LA RT llQ llA l~ E RF .

S lS
T.\N T DF SH ;N AN D Dl<:
TAlLlN(; OF
H.CC ST lU IC l'l lRES

Dr .N. C :trH~::n.
Profrssor, 1kp t. of Civil Fn
gg 1

Nntiou:11 lnslilult- ofl'l'<.'hn

olor.,v Cnlinat

Strcnr.th a.nJ ductility nrc

the two im po rtnnl c·onsickm
tions in 1hr ck sir~n or .stnict
seismic for.:c s ll1crc nrc u1~·s :,;uhjcrtl·d 1l1
scvcr:11 pos.sib k me thods for
constrncting buildi11g.s which
rc.s istant. 111c philo so phy of 1m· :,;ci:-111ir
car thq mk c resistant design
is that n building .should ho
rcgub:: f:O:\)rnctry. unifonnly w 11 sim pk
distribull' d m:1SS and sti(focss
in nil di~ction so thnt it cnn
thi s p:-tpl.:r 011 attempt is m:: art 11:- l'tW . 11.
ide to suggest po 3si bk nltcm
ativcs in tht.: construction of
seismic., pie,,·-: ;1.~as. liuildi111~s i11 tlw

Ap 1 won ch lo &..-lhqu:i.kc Re
sistant Design of Building

• tv~=!lc:,· ca nh qu ak cs - >1thi s case the struc.:turc should not ::uffe

r ~111y dnm.1gc.
• Modcrc.:e ear thq ua ke -
SC' . ne no n-s tru ctu
ral damage ;s nil ow ed bu t
without nn,:v stmctural
dama ge. I.
II
" M~ jor earthquake - so me I
structural and non-structural , I
da ma ge arc allowed but wit
o.>llapsc. hout I

I.
I
Site Selection nnd Guidelines
a{ Planning Stage of a Duildi..1g

• I3wJrling should be suffici ent

ly away from steep slopes.
• Foundation should rest on
firm soil and not on filled up soil.
• If i:o mc po rtion of the fou
ndation co me s 011 filled up
soil the n !host· portion have
11, lx:
supported hy raft on pile.
 • Asymmetry should be avoided since asymmetric buildings underg
o torsion ,md extreme
com~rs of the buildings are subjected to very large earthquake forces.
• V ery s l~nder b~iidi ngs sl;ould be avoided. 1l1e ratio of height to
..
_.,...., ........ ~ ~ ... .,,...•~ - ....----
~ -
_.............,__
.,,-:

width should be less than 4.

• Sudden change in the lateral stiflncss should be avoided.
• Large projcctiom, overhangs and floating columns have to be avoided.
• Heavy ma<;S at the top should be avoided cg; large water tanks should be
avoided. Small water
tanks if provided should be properly connected with the framing
system . Pcrrroccmcnt water
tanh arc suitable.

• Un reinforced mason ry wall should not exceed 5 m. If it exceeds either

buttresses or cross waJls
can be ll.",.cd to reduce the unsupported length.
• Minimum distance between openings have to be ac; per IS Code 4326.
• Provide earthquake RC bands at plinth, lintel and rooflcvel.

If th~ followin g measures arc taken to increase the resistance,

a structure wi 11 withstand
carthquak,;5 more effectively [I].

(i; Integrity of structure: The whole structure should be tied together

by earthquake bands,
~rthql.l<lkc framing ctc. so as to act a<; pne unit. Proper distribution and
continu ity of load
IX:ming stru•;tural clements arc essential for an integral action of
a stmcturc. 1l1c most
vuln~rablc places in variou s type of cons(ruction arc its joints where
due to shear nnd
ten.don, the joint fail s. Designing the connections and detail s of
a slructurc lo be
carJiquake re¼ist.ant is almos t a<; important ac.; checking the overall behavi
our of structure. If the
and ductili~y of the connections arc not adequate and if the details arc
!.1Jcngfh
not properly
made, the r;truct urc ac; a whole is not likely to display effective seismi
c performance.
(jj; S~f.r:mic lateral force- strength ratio: A i;truc.-turc r;hould have a minimum
level or strcnr•,lh
a·n 'J ~tiffnc:,'.:., r,moothJy incr~ ';ine from top to bottom of a structure and evenly
di:-: lributcd in
r,la:J. '!hi:, di:J.ribtJtir)n i:~ !;uch that the u..;ismic Jatc,·ral force to strenctli
rat io i!; every where .
apprrf/.JrfJWJ.,;Jy oon::Um t.

