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Salient Points, Readings and

Whatnot

Definition and Importance

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Explain in your own words:

Explain in your own words:

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Explain in your own words:

Definition of History

• Derived from the

Greek word
“historia” which
means "knowledge
acquired through
inquiry or
investigation”
• Also known as the
study of the past
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Definition of History
• Is the account of the past of
a person or a group of people
through written documents
and historical evidences

• “History is not the past but a

map of the past, drawn from
a particular point of view, to
be useful to the modern
traveler.”

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Some Valid Historical

Documents
• Government Records

• Chronicle’s Accounts

• Personal Letters

• Receipts, etc.

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Sources and Examination

Historical Sources: Classification

• Primary Sources

• Secondary Sources

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Primary Sources: Definition and

Examples
• Are those sources
produced at the same
time as the event,
period, or subject being
studied
Examples (Commonwealth 1935)
-Minutes
-Newspaper clippings
-Records
-Photographs
-Eyewitness(es)
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Secondary Sources: Definition

and Examples
• Are those sources produced by
an author who used primary
sources to produce the material

Examples (Philippine Revolution

1896)
-Teodoro Agoncillo’s Revolt of
the Masses 1956
-Encyclopedia Britannica 1970

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Examining Historical Sources:

External Criticism
• the practice of verifying
the authenticity of
evidence by examining the
physical
characteristics

• consistency with the

historical characteristic of
the time when it was
produced, and the
materials used for the
evidence
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Examining Historical Sources:

Internal Criticism
• Is the examination of the
truthfulness and factuality of
the evidence.

• It looks at the content of the

source and examines the
circumstance of its production.

• It could be done by looking at

the author, its context, agenda,
the purpose behind its creation
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Roundown

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Philippine Historical Period

• Pre-Colonial Period

• Colonial Period
1. Spanish Era
2. American Era
3. Japanese Era

• Post Colonial Period/

Third Republic

• Marcos Administration

• Fifth Republic
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Pre-Colonial Period
• Migration and early
settlement of Negritos,
Indones and Malays

• Early trading relations with

Asian countries

• Introduction of Islam in
Mindanao

• Formation of Pre-Colonial
Culture
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Colonial Period: Spanish Era

• Rediscovery of the Philippines
• Battle of Mactan
• Coming of other Expeditions
• Hispanization and Christianization
of the Philippines
• Regional Revolts
• Factors that led to the Birth of
Filipino Nationalism
• Propaganda Movement
• Founding of KKK
• Philippine Revolution of 1896
• Martyrdom of Jose Rizal
• Declaration of Philippine
Independence
• Treaty of Paris
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Colonial Period: American Era

• Spanish-American War
• Philippine-American War
• Establishment of military
and civil governments
• The Philippine Commissions
• Enactment of Jones Law
• Independence Missions
• Enactment of Tydings- Mc
Duffie Act
• Commonwealth
Government

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Colonial Period: Japanese Era

• The Bombing of Pearl
Harbor
• The World War 2
• Manila as Open City
• Fall of Bataan
• Fall of Corregidor
• Death March
• Rise of Guerilla Units
• The Leyte Gulf War
• The Bombing of Hiroshima
and Nagasaki
• The Defeat of the Axis
Power
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The Third Republic- Present

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Implications of History to the

Philippines
• Political
• Economic
• Social
• Cultural
• Educational
• Religious/Spiritual

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Basic Concepts and

Need-to-know Information

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Historiography
1. The study of how
history is written
2. Involves how history
is interpreted by
the various writers
3. History is not totally
OBJECTIVE; It has
a SUBJECTIVE side

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Herodotus- “Father of
History”
Herodotus the origins and
execution of the Greco-
Persian Wars (499–479B.C.)
that he called “The
Histories.”
The Histories” was a
straightforward account of
the wars.

