.
2
dy 2y + 3
= .
dx 4x + 5
Solution:
The DE
2
dy 2y + 3 2 1
= = (2y + 3) ≡ h(y)g(x)
dx 4x + 5 (4x + 5)2
is separable and hence regrouping and integrating we obtain
Z Z
dy dx
2
= .
(2y + 3) (4x + 5)2
Integrating by substitutions u = 2y + 3 and v = 4x + 5, we obtain a general solution of the form
1 1 2 1
− + c1 = − or +c= , where c = −4c1 .
2(2y + 3) 4(4x + 5) 2y + 3 4x + 5
20.
dy xy + 2y − x − 2
= .
dx xy − 3y + x − 3
Solution:
The DE
dy y(x + 2) − (x + 2) (x + 2)(y − 1) x+2 y−1
= = = ≡ g(x)h(y)
dx y(x − 3) + x − 3 (x − 3)(y + 1) x−3 y+1
is separable and hence regrouping and integrating we obtain
Z Z Z Z
y+1 x+2 2 5
dy = dx ⇔ 1+ dy = 1+ dx.
y−1 x−3 y−1 x−3
and an implicit general solution is given by the relation
y + 2 ln | y − 1 | +c = x + 5 ln | x − 3 |
30.
dy
Find a solution of x = y 2 − y that passes through the point (x0 , y0 ) = (0, 1) .
dx
Solution:
This is an initial value problem of the form
dy
x
= y 2 − y, (DE)
(IV P ) dx
y(0) = 1 (IC)
Page 2
MATH 4174-Differential Equations and Applications for Engineers-SPRING 2021 SEC 2.2-2.3 (WEEK 2)
The equation (DE) is separable and integrating we get
Z Z Z Z
dy dx dy dx
2
= , x 6= 0 or = .
y −y x y(y − 1) x
Writing a Partial fraction of the expression in the LHS, we obtain
Z Z Z
dy 1 1 dx
2
= (− + )dy =
y −y y y−1 x
and a general solution is given by the relation
y−1
− ln | y | + ln | y − 1 | +c1 = ln | x | or ln | | +c1 = ln | x | .
y
Taking exponential both sides of the last relation, we obtain
y−1 c
c =x or in explicit form y=
y c−x
where c = ec1 .
Page 3