(j ii J Sofe C/JnMructfon (no r:ol/apse or failure of structu re) : f1riflle ~;lrnclurc:;

withou l uny
 r
1• ·
' " '.\ • r
r
' .,.l
I
'

I
I

reh1forcement or
structures having
no seismic resistan
seismic force exce ce provisions fail
eds the strength o suddenly when th
f the structmc. On e
the reinforced st the other hand, th
rncturcs do not e steel structure or
foil on rcnchlng
deform.nfr;;:::,....)~ the yield level bu
r .-:tik bd1avior o t undergo plaS ic
i structure should t
able to absorb th therefore be ensured so
e damaging earthq that the structure is
uake energy with
collapse. In weak out resulting in com
colrnnn-strong beam plete or partial
structure will resu
hinges will form lt collapse of entir
in the columns w e st111cture becaus
hich also ca e
CQnstruction can be rry large axial loads.
acHi~vcd by using, (Fig. A). In general safe
• Strong column-
weak girder/beam
design.
• 111c w al ls mus
t be tied togeth er effectively to av
trusses must be finu oid separation at th
ly fix ed to the perimeter w e vertical joints. ll
alls. 1e roof and
• Lateral resistin
g elements should
be present along bo
• Introducing du th the principal axes
ct il it y by providin of the structure.
g reinforcements at cr
itical location51unc
tions
"'I
I
I
I
I
I
i

/ w w
Hinges in O, _:arns
Hinges in Columns
Fig. A. Failure m
od es of different
beam column arra
ngemen t [I ]
P R IN C IP L E S O
F EARTHQUAK
E RESISTANT D
ESIGN
TI1e principles o
f earthquake resi
stance design are
structures to with to evolve safe an
stand possible fu d economical desi
ture earthquakes. gn of
earthquake forces This can be achi
and (b) withstanding eved by (a) reducing
it by increasing the the
resistance of the stru
(a) Reducing th e cture.
earthq uake forces
T he structures ca
n be safe guarded
from damagin g ea
rthquake forces ac
ting on a structure
either by

3
 reducing earthquake force
s or
any or a combination oftl1e
.all deflecti.ng tl1e eartl1q akc cncrm• from the stn1cturc
part! Y u, i:, ;
by adoptin g
\
following procedures,
(/) Use oflig'1t weight cons _
trucfion: S
. . c, Jl r: cart 1a \, (,.,.~r o-
mc 1 11 r,;, -..a .. • •
1~
,• • - • •· -,; lO me
i'.i 111v1 1u 1llU 11 mas-:~, a
-. - ,· J "
., -- · ......... --- -- .. v•'"'"
"' •• •· • '"
, dec;~e in the mass . . • d f
of the structure by using
the light weight mat erials reduces tl1c magrutu c o
seismic forces and hence ,
increases the seismic safety
of structures.
(ii) Avoid quasi-resonance ·
: Earthquake forces generat be educed by suitable de
ed can r sign such ilial
by keeping the fondamen . .
. tal,-time penod of ilie str
ucture away from the predominant ground motion
time period range.
Therefore construction of
a tall flexible structure at
a soft soil site where expe
predominantly low frequ cted ground motion is of
ency is not advisable sin
ce a quasi-resonance sit
site construction of small uation may arise. At su
stiff structure is advisab ch a
le. However, constructi
is advisable on rocky sites on of tall flexible structur
where high frequency gro es
und motion is expected.
An important feature of
earthquake resistant desig
n is that the intensity of
structure is dependent earthquake forces on a
on the mass and stiffn
ess distribution of str
frequency of the structur ucture itself (i.e. natu
e) unlike the forces du ral
e to wind, gravity etc.
generated can be reduced an d therefore the forces
by proper arrangement of
mass and stiflness.
(iii) Diverting or absorbi
ng the earthquake energ
y: Non-conventional de
evolved to either deflect sign methods have been
part of the earthquake ~o
rce from the structure or
earthquake energy in sp lo absorb a part of the
ecially designed devices
introduced in the struc
earthquake force can be wi ture so as the remainin
thstood by the structure wi g
thout any dan1age. These
arc achieved by
(a) base isolation techn
iques
(b) introducing energy
dissipating devices in a
structure or
(c) introducing a combin
ed isolation and energy
absorbing devices.
Construction detail [1
]
During construction strict
supervision during constru
ction should be made
• to ensure use of good
quality material, good co
nstruction, improved work
manship and proper curin
• to ensure necessary de g;
tails particularly at critica
l sections and junctions in
seismic areas·
• to ensure the ties in '
the column should be pro
perly hooked . Beam rei
nforcement is taken we
ll

