12.

1 Circle Review and Tangent Lines

12.2 Chords and Arc
12.3 Inscribed Angles
CHAPTER 12 12.4 Additional Angle Measures and
Circles Segment Lengths
12.5 Coordinate Plane—Circles

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12.1 Circles and Tangents Circles

An arc is a part of a circle. One type of arc, a semicircle, is
In a plane, a circle is the set of all points equidistant from a half of a circle. A minor arc is smaller than a semicircle. A
given point called the center. We name a circle by its center. major arc is larger than a semicircle. We name a minor arc
Circle P is shown below. by its endpoints and a major arc or a semicircle by its
endpoints and another point on the arc.

Minor arcs are: AD, DE, EC, CA

A diameter is a segment that contains the center of a circle Semicircles are: ACE, CED, EDA, DAC
and has both endpoints on the circle. A radius is a segment
that has one endpoint at the center and the other endpoint on
Major arcs are: ACD, DAE, CAE, CEA
the circle. Congruent circles have congruent radii. A central
angle is an angle whose vertex is the center of the circle.
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 Arc Measure (of degrees inside of arc) Finding the Measures of Arcs
• minor arc—The measure of a
minor arc is equal to the measure What is the measure of each arc in circle O?
of its corresponding central angle. a. BC b. BD c. AD
• major arc—The measure of a major d. CAB
arc is the measure of the related Solution
minor arc subtracted from 360°. mRT=m<RST=50° a. mBC = m<BOC
• semicircle—The measure of a mTQR= 360 - mRT b. mBD = mBC + mCD
semicircle is 180°. = 310° mBD=
c.
d.
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12.1 Tangents to a Circle Tangent-Radius Theorem

Objective - Use Properties of a Tangent Line to a Circle
A tangent to a circle is a line in the If a line is tangent to a circle, then the line is
plane of the circle that intersects the perpendicular to the radius at the point of tangency.
circle in exactly one point.

The point where a circle and a tangent

intersect is the point of tangency.

BA is a tangent line.
BA is a tangent ray.
is a tangent segment.

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 Finding Angle Measures Converse of Tangent-Radius Theorem
Example If a line in the plane of a circle is perpendicular to a radius at
its endpoint on the circle, then the line is tangent to the circle.
Multiple Choice and are tangent to circle
O. What is the value of x?
a. 58b. 63 c. 90 d. 117
Solution
m∠L + m∠M + m∠N + m∠O = 360°
90° + m∠M + 90° + 117° = 360° Ex: Determine whether TD is tangent to circle A
18 D
297° + m∠M = 360°
A
m∠M = 63° 7 24
T
Since m∠M = 63°, or x°, then x = 63.
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Finding a Radius Congruent Tangent Segments

Example
(snow cone rule)
If BA tangent to circle C, what is If two tangent segments to a circle share a common
the radius of circle C? endpoint outside the circle, then the two segments
Solution are congruent.
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to
find x.

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 Finding Tangent Segment Lengths Circles Inscribed in Polygons
Example Example

If are tangents to circle D, find the Circle O is inscribed in ΔABC. What is the
value of x. perimeter of ΔABC?
Solution Solution
From Theorem 12.1-3, we know that AD = AF = 10 cm
AC ≅ AB. BD = BE = 15 cm CF = CE = 8 cm
P = AB + BC + CA
= AD + DB + BE + EC + CF + FA
The value of x is 9 or 1.
= 10 + 15 + 15 + 8 + 8 + 10 The perimeter
The check is left to you.
= 66 is 66 cm.
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12.2 Chords and Arcs Theorem 12.2-1 and Its Converse (12.2-2)
Objectives Congruent Central Angles and Arcs
Theorem 12.2-1
1. Use Congruent Chords, Arcs, and Central Angles.
Within a circle or in congruent
2. Use Perpendicular Bisectors to Chords. circles, congruent central angles
have congruent arcs.
Chords Converse (Theorem 12.2-2)
A chord is a segment whose endpoints are on a Within a circle or in congruent
circle. The diagram shows the chord and its circles, congruent arcs have
related arc, congruent central angles.

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 Theorem 12.2-3 and Its Converse (12.2-4) Theorem 12.2-5 and Its Converse (12.2-6)
Congruent Central Angles and Chords Congruent Chords and Arcs
Theorem 12.2-3 Theorem 12.2-5
Within a circle or in congruent Within a circle or in congruent
circles, congruent central angles circles, congruent chords have
have congruent chords. congruent arcs.
Converse (Theorem 12.2-4)
Within a circle or in congruent Converse (Theorem 12.2-6)
circles, congruent chords have Within a circle or in congruent
congruent central angles. circles, congruent arcs have
congruent chords.

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Using Congruent Chords Theorem 12.2-7 and Its Converse (12.2-8)

Example
Chords Equidistant from the Center
In the diagram circle O is congruent to circle P. Are Congruent
Given that what can you conclude? Theorem 12.2–7
Solution Within a circle or in congruent
circles, chords equidistant
because, within congruent from the center or centers are
circles, congruent chords have congruent central congruent.
angles. Converse (Theorem 12.2-8)
because, within congruent circles, Within a circle or in congruent
congruent chords have congruent arcs. circles, congruent chords are
equidistant from the center (or
centers).
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 Finding the Length of a Chord Theorem 12.2-9
Example

What is the length of in circle O? Theorem

Solution If in a circle, if a diameter is perpendicular to a
Recall that chords equidistant from the chord, then it bisects the chord and its arc.
center of a circle are congruent. Thus,
PR = RS. Let’s find PR, and we’ll have RS.

The length of the

segment is 25 units.

