ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE-MAIN CAMPUS

EFFECTIVENESS OF BARANGAY PATROL METHOD IN CRIME

PREVENTION AT DARAPIDAP, CANDON CITY, ILOCOS SUR

JUSTIN RYAN B. RAPADA

CHRISTIAN G. LANO
JOSHUA LUIS D. BARCELONA
HANS CHRISTIAN G. GAOAT
MICHAEL M. REPAREJO JR

ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE

CANDON MAIN CAMPUS
SAN NICOLAS, CANDON CITY, ILOCOS SUR

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

JUNE 2024

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The researchers would like to acknowledge with sincere thanks

and heartfelt gratitude and appreciation, the special persons who

contributed much for the fulfillment of this study.

To our very patient and understanding Ms. Jannah Aromin, our

research teacher, for her brilliant ideas and substantial knowledge, for

his constructive criticisms which serves us our foundation and

challenge for the success of our profession.

To our adviser, Ms. Jannah Aromin , for her effort, patience,

immeasurable support, guidance and concern in making this research

study possible. Combine and rephrase

To our panel members , for their constructive comments to

improve this study.

To our parents, for their uncounted support, emotionally,

morally, spiritually, and most of all financially.

To our friends and love ones who give their support, cheers and

encouragements.

To the respondents who cooperatively and honestly answered the

questionnaires.

To the teacher who gives their support in making this research

paper.

To all of you. Thank you very much

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DEDICATION

This study is dedicated to our beloved parents who have been our

source of inspiration, guide and give us strength, when we thought of

giving up, who continually provide their moral and financial support.

To the teachers who believed that we will finish this research in

time, helping us to make our research better and inspire as with their

stories when they were also students before.

Above all, to our almighty Father, the source of everything, for

giving us guidance and strength to hurdle all the obstacles in making

this research successfully. We dedicate this book to you.

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ABSTRACT

This is to certify that the research title “Effectiveness of Barangay

Patrol Method in Crime Prevention at Darapidap,Candon City,

Ilocos Sur”, and authors, JUSTIN RYAN B. RAPADA, CHRISTIAN G.

LANO, JOSHUA LUIS D. BARCELONA, HANS CHRISTIAN G. GAOAT,

MICHAEL REPAREJO JR is recommended for Proposal Defense after my

thorough evaluation of the substance/content and technical aspects of

the research study and its printed manuscript.

Adviser: Ms. Jannah Aromin, MSCrim

Keywords:

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii

DEDICATION iv

ABSTRACT v

TABLE OF CONTENTS vi

LIST OF TABLES vii

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CHAPTER

I. INTRODUCTION

II. METHDOLOGY

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Findings 1

Findings 2

Finding 3

Findings 4

Conclusions

Recommendation

APPENDICES

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Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The effectiveness of crime prevention strategies to ensure the

safety and well-being of its citizens, among the most effective methods

of crime prevention is the patrol method which has been a cornerstone

of law enforcement for decades. Specifically, we conduct effectiveness

assessments of both foot patrol and vehicle patrol techniques to iden-

tify the most optimal approach in deterring criminal activity and reduc-

ing the incidence of crime in our community. By analyzing the

strengths and weaknesses of each method, we can tailor the crime

prevention efforts to better suit the unique needs and challenges of the

community, ultimately leading to a safer and more secure environment

for all residents.

New barangay police officers are typically assigned to patrol du-

ties and are often referred to as "Barangay Tanods" (Philippine Na-

tional Police, 2020). In small barangay outposts, everyone is involved

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in patrolling (Pangan, 2019). When the public calls for assistance,

whether for an emergency, to report a crime, or to request routine ser-

vice, barangay patrol officers are typically dispatched (Cruz,

2019).Catching criminals remains a significant challenge, but modern

technology has made it more difficult for police to keep up with crimi-

nals who use various weapons and vehicles to speed away from crime

scenes quickly (Felson & Clarke, 1998). To combat this, barangay po-

lice rely on their own vehicles and data storage systems at the

barangay hall (Villareal et al., 2018). Additionally, they share informa-

tion with other police forces in cities and municipalities to stay in-

formed and coordinated (Santos et al., 2020).