4
 r'

u t:'. :,,1-''-lll<H ,' ~-

\ \.' \. l L' '.. l'.
•:
tp is p: \'\ i, t. \.i :\t
U\l· l'n un r1o S\'\'l
• to St'\:' tl~1'. the i1.,n :
plinth h.-..t:n.'- o,
f,)\Ul(bti,)n lX'am
• to ensurl:' th..tt s are pl'<.'\'i-it\.\;
tk · ti k s
o tkr t-x,~- m-.,fit
Ol
\~ \m\t,; rut ti "i p.
• to c ~ t.m:- that t\'.l''tl~
the bric ks sh o u
ld l>-' th vI\) t1gh~\
less than 1:6) and ' wot \x-11.,i'C" ln~
II \ ~ in ~ ~,,,,J q @ li t ) ,I!
th-:- wrti.1.-~ jo ,m
s in h ic k m : \.~rn 11h111 :1i l'h
'I
lt is dc-sirab le to y !\t ~ p1\)1vrl:
C
pr o Yid e sl id in ll k d \\\'
f_ j oi n t m o ne
re lativt: movemen - rnd o f th e- 11 ir,
t and avoid strnt ht \,t' n stni1 ,·ns,
ac ti on . · s,, 11:; I\) \'l-' 1111i1
Fig 1 to 5 give
si m pl e m k s fo
r co ns tn ic ti ng
detail in g o f RC e-anhq uak.c- rr sist
C st ru ct ur es su .H\l 1,uildin ~ Fi
bj ec te d h) sci~ ~ c, h ' 1-1 !'" '-' th
.mir forces . l'
Construction usin
g Ferroccment
Ferrocement is an
other fom1 o f reinforc
ed conc-rete in w
v,ire mesh . The hi ch c-t·ment m l H
arrangement o f re tf\ r is 1'\'int~
'lVl\.l with h1~\·1s
infon:-cmcnt is su l,f
behaviour so diff ch thn: tt l\.~ mt'\\Jsitc mnw
erent frcm conv in\ is flll1\\t'\I whi
entional ~inforc ,·h l'\.h ibils
application that ed ronc.retc· in st
is classified as a n. ·n~t h, ,kfo1m ntil,n. 1\m
separate mid dist l p,l(c•nt iH l
spaced, multiple inct nm krial. The It'infi.
layers o f mesh )t\·t:mc-nt l',,nsi st
or small bars c- s l\ f dl,st·lv
cement mortar is ompkte\y impI\'g
applied to the re na tc·d with l'c'\\\c'l\
inforcement ei01 l m01 tnr. l'h t·
thin complex sh cr m anuall y or by l~1m
apes without fo iting . lt is pi.)Ssibk 1
rm work or \\it h p1\ ,d\ll.'l'
10 mm to 40mm h one side only
. The major adva fo nn ~d . The thil·ktll'
ntages o f fcrrocer ss vmit~s fi\1n1
nent C'Otbirnrtion
IU \':
1. The ferrocem
ent structures ar
e thin and light.
self weight o f th lk n ce then.~ is eo
e structure and nsickmbk rl·d11c
sa\'ing in 11.mnd ti0n in
2. Ferroccmcnt ntion r0st.
is suitable for pr
ecas tin g and tran
3. The construc sportin g ns the st
tion techniqu e ntcl\U\' !\l \' light.
is si m p k and do
it is suitable for cs not require hi I

I'
developing coun ghly skilled lnl\\
tries in bo01 nrlx .'\lr. l k ncr
4. ferrocement m and nm1l 111\'HS
construction is . 'I'
easily nmcnablc I
to abnonnal load fnr repairs in en
s. sc l1 f kx.-al dan u1 I
gt· nnd du e·
 ,·1n1dlll C',.
•S.
If
F etTll CC'll ll•ll I C':11) II Iso \)C ll ~Ct or repai rs (l (' cX .J~·1'
. 1rl"
L, • •

