FUNDAMENTALS

OF LIGHTING:
MODULE 5
LIGHTING
CONTROLS

Illuminating Engineering Society

www.ies.org

Driver VS Controller
: Driver supplies power and controller adjusts dimming
level or changes colour.
: if fixture starts flickering, it might have an issue in driver.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 1

 CONTINUING EDUCATION: AIA APPROVED

The IES is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of

Architects Continuing Education System. Credit earned on
completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA
HSW-LU approved courses.

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for HSW continuing

professional education. As such, it does not include content that
may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by
the IES or AIA of any material or product.

Partial attendance will not be eligible for the IES CEU certificate of
completion. Individuals are responsible for their respective
credential maintenance reporting requirements.

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-2

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 2

 CONTINUING EDUCATION: GBCI APPROVED

The IES is a Registered Provider of GBCI Approved Courses for

Continuing Education.

This program is registered with GBCI for continuing professional

education. As such, it does not include content that may be
deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement of GBCI
of any materials or product.

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-3

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 3

 FUNDAMENTALS OF LIGHTING

Module 1: Introduction to Light and Lighting

Module 2: Electric Light Sources
Module 3: Daylighting
Module 4: Luminaires
Module 5: Controls
Module 6: Metrics, Photometry, Calculations, and Rendering
Module 7: Codes, Standards, and Economics
Module 8: Design Process, Sustainability, and Commissioning
Module 9: Lighting for Interiors
Module 10: Lighting for Exteriors

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IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 4

 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

PARTICIPANTS WILL BE ABLE TO:

• Describe different motivations and approaches to lighting controls

• Compare different methods of dimming light sources

• Analyze the functional capabilities of different sensors

• Identify the components and connections of control systems

• Recognize lighting controls vocabulary

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-5

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 5

 INTRODUCTION TO LIGHTING CONTROLS

Introduction to Lighting Controls

Dimming
Sensors: presence detection
Sensors: light detection
Networked systems
General Considerations

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-6

Lighting controls provide a wide array of functionality, serving the purposes of providing aesthetic lighting
effects and energy saving control.
Controls can be as simple as an on-off switch or consist of a system wide network of sensors and
connections with lighting, blinds and other light control systems, in turn all controlled by software.
Wireless control allows individual luminaires to receive their own network address.
The concept of the ‘Internet of Things” when extended to lighting would mean that every single
component in a luminaire could be providing some information about its status, and even communicating
with other luminaires and sensors.
Controls permit spaces to be used for multiple purposes, by creating particular effects or lighting
configurations for each particular purpose. Lastly, building wide energy savings could be realized with
the integrated control of not only all lighting but all of the electricity-consuming systems in a building.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 6

 A BRIEF HISTORY OF LIGHTING CONTROLS

1960 1980 2000 2010 2020

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Image 1911, ‘Grand Elm Street Illumination’. George W. Cook
Dallas/Texas image collection

Autotransformer dimming was well established in theatrical lighting long before the advent of lighting
controls in residential and commercial applications. Solid state electronic dimmers mark the practical
beginning of lighting controls for architectural use. Growing interest in energy conservation led to the
adoption sensors based on existing technology, as well as improving controls for advancing light
sources, such as low voltage halogen and T8 fluorescent. LEDs have brought forth new controls
technologies and supported the rise of wireless communication.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 7

 MOTIVATIONS FOR LIGHTING CONTROLS

Got to Pays to Want to

Energy Savings Innovation (perception)

Code Compliance
Energy Rebate Aesthetics (color change and
Energy Savings (retrofit, etc.) balance)
(budget)
Flexibility (space use, occupancy)
Local requirements
(ordinances)
Energy Savings

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-8

There are three primary motivations for the use of controls.

1. Owners and designers “want to” because controls enhance the quality and convenience of lighting
2. Controls are deployed when it “pays to” because the energy savings pay back the incremental
investment.
3. Codes require controls, so virtually all new projects and many renovations “got to” use them.
Naturally, decision makers are often motivated by more than one of these motivations.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 8

 MOTIVATIONS: ENERGY CODE COMPLIANCE

Got to…

• Codes are increasingly stringent

• Limited application to individual homes
• More details in Module 7

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Automated lighting controls are now a prominent feature in commercial building energy codes. As we’ll
learn in Module 7, ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1 sets the minimum requirements for energy codes in
the United States. States may adopt equally (or more) stringent codes. California Energy Code, and The
International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) are popular alternatives

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 9

 MOTIVATIONS: REDUCE ENERGY USE AND EXPENSE

Pays to…
“
Discretionary investment beyond code
requirements
• Most applicable to retrofits and residential
• More detail on ROI in Module 7

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Owners may go beyond code requirements, typically where the reduction in electricity cost and
subsidizing incentives make it profitable to do so. Interestingly, this discretionary investment in controls
tends to be most significant where local codes are most stringent. Utility incentives play a large part in
regional adoption of controls..