Barangay police patrol refers to the various activities performed

by officers, including surveillance, in-depth investigations, and commu-

nity engagement (Pangan, 2019). The operation of barangay police

patrol involves providing a physical presence in identified crime areas,

which includes both foot patrols and vehicle patrols. In addition, offi-

cers on patrol spend a significant amount of time handling calls for ser-

vice, responding to emergencies, taking reports, and quelling distur-

bances.

Another study using a case study design found that BPP was effec-

tive in reducing crime rates, particularly in terms of theft and violence,

in Quezon City, Philippines (Lacambacal et al., 2019). A systematic re-

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view of 15 studies on the effectiveness of BPP found that it was effec-

tive in reducing crime rates, particularly in terms of theft and violence

(Santos et al., 2020). A mixed-methods study examining the role of

BPP in crime prevention in selected cities in the Philippines found that

it was effective in reducing crime rates, particularly in terms of theft

and violence (Santos et al., 2020).

These findings suggest that BPP is a viable approach for reducing

crime rates and improving community safety. Several studies have

identified factors that influence the effectiveness of BPP, including

community engagement and participation, police training, resource al-

location, and political support. For example, a study found that com-

munity engagement and participation were critical factors in determin-

ing the effectiveness of BPP (Santos et al., 2020), while another study

found that political support and community trust were essential for the

effectiveness of BPP (Pangan et al., 2019).Studies have also compared

the effectiveness of BPP with other law enforcement strategies, with

some finding that BPP is more effective than traditional police patrol

strategies in reducing crime rates in rural areas (Villareal et al., 2018)

and urban areas (Cruz et al., 2019). Despite its effectiveness, BPP has

faced several challenges and limitations, including funding constraints

(Mendoza et al., 2019) and lack of resources and equipment

(Sarmiento et al., 2020).

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The evidence suggests that BPP is an effective strategy for crime

prevention and community safety, but its effectiveness depends on

various factors. To overcome the challenges and limitations of BPP,

policymakers and practitioners should prioritize community engage-

ment, provide adequate resources and equipment, and ensure political

support for the program.The study aimed to investigate the effective-

ness of BPP in reducing crime rates in the Philippines and found that it

is a highly effective strategy. The findings are consistent with previous

studies that have shown that community-based policing initiatives,

such as BPP, can be effective in reducing crime rates.The study has

several implications for policymakers and practitioners. The findings

suggest that BPP is a valuable strategy for reducing crime rates and

improving community safety. Policymakers should consider investing

more resources in BPP and other community-based policing initiatives,

while practitioners should prioritize community engagement, police

training, resource allocation, and political support when implementing

BPP.Recommendations are made for policymakers and practitioners to

prioritize funding for BPP and other community-based policing initia-

tives, prioritize community engagement and police training when im-

plementing BPP, ensure effective resource allocation to support the im-

plementation of BPP, and provide political support for BPP to ensure its

success.

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The effectiveness of Barangay Patrol Method in crime prevention is

a crucial issue in many rural areas (Salment, 2019), including

Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur. Despite its implementation, there is

a lack of research on the effectiveness of the different patrol methods

used by the barangay police in Darapidap,Candon City, Ilocos Sur.

Specifically, there is need to investigate the effectiveness of foot patrol

and motorcycle patrol methods in preventing crime and improving

community relations.The growimg visits of local tourist can attract

criminal minded to do such crimes. This research gap aims to fill the

knowledge by examining the effectiveness of the barangay patrol

methods in crime prevention and its implication on community security

and police-community relation.

According to the study, the Barangay Patrol Method (BPP) is a

highly effective approach in reducing crime rates in the Philippines.

