Metallic
Materials
MME 291
Lecture-2
Mechanical Properties of
Materials
Courtesy: Abrar Rauf
Department of MME, BUET
Today’s Topics
▪ Ductility
▪ Mechanical Properties of Various Materials
▪ Resilience
▪ Toughness
▪ True Stress-Strain Diagram
Reference:
1. WD Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction
Ductility
▪ Ductility is a measure of the plastic deformation that has been sustained at fracture.
▪ A material that experiences very little or no plastic deformation at fracture is termed
‘brittle.’
Ductility
▪ Ductility may be expressed quantitatively as either percent elongation or percent reduction
in area.
▪ The percent elongation is the percentage of plastic strain at fracture;
▪ Where, lf is the fracture length.
▪ Percent reduction in area is defined as:
▪ Where, Af is the cross-sectional area at the point of fracture.
Ductility
▪ A knowledge of ductility is important for at least two reasons:
▪ It indicates to a designer, the degree to which a structure will deform plastically before fracture.
▪ It specifies the degree of allowable deformations during forming operations.
Hydrostatic extrusion Rolling
▪ General rule of thumb: A material is called ‘brittle’ if it has a fracture strain of less than 5%.
Malleability
▪ Malleability is a measure of how much pressure (compressive stress – hammering,
pressing, rolling) it can withstand without breaking ability.
Room-Temp Mechanical Properties
Resilience
▪ Resilience is the capacity of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically,
and then upon unloading, to have this energy recovered.
▪ To derive the formula for modulus of resilience, we need to first have a general
understanding of the work associated with deformation.
▪ Let, the infinitesimal change of length of an object due to an applied force 𝐹 be 𝑑𝑙.
▪ The work associated with this deformation; 𝒅𝒘 = 𝑭𝒅𝒍
𝒅𝒍
▪ Now, the differential strain; 𝒅𝜺 = → 𝒅𝒍 = 𝒍𝒅𝜺
𝒍
▪ Additionally, the force may be expressed as 𝑭 = 𝝈𝑨
▪ Therefore, we get; 𝒅𝒘 = 𝝈𝑨𝒍𝒅𝜺 = V𝝈𝒅𝜺
▪ Thus, differential work per unit volume of the material = 𝝈𝒅𝜺
▪ Work done due to deformation will be equivalent to the energy stored within the material.
Resilience
▪ The modulus of resilience is defined as;
▪ Where, 𝜀𝑦 is the strain at yielding.
▪ Thus, the modulus of resilience is equal to the area under the stress-strain curve bounded
between 0 and 𝜺𝒚
▪ Assuming linear elastic region, this area can be expressed as;
▪ We can also re-write this expression in terms of stress and stiffness;
▪ Thus, resilient materials have high yield strength and low stiffness.
▪ Good for springs!
Toughness
▪ Is a mechanical term used in several contexts.
▪ Generally, it is a measure of the ability of a material to absorb energy up to fracture.
▪ For static (low strain rate) situations, toughness may be determined from the results of a
tensile test. It is simply the area under the stress-strain curve up to the point of fracture.
𝜀
▪ 𝑈 = 0 𝐹 𝜎𝑑𝜀
Toughness
▪ For dynamic loading conditions (high strain rate), and when a notch is present, notch
toughness is measured by an impact test.
▪ Standard: ASTM E23
Toughness
▪ Again, Fracture toughness indicates a material’s resistance to fracture when a crack is
present.
Toughness
▪ Notice any difference?
True Stress-Strain Diagram
▪ Recall definition of engineering stress;
▪ Due to the constant deformation rate during the
tensile test, after necking, as force drops, with
the initial area constant, the engineering stress
decreases as well.
▪ However, in reality, further deformation
increases the strength of the material due to
strain hardening.
▪ This can be accounted for, by the true stress;
▪ While the applied force decreases, at necking the instantaneous cross section decreases
even more, resulting an increase in the total stress.
▪ This causes a deviation of the true stress-strain curve from the engineering stress-strain
curve near the region of the necking.
True Stress-Strain Diagram
▪ Thus, true stress:
▪ Corresponding true strain (also called logarithmic strain):
▪ And, if we assume that volume remains constant during deformation,
▪ Then it can be showed that the following relationships hold true for relating
engineering stress with true stress and engineering strain with true strain;
▪ Since, it is based on constant volume assumption, these equations only hold true
before necking begins.
