FLUID MECHANICS  Kinematic Viscosity


PROPERTIES OF FLUID ν= (m2/s or stoke)

Where:
 Unit Weight or Specific Weight 1 stoke = 1 cm2/s = 0.0001m2/s
1 centiStoke (cSt) = 10-6 m2/s
weight of fluid
γ=
volume
For water, γ = 9810 N/m3 = 62.4 lb/ft3  Pressure inside a droplet of liquid

4
p=
 Mass Density or Density d
Where:
σ = surface tension in N/m
mass of fluid
ρ= d = diameter of the droplet in meter
volume p = gage pressure in Pascals
For water, ρ = 1000 kg/m3

CAPILLARITY
 Density of Gases

p
ρ=
RT
Where:
p= absolute pressure of gas in kPa
R=gas constant in Joule
T=absolute temperature in degree Kelvin
(°K = °C + 273)
(Rankie = °F +460)
4 cos 
h=
d
 Specific Volume
Use θ =140° for mercury on clean glass
1
Vs =
 For complete wetting, as with water on clean
glass, the angle θ is 0° Hence the formula
becomes:
 Specific Gravity
4
h=
 fluid  d
S= = fluid
 water  water Where:
h = capillary rise or depression
γ = unit weight
d = diameter of the tube
VISCOSITY σ = surface tension

 Dynamic or Absolute Viscosity

 Bulk Modulus of Elasticity

μ= dp'  p
dV / dy E= = (lb/in2 or Pa)
- dv / v v
(Pascal-second or Poise)
v
Where:
Where:
1 poise = 1 dyne-sec / cm2 = 0.1 Pa-s
dp’ = change in pressure
1 centiPoise (cP) = 0.001 Pa-s
dv = change in volume
v = volume

COMPRE Prepared by: Galit, Danielle Ruthie I. CE - 5201

 COMPRESSION OF GASES  Pressure below layers of different
liquids
 For a perfect gas

pvn = p1v1n = constant

pv = p1v1
p1v1k= p2v2k


Boyle’s Law (perfect gas)

k
p= or pV = k
V
p1v1= p2v2  Pressure Head

 Combined Charle’s and Boyle’s 

h=
Law (perfect gas) 
p1v1 pv  Atmospheric Pressure
= 2 2
T1 T2

PRESSURE DISTURBANCE

EB
c= (m/s or ft/s)


Where:  Absolute Pres ure

c = celerity or velocity of pressure wave in m.s or ft/s s
EB = bulk modulus of elasticity of the fluid in Pa or pabs = pgage + patm
lb/ft2

 To convert pressure head of liquid A to

liquid B
UNIT PRESSURE

 Variations in Pressure

 To convert pressure head of any liquid

to water

hwater = hliquid x Sliquid

TOTAL HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

p2 - p1 = γ h  Total Pressure on Plane Surface

p=γh

COMPRE Prepared by: Galit, Danielle Ruthie I. CE - 5201

 Steps of Solution:
F = pcg x A or F = γ h A I. Consider 1 unit (1 m) length of dam
II. Determine all the forces acting:
Ig
e=
AY

h
Y=
sin 

Where:
pcg = pressure at the centroid of the plane
Ig = centroidal moment of inertia of the
plane
A = area of the plane surface
θ = angle that the plane makes with the
horizontal

 Total Pressure on Curved Surface

FH = pcg A
FV = γ VABCD
F= FH2  FV2  Factor of Safety against Sliding
FV
tan θ =  Ry
FH FSS =
Rx
Where:
FH= total force acting on the vertical
projection of the curved surface  Factor of Safety against Overturning
FV= weight of imaginary or real fluid
directly above the curved surface RM
FSO =
DAMS OM

FOUNDATION PRESSURE (SOIL

PRESSURE)

 Eccentricity
B
e= - x
2
 For e ≤ B/6
R y  6e 
q=- 1  
B  B
Use (+) for the pressure at the toe
Use (-) for the pressure at the heel
 For e  B/6
2R y
q=
3x

COMPRE Prepared by: Galit, Danielle Ruthie I. CE - 5201

BUOYANCY

 For homogeneous body floating on a

homogeneous liquid, the volume displaced is: vS
MBO =
VD sin 
 body
VD = Vbody
 liquid RM or OM = W(x) = W (MG sin θ)

Sbody Where:
VD = Vbody v= volume of the wedge of immersion
Sliquid s= horizontal distance between the centroid of the
wedges
VD= volume displaced
θ= angle of tilting
STABILITY OF FLOATING BODY
 If the body has the shape of a rectangular
parallelipiped

B2  tan 2 
MBO = 1  
12D  2 
Where:
B= width; D= draft

 Metacentric Height
MG = MBO ± GBO

 Value of MBO in the Upright Position

(Initial Value)

I
MBO=
VD
Where:
I = moment of inertia of the body along the
waterline section

RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF LIQUIDS

 Horizontal Acceleration

a
tan θ =
g

COMPRE Prepared by: Galit, Danielle Ruthie I. CE - 5201

 Inclined Acceleration  Continuity Equation

 Incompressible fluid
ah Q1 = Q2 = Q3
tan θ =
g  av A1v1= A2v2 = A3v3
ah = a cos α; av = a sin α
 Compressible fluid
 Vertical Acceleration ρ1Q1 = ρ2Q2 = ρ3Q3