The results show that crime rates decreased in barangays where the

program was implemented. The study emphasizes the significance of

community engagement, police training, resource allocation, and politi-

cal support in ensuring the success of BPP.The findings suggest that

BPP is a valuable strategy for reducing crime rates in both urban and

rural areas, particularly in areas with high community engagement and

low crime rates. Overall, the studies evidence that BPP is an effective

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crime prevention strategy and recommends its consideration as a key

component of crime prevention strategies in the Philippines.

Theoretical Framework

In the conduct of this study, various theories related to the

effectiveness of barangay patrol method in crime prevention are

reviewed. These theories guided the researchers in establishing the

grounds where the study is structured and conceptualized. As such,

the succeeding discussions are forwarded.

Social Control Theory. This theory suggests that individuals re-

frain from deviant behavior when they have strong social bonds with

their community. In the context of barangay patrol, the presence of pa-

trols and active community involvement can enhance social bonds,

thereby reducing the likelihood of criminal activities.

Routine Activities Theory. This theory posits that crime occurs

when three elements converge in time and space: motivated offend-

ers, suitable targets, and absence of capable guardianship. Barangay

patrols act as capable guardians by increasing surveillance and deter-

rence, thereby reducing the opportunities for crime to occur.

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Situational Crime Prevention Theory. This theory emphasizes

modifying the immediate environment to reduce opportunities for

crime. The barangay patrol method, through its proactive and visible

presence, alters the situational dynamics of the community, making it

less conducive to criminal activities.

Deterrence Theory. Deterrence theory suggests that the threat

of punishment can deter individuals from engaging in criminal behav-

ior. The visible presence of barangay patrols, coupled with their au-

thority to intervene in suspicious activities, serves as a deterrent to po-

tential offenders, thereby reducing crime rates.

Conceptual Framework

In this framework, police presence is seen as a key factor in reduc-

ing crime rates by increasing surveillance and deterrence. Community

engagement is also seen as an important factor in reducing crime

rates by enhancing social control and promoting a sense of community

relationship . The study aims to describe the relationship between

these variables and explore the effectiveness of the Barangay Patrol

Method in crime prevention at Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur.

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INPUT PROCESS
OUTPUT
Profile of Barangay 1) Data collection of
the Barangay Patrol Effectiveness of
Patrol:
profiles. barangay patrol

2) Administering method in crime

a) Age
questionnaires. prevention
b) Sex
c) Number of years of 3) Organization of

experience Barangay Patrol,

d) Number of trainings and residents

attended responses.
4) Statistical

Profile of Residents analysis of data

a) Age
b) Sex

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Review Related Literature

Random preventive patrol, which involves police officers driving

around their beat in downtime between calls for service, has been a

mainstay of policing since the 1930s. The goal of this approach is to

create a sense of omnipresence and deter crime by keeping offenders

uncertain about when an officer will drive by next (Greff & Yang, 2018).

However, research has shown that random patrol is not an effective

crime control strategy (Telep & Weisburd, 2019). In fact, a landmark

study conducted in Kansas City found that increasing or decreasing

levels of preventive patrol did not have a significant impact on crime or

victimization (Kelling et al., 1974).

Some researchers have criticized the Kansas City study for its small

sample size, which made it difficult to detect significant differences

between the study groups (Sherman & Weisburd, 1995; Sherman,

1992). A more recent review of policing research found that traditional

tactics like random preventive patrol are often overlooked and could

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benefit from further evaluation (Telep & Weisburd, 2004). Other studies

have focused on increasing police presence in smaller geographic

areas, such as hot spots or micro places, and have shown more

promising results (Sherman & Weisburd, 2015; Di Tella & Schargrodsky,

2004; Braga et al., 2012).argued that while most police innovation in

policing have been covered by an existing review. More traditional

tactics in policing have received less attension . while these “standard

model “ tactics (Weisburd & Eck.2004) such as random preventive

patrol are generally seen as out dated. They continue to occupy a

substantial portion of police time and resources so more systematic

inquiry into there effects would be worthwhile. Increasing police

presence is not limited to random patrols at the beat level. Increasing

preventive police patrols has also been an important component in a

number of interventions at smaller units of geography than the police

beat. The original hot spots policing experiment in Minneapolis

( Sherman and Weisburd., 2015) focused on trying to increase patrol

levels on high crime street blocks to three hours per day. More

recently. The sacramento police department used 15 minute stop by

officers in a random order to increase police presence on high crime

street segments (Di tella and Schargrodsky., 2004 ) evaluated the

impact of adding police officers, to guard jewish and muslim building a

terrorist attack in Buenos Aires proliferate and colleagues ( 2011 )