. , . .. .1 J,'( · I{r,ofirig
•
Bnck masonry Sanclwid1c<I hy Fcrrocc m cut I,iuing :,nd J I cc,1 :-;
y
,
may
1
,rn
t)C
n;1.so11r I . l r '1Jl
wed On the other
'.. : u' r111.·.•J"- '..."
.._
. . .. • , .
1uur1
J," l 15 . I •• •
fl ,,. , •11"" n f lnHI <.: 111 1,, r
r· I' •fi ah C ISOI ,,' the brick ma <;onry
ll-.- shows, Ille Hn111L1cn11i i"1 ,:;c•r: '- 1,,
I

foot inn and in the case oAl .iqt~c

. .. ~ --
l . . . .. .
I.
hand 111 the case of sofl soil RCC ' striJ)
• .

f 1gure s s lOh
·1 r • be cons1dercc. t\ so .
L> •
1
pt c 1oundat1011 taken up to hand stral a mny
ast fcrrocem cnl rooting UJlll S.
sandwiched by forroccmcnt ljning and prce

CONCLUSIONS
·· 'd 1- fi buildincs to be
• · give nece ssary gut e mes or
I11 tI11s report an attempt has been made to d fi om various sources.
details have been co II ccte r
se
constructed in the seismic prone areas. The · ·s concerned with
es will be followed by tI1c agenctc.
elin
nnd references. It is hoped that these guid
earthquake resistant structures.
meticulous care for proper construction of

REFERENCES
and
Structures" Short term course on Design
1. D.K . Paul "Seismic Resistant Design of
2, pp. 33 to 43.
Construction of Structures, August 6-10, 200
Sarita
6), Elements of Earthquake Engineering,
2. Krishna J and A.R. Chandrasekaran (197
Prakashan, Prabhat Press, Meerut.
es.
for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structur
3. _rs :I893- 2002 - Indian Standard Criteria
ign and
of Practice for Earthquake Resistant Des
4. IS: 4326- I 993 - Indian Standard Code
Construction of Buildings.
Earthquake Resistance
5. IS: 13827-1993 - Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving

of Earthen Buildings.
ce of
IS:1 3828- 1993 - Indian Standard Gui delines for Improving Earthquake Resistan
6.
Low Strength Mas~nry Buildings.
nforced
e of Practice for Ductile Detailing of Rei
7. IS :13920- 1993 - Indian Standard Cod
Forces.
Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic
g of
13935-1993 - Indian Standard Guidelines for Repair and Seismic Strengthenin
8. IS:
Buildings.
structures,
de , Earthquake Resistant Design of
9. Pankaj Agarwal and Manish Srikhan
Prentice - Hall of India.

j
 P-LA NS
00 OOt... T
COM MEN TS

lID rd4,1 tor beha vfour and -anaryai.s•

00 Q(IOd ,JY!n '!'9try , enafy sls less

easy

c::::l r:::J ~11 O( cfffte renffa l beha viour at

~ l i e liods of foog build ing$

tf ~ 8ad foe u1mm e1_r,caf elfec u ,

c=:J O==O Af!ho ollh ay~ trJc ;rl, fono '!'logs

behavfOtJr pred1 ct1o·n prbtif ems
01v_e

p. -P:.$1 q 0 p Ei.1areci1n0 ., cc:e, s towera. Probfe''l'l'.t

WJIJI lll'\lll ylis and detam n,o .

p a

e
Asv.ir tmel( Y of mem bers ,esls tlng
.>Jp-dio,,1.al .Sheu .Anal ysis a·od
.l()ni iori pn:ib lems
J

l·d ].

Fig. 1 Sim ple rule s for plan layo uts

of aseis mic buil ding s.
(On ly with dyn ami c anal ysis and care
ful deta iling shou ld
thes e rule s be brok en)

'I

7
 DD

EIICCIS ol t:ic ild.

pre dic led by nor:.ma SI~tb.coo
'10- 5 CJ MO l t(
e eqvlvJl e r,!•
st:i !tc ana lys es

Fig. 2 Sim ple rul es for clc

Yntion shnp('S of nsd sm ic
bui ldi ngs . (O nly wit h dyn
am ic nnalvsis nnd cnr rfu
det ail ing sho uld these ~le l
s be bro k~n )

DO
CO MM EN TS

Avo id low red und anc

con l1lc v crs . no 1111 y ol
mcc h;in l :5m 1- sal e

Avo id ChOOQC5 of
hei ght . Pro blcm 5 5l11 lnt'5 S W1lh
w
ana lysi s and dcl a i lh
i1,n o

Rem arl. .s o~ nbo ,,'