REYNOLDS’ NUMBER
vD vD
R= =
 
Where:
 a v = mean velocity of flow, ms
p = γ h 1  
 g D = pipe diameter, m
μ = (mu) dynamic viscosity (Pa-s)
Use (+) for upward motion and (-) for downward ν = (nu) kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
ρ = density, kg/m3
motion
ROTATION ENERGY EQUATION

 Total Energy of Flow

E = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy

v2 p
E=  Z
2g 
Where:
v2
 velocity head (KE)
2g
p
 pressure head (PE)

Z  elevation head (PE)
 Volume of Paraboloid

Volume = 1/2 π r2 h BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM

FLUID FLOW AND PIPES

 Flow Rate

Volume Flow Rate (Q) = Av

Mass Flow Rate (M) = ρ Q
Weight Flow Rate (W) = γ Q Where:
E1 = Total energy head at section 1
HA = head added (by the pump)
HE = head extracted (by turbine or any other
device)
HL = total head los

COMPRE Prepared by: Galit, Danielle Ruthie I. CE - 5201

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. A rectangular gate has a base width of 1m SOLUTION:

and altitude of 2.4m. The short side of the
gate is flushed with the water surface. Obtain
the location of the total force of water on the
gate measured from its centroid.

SOLUTION:

2. A spherical balloon 5. 8 in diameter is

filled with gas weighing 5 N/m3 . In standard
air weighing 12 N/m3 , evaluate the
maximum load, in N, excluding its own
weight, that the balloon can lift. N/m3

SOLUTION: 4. For the concrete gravity dam, B=4.20m,

b=0.60m, H=7m, and h=6m. Unit weight of
concrete is 24 kN/m3. Considering 1m length
of dam, calculate the total force exerted by the
water on the dam and the resisting moment.

SOLUTION:

3. An 8 hp pump is installed near the

reservoir container oil having as specific
gravity of 0.82. The rate of flow of the pipe is
0.014m3/s. The pressure heads at 1 and 2 are
-28 kPa and +290 kPa respectively. Compute
the head added and the efficiency of the
pump.

COMPRE Prepared by: Galit, Danielle Ruthie I. CE - 5201

5. A 12 mm thick steel with inside diameter 7. A rectangular tan of internal width of 5 m
of 600 mm conveys water under a head of 350 as shown in the figure, contains oil of specific
m. What is the tensile stress in the pipe wall gravity of 0.8 and water. If a 1000-N block is
in kN per meter? made to float in oil, what is the rise in water
surface in chamber B?
SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

6. A stone weighs 5.2 N when immersed in

water and6 N when immersed in alcohol
having a specific gravity of 0.80. Unit weight
of water is 9.81 kN/m3. Determine the volume,
specific gravity and density of the stone.

SOLUTION:
8. An open cylindrical vessel 4m in diameter
and 6m high is two-thirds full of water. The
vessel is revolved about its own vertical axis
at constant angular speed. Calculate the
peripheral velocity at the top rim of the vessel
when the water starts to spill out.
SOLUTION:

COMPRE Prepared by: Galit, Danielle Ruthie I. CE - 5201

9. A certain fluid have a specific gravity of
1.25 flows through a150 mm diameter pipe
with mean velocity of 1.2 m/s. Determine the
flow rate, mass flow rate and weight flow
rate.
SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

10. Water flows through a pipe that enlarge

from 154 mm diameter at A to 249 mm in
diameter at B which is 4.6 m above point A.
The pressure at points A and B are 70 kPa and
48.3 kPa, respectively. Determine the energy
at A and energy at B in Joule per kilogram.
SOLUTION:
12. An open cylindrical tank has a base
diameter of 1.2 meters contains 3.86 meters
deep of water. The tank is rotated about the its
vertical axis at 80 rpm. If angular velocity is
120 rpm, how much water is spilled?

SOLUTION:

11. A 1.5 m square tank contains water to a

depth of 2.6 m. A cubical block of wood 0.6m
on each side is made to float in water inside
the tank. The specific gravity of the wood is
0.5. What is the change in the total force
acting on the floor of the tank?

COMPRE Prepared by: Galit, Danielle Ruthie I. CE - 5201

13. Two vertical tanks are connected near the
bottom by a short tube having a cross
sectional area of 0.00625 m2, the cross
sectional areas of the tanks are 8 m2 and 2 m2
respectively. The tank contains water with the
water surface in the larger tank 4m above the
tube and in the smaller tank 1m above the
tube. Assume a constant discharge coefficient
of 0.072. Find the time for the water surfaces
in the two tanks to reach the same elevation.

SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

14. Water flows on a straight 350 m pipe, 600

mm in diameter. The velocity of flow is 2.3
m/s. Pipe thickness is 18mm. Bulk modulus
of elasticity of water is 2.2 x 109 Pa. Modulus
of elasticity of pipe material is 1.4 x 1011 Pa.
What is the celerity of pressure wave?
SOLUTION:

15. Water flows from point 1 to point 2 at the

rate of 280 L/s in a 300-mm-diameter pipe.
The elevation of point 2 is 360 m. When the
gate valve near point 2 is closed, the
difference in pressure between point 2 and
point 1 is 80 kPa. When the valve is opened,
the difference in pressure between point 1 and
point 2 is 170 kPa. Determine the head lost
between points 1 and 2 when the valve is
opened and the length of pipe from points 1
and 2 assuming f=0.03.

COMPRE Prepared by: Galit, Danielle Ruthie I. CE - 5201