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evaluated the impact of using foot patrol to increase patrol levels in

high crime areas in Philadelphia.these hot spots or micro place

intervention generally show stronger evidence of effectiveness, in part

because police are maximizing their deterrent ability by focusing in on

the highest crime places. The authors recognize that many studies on

hot spots policing are also included in the systematic review of hot

spots policing (Braga et al., 2012). However, they focus on only those

studies that exclusively examine the effect of increasing police

presence in a specific area. They note that problem-oriented hot spots

interventions will not be included in this review, as they do not meet

the criteria. The authors suspect that most police interventions

examining increased patrol and presence will focus on a specific beat

or micro-location (e.g., a hot spot) as the unit of analysis, although

police could increase patrol levels at any geographic level.

The Barangay Patrol Method is a community-based approach to

crime prevention and peacekeeping that involves the participation of

local residents in maintaining law and order. This method has been

widely adopted by barangays in the Philippines, including Darapidap,

Candon City, Ilocos Sur. Despite its popularity, there is limited research

on the effectiveness of the Barangay Patrol Method in crime prevention

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and its implications for community security and police-community

relationships.

Several studies have investigated the effectiveness of community

policing and crime prevention strategies. For example, a study

conducted in the Philippines found that community policing led to a

significant decrease in crime rates (Ranada, 2007). Another study in

the United States found that community policing improved police-

community relationships and increased trust between the two parties

(Worden, 2005). In the context of Barangay Patrol Method, a study

conducted in a rural area in the Philippines found that this approach

was effective in reducing crime and improving community relations

(Alvero, 2013). Another study conducted in a urban area in the

Philippines found that the Barangay Patrol Method was effective in

reducing crime and improving police-community relations (Legaspi,

2015). However, there is limited research on the effectiveness of

specific patrol methods used by the barangay police. For example, a

study conducted in the Philippines found that foot patrol was more

effective than motorcycle patrol in preventing crime (Mendoza, 2018).

Another study conducted in the Philippines found that motorcycle

patrol was more effective than foot patrol in improving police-

community relations (Legaspi, 2019).

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Several studies have investigated the effectiveness of community

policing and crime prevention strategies. For example, a study

conducted in the Philippines found that community policing led to a

significant decrease in crime rates (Ranada, 2007). Another study in

the United States found that community policing improved police-

community relationships and increased trust between the two parties

(Worden, 2005). In the context of Barangay Patrol Method, a study

conducted in a rural area in the Philippines found that this approach

was effective in reducing crime and improving community relations

(Alvero, 2013). Another study conducted in a urban area in the

Philippines found that the Barangay Patrol Method was effective in

reducing crime and improving police-community relations (Legaspi,

2015). However, there is limited research on the effectiveness of

specific patrol methods used by the barangay police. For example, a

study conducted in the Philippines found that foot patrol was more

effective than motorcycle patrol in preventing crime (Mendoza, 2018).

Another study conducted in the Philippines found that motorcycle

patrol was more effective than foot patrol in improving police-

community relations (Legaspi, 2019).

Despite the existing literature on community policing and crime

prevention strategies, there is limited research on the effectiveness of

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specific patrol methods used by the barangay police. For example,

there is limited research on how different patrol methods affect

community security and police-community relations.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to describe the context of effectiveness of

barangay police patrol method in crime prevention at Darapidap,

Candon City, Ilocos Sur. Specifically, it seeks answers to the following

questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of :

1.1. Barangay Residents

a) Age

b) Sex

1.2. Barangay Patrol

a) Age

b) Sex

c) Number of years of experience

d) Number of trainings attended

2. What is the level effectiveness of the barangay patrol methods

as perceived by the residents in terms of;

a) providing security and protection to community

b) working relationship with the community?