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Theorem 12.2-10 Theorem 12.2-11

Theorem Theorem
In a circle, if a diameter bisects a chord (that is not a In a circle, the perpendicular bisector of a chord
diameter), then it is perpendicular to the chord. contains the center of the circle.

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 Finding Measures in a Circle Finding Measures in a Circle
Example Example

a. What is the value of each variable b. What is the value of each variable
to the nearest tenth? to the nearest tenth?
Solution Solution

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12.3 Inscribed Angles Inscribed Angle Theorem

Objectives The measure of an inscribed angle is half the
1. Find the Measure of an Inscribed Angle.
2. Find the Measure of an < Formed by a Tangent and a Chord. measure of its intercepted arc.
Inscribed Angles
An angle whose vertex is on the circle and whose m<B = ½ mAC
sides are chords of the circle is an inscribed angle. so, mAC = 2·m <B
An arc with endpoints on the sides of an inscribed
angle and whose other points are in the interior of
Ex: Find m<B
the angle is an intercepted arc. In the diagram,
inscribed ∠C intercepts AB m<B =

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 Finding Measures of Inscribed Finding Measures of Inscribed
Example Angles Example Angles

b. Find mEFG c. Find

Solution Solution
We are given than have the same intercepted
m<H = ½ mEFG arc.
90 = ½ mEFG m<T= m<R= ½ mSQ
=½∙66

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Corollaries to Theorem 12.3-1: The Inscribed Using Corollaries to Find Angle

Example Measures
Angle Theorem
Corollary 1 Corollary 2 Corollary 3
What is the measure of each numbered angle?
(12.3-2) (12.3-3) (12.3-4) Solution
Two inscribed An angle inscribed The opposite angles
angles that in a semicircle is a of a quadrilateral
intercept the same right angle. inscribed in a circle
arc are congruent. are supplementary.

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12.4 Additional Angle Measures and Theorem 12.4-1 Angle Measure—Lines
Segment Lengths Intersecting Inside a Circle
Objectives The measure of an angle formed by two lines that
1. Find Measures of Angles Formed by Chords, Secants, and intersect inside a circle is half the sum of the
Tangents.
measures of the intercepted arcs.
2. Find the Lengths of Segments Associated with Circles.

A secant is a line that intersects a circle at two

points.

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Finding Angle Measures Finding Angle Measures

Example Example

a. What is the value of the variable? b. What is the value of the variable?
Solution Solution
The lines intersect inside the circle, The lines intersect outside the circle,
so we find half the addition of arcs. so we find half the difference of arcs.

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 Theorem 12.4-2 Angle Measure—Lines Finding an Arc Measure
Example
Intersecting Outside a Circle
A satellite in a geostationary orbit above Earth’s equator
The measure of an angle formed by two lines that
has a viewing angle of Earth formed by the two
intersect outside a circle is half the difference of the tangents to the equator. The viewing angle is about
measures of the intercepted arcs. 17.5°. What is the measure of the arc of Earth that is
viewed from the satellite?
Solution
The sum of the
measures of the arcs
of a circle is 360°.
Let

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Finding an Arc Measure Theorem 12.4-3 Segment Products—Inside or

Example
Outside a Circle

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 Finding Segment Lengths Finding Segment Lengths
Example Example

Find the value of the variable in the circle. Find the value of the variable in the circle.
Solution Solution
6(6 + 8) = 7(7 + y) 8(8 + 16) = z2
6(14) = 7(7 + y) 8(24) = z2
84 = 49 + 7y 192 = z2
35 = 7y 13.9 ≈ z
5=y

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12.5 Circles on the Coordinate plane Writing the Equation of a Circle

Example
We can use the Distance Formula to find an equation
of a circle with center (h, k) and radius r. Let (x, y) What is the standard equation of the circle with
be any point on the circle. Then the radius r is the center (5, –2) and radius 7?
distance from (h, k) to (x, y).
Solution
Equation of a Circle
Use the given values h = 5, k = –2, r = 7, and the
An equation of a circle with center (h, k) and radius standard form of a circle.
r is (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2.

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 Using the Center and a Point on a Graphing a Circle Given Its
Example Circle Example Equation
What is the standard equation of the circle with center (1, –3) When we make a call on a cell phone, a tower receives and
that passes through the point (2, 2)? transmits the call. A way to monitor the range of a cell
Solution tower system is to use equations of circles. Suppose the
We need the center and the radius. The radius is the distance equation (x – 7)2 + (y + 2)2 = 64 represents the position and
between the center (1, –3) and the given point (2, 2). the transmission range of a cell tower. What is the graph
that shows the position and range of the tower?
Solution
Center ( , )
r= √

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Graphing a Circle
Example Example

Graph x2 + y2 = 4. Graph the circle (x - 3)2 + (y + 4)2 = 25

Solution C( , ) r =√
The equation can be written in
standard form as

The center of the circle is (0, 0),

and the radius is 2. Its graph is shown.

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Finding the equation of a circle in Standard Form by Find the equation of the line by
Examplethe Square
Completing Example
completing the square
1. Isolate all variable terms on one side of the equation and x2 + y2 + 10x - 6y - 2 = 0
constants on the other. Put the x terms together first in order
with the y’s following them (leave space for the new c’s.) x2 +10x + ___ + y2 - 6y + ___ = 2 + ___ + ___
2. If there are 2 x terms, work with the x’s and complete the c=( /2 )2 c=( /2) 2
square for the binomial by adding the correct new constant, (x+ )2 + (y+ )2=
c = (b/2)² , to both sides to get a trinomial.
3. Factor the resulting perfect square trinomial and write it
as the square of a binomial. C( , ) r=√
4. Repeat Steps 2 and 3 for the y if necessary.

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