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Thucydides- History of
Peloponnesian War
• His writing is condensed and
direct, almost austere in places,
and is meant to be read rather
than delivered orally.
• He explains in a scientific and
impartial manner the intricacies
and complexities of the events
he observed

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Spanish Writers

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1. Antonio
Pigafetta
“Accounts of the
Voyage of
Ferdinand
Magellan”

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2. Antonio de
Morga
“Sucesos de las Islas
de Felipinas”
-Account about the
society and culture of
Luzon

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3. Account of the Spanish

Friars about the Philippine
society during the Pre-
Colonial Era
- Fr. Juan de
Plasencia
- Fr. Pedro Chirino

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Philippine History during

the Spanish and American
Eras

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1. Francis St.
Claire
• “The Rise and Fall of
Filipino Commune”
 Philippine Revolution
failed because of the
lack of education and
training of the
Filipinos

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2. David Barrows
• “ A Philippine History”
 The Filipino Failed
because of the lack of
training
 The true hero of the
1896 Revolution is
Camilo Polavieja

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3. Teodoro Agoncillo
• “ The Revolt of the Masses”
 Introduced Andres
Bonifacio as the hero of
the Masses
 1896 Revolution is the
battle between the elite and
the masses
 Creative Reconstruction of
the Past

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4. Renato
Constantino
• “ Past Revisited”
 Communist view of the
1896 Revolution
 The book centered the
narrative of the 1896
revolution as the struggle
of the Masses against the
elite

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5. Reynaldo
Clemencia Ileto
• “ Pasyon and
Revolution”
 Towards the history
from below
 Use the folk tales in
discussing the 1896
Revolution

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Oral History

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NATURE OF ORAL
HISTORY
• Unwritten sources
couched in a form
suitable for oral
transmission and that
their preservation
depends on the power
of memory of
successive generations
of human beings

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DANGER OF ORAL
HISTORY
• The end-product is
conditioned both by the
historian’s social position
vis-à-vis the informant,
and by the terms in which
he or she learned to
analyze the past and which
may well be communicated
to the informant.

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INTERPRETATION
OF ORAL HISTORY
• It requires critical
evaluation and that it
must be deployed in
conjunction with all
other available sources.
• Transcriptions of
testimonies are needed.

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“Pantayong Pananaw”

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ANO ANG PANTAYONG

PANANAW?
“Pantayong pananaw” lamang
kung ang lahat ay gumagamit ng
mga konsepto at ugali na alam ng
lahat ang kahulugan, pati ang
relasyon ng mga kahulugang ito sa
isa’t isa. Ito ay nangyayari lamang
kung iisa ang code o
“pinagtutumbasan ng mga
kahulugan,”

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MGA DALUMAT
1. Pasalaysay na
Kasaysayan
2. Epiko
3. Mito
4. Kwentong Bayan
5. Biro
6. Awit
7. Tula

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Local History

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NATURE OF LOCAL
HISTORY

• Narrative in the Local Context

• Concentrated in the local
community
Important in Building the National
History.
• Local history is the study of
history in a local context, often
concentrating on events that
affected a local community.

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Historical Thinking Standard

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HISTORICAL THINKING
STANDARD
• Identify issues and problems in the
past and analyze the interests, values,
perspectives, and points of view of those
involved in the situation.
• Marshal evidence of antecedent
circumstances and current factors
contributing to contemporary problems
and alternative courses of action.
• Identify relevant historical
antecedents and differentiate from those
that are inappropriate and irrelevant to
contemporary issues.

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HISTORICAL THINKING
STANDARD
• Evaluate alternative courses of action, keeping
in mind the information available at the time, in
terms of ethical considerations, the interests of
those affected by the decision, and the long-
and short-term consequences of each.
• Formulate a position or course of action on an
issue by identifying the nature of the problem,
analyzing the underlying factors contributing to
the problem, and choosing a plausible solution
from a choice of carefully evaluated options.
• Evaluate the implementation of a decision by
analyzing the interests it served; estimating the
position, power, and priority of each player
involved; assessing the ethical dimensions of
the decision; and evaluating its costs and
benefits from a variety of perspectives.

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• Preliminary Examination
(100 items)

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1. One (1) Long Folder

2. Two (2) Black Ballpoint pens

3. Five (5) Sheets of Yellow Papers

4. One (1) Pair of Reading Glasses (to

those with vision concerns)

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1. Social Science Branches

2. Current Issues and Problems in the
Philippines Today
3. Trends and Issues in Philippine
History
4. Philippine Historical Controversies

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