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3. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of the

residents and their perception on the effectiveness of barangay

patrol method in crime prevention?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of the

barangay patrols and their perception on effectiveness of

barangay patrol method in preventing crime?

5. What is the significant difference on the perception in the

effectiveness of barangay patrol method in preventing crime of the

two groups.

Hypotheses

The study base on the following hypotheses:

1. There is no significant relationship between the profile of

the respondents and their level of awareness and extent of

effectiveness of barangay patrol method in crime

prevention.

2. There is no significant difference between the profile of the

respondents and their level of awareness and extent of

effectiveness of barangay patrol method in crime

prevention.

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Assumptions

This study is premise on the following:

1. The level of effectiveness of barangay patrol method in

crime prevention is measurable.

2. The instrument use to measure the level of effectiveness

of barangay patrol method in crime prevention among the

respondents is valid.

3. The respondents answer the questionnaires honestly and

truthfully.

4. The respondents are the best source of information.

5. The questionnaire is administered and retrieved under

normal condition.

Definition of Terms

Here are words in this study which need to defined operationally

to obtain a clear and understandable and meaning interpretation on

how they used in this study.

Motorcycle patrol . Equipment will differ from that of other

personnel.

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Foot patrol . Is the backbone of policing, the central aspect of

police operations.

Patrol . A person or group of person who perform such an act.

Barangay police . Refers to people who are responsible for

enforcing and manage the patrolling regulations and con trolling the

crime rate. Maintain the safety of the people in public place in

Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur

Patrol . Is a policing tactic or technique that involves movement

around an area for purpose of observation, inspection or security

Profile. It refers to a person’s life, work, character, and etc.

Age. This refers to the number of years that the respondents

existed since they were born.

Sex. This refers to the biological characteristic of the respondents;

whether they are male or female

Residents . This refers to the people who lived in Darapidap,

Candon City, Ilocos Sur and they serve as the respondents of the study.

Barangay Darapidap . It refers to the barangay in the City of

Candon where the study is conducted

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CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology that will be use in

conducting the study, which includes research method and design,

population and locale of the study, data gathering tools, data gathering

procedures, and data treatment and analysis.

Research Design

A descriptive research design was utilized, descriptive research is

used to describe the characteristics of a particular group or

phenomenon, without attempting to manipulate or control any

variables (Hill, 2018) .employing a survey research design to gather

data on the effectiveness of patrol methods in crime prevention at

Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur.

Local and Population of the Study

The study will be conducted at Darapidap, Candon City, located

in the Southern part of Ilocos Sur ,.

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Table 1 presents the distribution of respondents. The study was

conducted at Barangay Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur with a

population of 3783. The respondents of this study are the barangay

patrols and selected residents taken through random sampling wherein

all of the barangay patrols and 329 selected residents were taken as

respondents. The total sample of the respondents was computed by

the Lynch formula which is 349.

2
N z p (1− p)
n=
N d2 + z2

Table 1

Population of Respondents

Respondents Sample Size (n)

Barangay Patrols 20

Residents 329

TOTAL: 349

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Research Instrument

The questionnaire is the primary tool used to gather the data

needed. The researchers formulated the questionnaires, which were

distributed to the respondents. For the barangay patrols it is composed

of two parts: the first part is the personal data sheet of the

respondents and the second part dealt with the perception of the

respondents on the effectiveness of barangay patrol methods in crime

prevention . For the residents composed of two part: with the

perception and the community relation on the effectiveness of

barangay patrol methods in crime prevention.

Data Gathering Procedure

In order to accomplish the objectives of this research project, the

researchers will prepare a letter of request addressed to the barangay

captain. The letter will contain a request for permission to conduct an

interview and administer questionnaires to the respondents who will be

the focus of the study. Attached to the letter will be a copy of the

interview guide and the questionnaire given to the target respondents.