Sof l 5lo rcy dem on
vul ner abl e s lrob l y

Fig. 3 Sim ple ruk s for H"

rticnl fra me s in nsrismic
bui ldi ngs

8
 -- - --

DO
C,0 Mlv1 E tl
l t,

W id th of
t,e
gr oa lly 01 am ~ llhoutd riot
col um ni .cc1Jd LUPporlinti
Cori I lnull y
1> robl omi

Fig. 4 Simple
rule for w
in nsel~mic re idths of benms and colu
inforced con m
crete buUdln ns
gs

DO
DON ' T
COMMEN
C o lu :J n L_ IL TS

~ _j.LJ.L
jtJt :J:c=J:c
jdt :J:c=J:c
Beams l'>
column~ ho
ab so rp l
uld fail be
to maxlm lle
10 n before co
fore
ener gy
lla_ps c
1rir 7T7T-
Fig. 5 Simple
rule f~r relati
o
beam strength nship between column an
s in aseismic d
frames

9
 lkf ailing of R.C.C Str u cturt'> ~u1J
je:c tc<1 t.r, ,<.,c:hmk f,,r c.c:'1
1\ '. , per i~: t YJl l) - 1';0~

1-

FIG. 6 ANOIORAGE OF BEAM BJ.RS

IN AN
EXTERNAL JOINT

f It.] i 111 111 11

~ 1 - ISOm rr,
I If
...
Ld ' OEVELO fMEIH l EMC. T11
IN 1 EMS 1011
d b' BAil 01/>M EIEI(

FIG . 7 LAP, SPLICE IN BEAM

[0
 a [u]
C /IO & S TJ
Jl [~ :_ J tog !'1:75 mml

V• STIRRUP

Il I
I bI

FIG. 8 BEAM W
EB REINFORCE
MENT

l
t-llN l BARS FO
R FULL LENG
ALONG IOP TH
AtJD BOTTOM
AS ?: P MIN. Bd FACE
As~eMAX.B~
.

B • SREADT H
OF BEAM
db • DIAMETER
OF LONGITU
8AR DINAL

FIG. 9 BEAM RE
INFORCEMENT

II
 E { , - - - - - - , lQ C {-:?:.
,~ - - ·
eT
...
0
0
,~
C
...

'
t-c~ lOt.roI c
II Sk.A ll & LARGER C..-
"'< A.'10 s.
h SHALL EE l..l.,: ;[R Cf ~-,
t. NO Ee
FIG . 10 A SIN GL E HO OP FIG . 10 B SINGLE HO OP \\1T H A
CROSS TIE

.
lie;:, 300m m
I
h SHAL L BE LARG ER OF
,:, .u;o Be
FIG 10 C OV ER LA PPI NG HOOPS WI TH
AC RO SST IE
FIG . 10 TRANSVERSE REINFORC
EMENT
IN COLUMN

MINIMUJ.I LON GITU OlliA L

ANO lRAk SVE RSE STEE L
AS PER IS 456 : 1974

1-+ --.... ..> 10 0 rnm

FIG 11 REINFORCEMEJ\'T REQUIR

E:MEJ\'T FO R
COLUMN WI TH MO RE THAN 100
mm
PRO JEC TIO N BEYOND CORE

12
 ...-,. I
..
'-'
f> t:
~
u
~
..,:i )¥
~·

~,
C:
,, C\'

.. 0

...t- -. :::
~

'
...f ~
he
0~
V r- "" ...,_
a.
.., "'> "-
a.
I\. t> ,i
,(
<
:

All FO UR S10£S
.,_.____., _ _.__ ('0N f 1NING R( INfORC(ME"1I
AS P(R 1 •1

FIG. 12 COLUMN Al\1D JOINT DETAILING

SPECIAL CONFINING
.,-'l:=::: :l L.. ·-+ REINFORCE ►IENT
~ JOO mm

FIG. 13 PROVISION OF SPECIAL CONFINING

REINFORCEME:NT IN FOOTING

13
r
,,,1, "
~

'
~
. )

'~
- rw;

\
I"~

()[' VL'. LOPMI HT

LLN<llll or
~-~ - - ~-~
- ~· ~~" WAlll
-- --

~==
l ONCJlt UDIH/\L - - - - •- -

ll/\R ·-~ 1_-_·

_ - ~~
J- ·_i; =========~
:i::.riili:,:·

·
FIG. 1•1 Sl'ltCIAL CONFINING Rii:lNFOllCEMENT
l~on (;01,lJMNS lJNDlm l>ISCON'l' INlJJm WALLS

,,,