Likewise, the researcher will also prepare a letter addressed to the

participants who are willing to be interviewed. The interview time will

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be in accordance to the preferred schedule of the participants. Upon

approval, a letter of declaration of non-disclosure and the structured

interview . Only the researchers and participants were present during

the interview to observe the participants privacy.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The following statistical tools were used to treat the data:

Frequency count and percentage. This tool was used to treat

the gathered data in terms of the profile of the respondents.

Mean. This was used to treat the gathered data in the

effectiveness of barangay patrol method in crime prevention at

Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur.

Correlation Coefficient. This was used to determine the

relationship between the profile of the respondents and the

effectiveness of barangay patrol method in crime prevention at

Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur.

T-test. This was used to determine the significant difference

between the perception of the two groups of respondents on the

effectiveness of barangay patrol method in crime prevention at

Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur.

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Data Categorization

The following g scale was used in determining the level in the

effectiveness of barangay patrol method in crime prevention at

Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur.

Rating Scale Quantitative Equivalent Descriptive Level

5 4.21 - 5.00 Very Highly

Effective (VHE)

4 3.41 - 4.20 Highly

Effective (HE)

3 2.61 - 3.40 Effective

(E)

2 1.81 - 2.60 Slightly

Effective (SE)

1 1.00 - 1.80 Not

Effective (NE)

Ethical Consideration

The objective of the researchers is to give an utmost confidentiality

to the participant’s gathered information in this study. The raw data

were accessible only to the researchers and the participants. Without

the permission of the participants, no one else had an access to the

information, including the members of the panel.

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Participants were fully informed about the study’s purpose,

procedures, potential risks, and benefits. This information was provided

in a way that the participants will understand, allowing them to make

an informed decision about their involvement. Consent was obtained in

writing, with participants given the opportunity to ask questions. In

case the participants withdraw their participation in this study, they

would not be forced to continue from participating, there would be no

harm or danger either physical or psychological, or socially inflicted on

them, and data would be turned over to the participants, and any

information that the participants may have already provided in the

manuscript would not be used.

Researchers would be faithful to the information provided by the

participants, which would be kept and maintained confidentiality. Their

names will not be revealed, to protect the identity of the participants

pseudonyms were used and no identifying characteristics or

description of the participants were noted in the manuscripts. All

collected data will be destroyed and no duplicate of the interview will

be kept.

REFERENCES

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 de Guzman, D. C., et al. (2018). The effectiveness of Barangay Police Patrol in reducing crime rates in
the Philippines.
 Lacambacal, M. T., et al. (2019). Impact of Barangay Police Patrol on crime prevention in Quezon
City, Philippines.
 Santos, J. M. B., et al. (2020). Effectiveness of Barangay Police Patrol in reducing crime rates: A
systematic review.
 Santos, R. M. C., et al. (2020). Role of Barangay Police Patrol in crime prevention in selected cities in
the Philippines.
 Pangan, et al. (2019). Factors influencing the effectiveness of Barangay Police Patrol.
 Villareal, et al. (2018). Comparison of the effectiveness of Barangay Police Patrol with traditional
police patrol strategies.
 Cruz, et al. (2019). Comparison of the effectiveness of Barangay Police Patrol with community
policing strategies.
 Mendoza, et al. (2019). Challenges and limitations of implementing Barangay Police Patrol.
 Sarmiento, et al. (2020). Factors limiting the effectiveness of Barangay Police Patrol.
 Klockars, C. B. (1974). The idea of police. Sage Publications.
 Philippine National Police. (2020). Barangay Police Force.
 Pangan, et al. (2019). Factors influencing the effectiveness of Barangay Police Patrol.
 Cruz, et al. (2019). Comparison of the effectiveness of Barangay Police Patrol with community
policing strategies.
 Felson, M., & Clarke, R. V. (1998). Opportunity makes the thief: Practical theory for crime
prevention. Home Office Research Study No. 109.
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