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 10

 MOTIVATIONS: ENHANCE THE LIGHTING EXPERIENCE

Want to…

• Adjust quantity for different tasks, times,

and people
• Adjust color and composition
• Provide convenience for users
• Perception

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Apart from simple on/off swtiches, interest in quality and convenience of lighting initially drove the use of
controls in architectural application. Controls permit spaces to be used for multiple purposes, by creating
particular effects or lighting configurations for each particular purpose. They provide a wide array of
functionality, serving the purposes of providing aesthetic lighting effects and energy saving control.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 11

 THINKING ABOUT CONTROLS

What lights are you What do you want

controlling? the lights to do?

on/off or dim?
Codes and cost have a
significant impact on these
decisions
How do you want How do you want
to control the to connect the
lights? controls?
wired or wireless?
manual or
analog or digital?
automatic?
stand-alone or
www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 networked? FOL 5-12

As with other lighting decisions, there are numerous options for controls. You think through the choices
in a four-etep process:
1. Identify the lighting equipment to be controlled. Luminaires with different light sources, drivers, and
other electrical components often require specific controls.
2. Decide how you want the lights to behave when controlled: turn on or off, dim and to what levels,
change color
3. Decide how you want to interact with the controls: manual control or automatic control via a sensor,
schedule or external signal
4. Determine how you want the components of the control system to connect to each other. Simple
switches are stand alone devices, but controls can be wired to perform together or connected
wirelessly. Networked systems can control multiple spaces and integrate multiple capabilities.
Various controls with various technologies and control policies can be mixed and matched, but they need
to fit the application.
In addition, wireless technologies and centralized computer-based (or cloud-based) software control
provide a great deal of flexibility.
The adjustment and programming is by no means a “one and done”: these are particularly complex
systems that require careful adjustment. However, they can be installed with recommended settings and
then fine tuned.
Automation of interior shades can be advantageous in sunny climates. This approach not only uses
daylight wisely, but helps reduce HVAC cooling loads.
Carefully balancing daylight and electric light can result in considerable operational savings.
Controls using sensors must be positioned correctly, and provide sufficient coverage of the area. Also, in
certain areas (portions of hospitals, for example) controls that will shut off lights are not to be used. In all
instances, stringent new energy codes contain a variety of controls requirements based upon building
location and space type.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 12

 BASIC VOCABULARY

Load what you control

Zone loads controlled together Zone ≠ Circuit
Scene setting of lights
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• Load is what you are controlling, lights, motors, etc. A load is described by the source (or other
device) and the power (watts). A load schedule documents the type and power and is used to size
electrical circuits and control devices.
• Zone is a group of loads that respond to the same control signal. They all turn on or off together;
they all dim to the same level. For consistent dimming, a zone should general comprise the same
type of luminaire. The more zones in a space (a more granular system), the more effects you can
create and the lower the energy consumption, but the higher the initial cost. And, users may find so
many zones complicated. Zones can define different areas in a space for different functions or
daylight control. Nevertheless, a zone does not necessarily imply an area. Channel is another term
(from theater) for zone.
• Scene is a setting of the lights, typically designed for a specific activity, time of day, event or users. A
scene may involve the setting for a single zone. More often, a scene involves settings for several
zones. You activate (or recall) a scene, the zones in that scene adjust to the desired setting. Scenes
can be activated by pressing a button on a control station, by a sensor, schedule or external signal
• Identifying loads is part of Step 1 (prior slide). Zones and scenes are configured (sometimes this is
called programming) in Steps 2, 3, and 4.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 13

 DESIGNING CONTROLS: THE PLAYERS

Primary Controls Additional Input and

Design Team Implementation

Owner (or Owner’s Rep)

Lighting Designer
Electrical Engineer Architect
Lighting Controls Specifier Interior Designer
Lighting Controls Integrator IT Manager
Manufacturer(s) Sales Rep Commissioning Agent
General Contractor
System Vendor

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Each professional on the team has a specific role to play. These roles and responsibilities are not always
clear, and it is best at the outset of a project to learn how the project will come to fruition, as well as who
is responsible and at what phase.
Lighting Designer is the primary design professional responsible for the illumination on the project. The
lighting designer may be a specialized professional or another member of the design team. Lighting
control design responsibilities include understanding the requirements of the Client, Owner, and end
users, and communicating specific needs, such as zoning, scene setting if any, or special control needs
such as color tuning or tunable white control, to the Lighting Control Specifier (LCS).
Electrical Engineer may be tasked with identifying the specific components necessary to bring the
control concept to fruition. It is critical that the engineer be involved in the process and ensure that the
specified system will comply with all applicable codes. The engineer may also be the lighting designer.
Lighting Controls Specifier (consultant or member of a lighting or engineering firm) has in-depth
expertise in controls and may be called on to assist in design and detailing the project
Lighting Control System Integrator (person or company) is typically contracted to work on large or
complex control systems. The LCSI trains and oversees contractors on startup, programming, and
commissioning of the lighting control system, and trains the Owner or owner’s representative. The LCSI
may also assist in the design, specification and purchasing of the control system. Where a system
requires components from different manufacturers – and their compatible operation - the services of The
LCSI can be particularly valuable.
Manufacturer’s Sales Representative (sales agent) handles the commercial aspects of system
specification and purchase on behalf of the manufacturer. Increasingly, sales agencies are staffing with
people experienced in the set up of the systems they represent. Good reps can also assist in the design
of systems.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 14

 DIMMING

Introduction to Lighting Controls

Dimming
Sensors: presence detection
Sensors: light detection
Networked systems
General Considerations

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-15

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 15

 DIMMING INCANDESCENT LAMPS

• Phase control
• Dims by shutting current off twice each cycle (120 x per second)
• Effectively slows the evaporation of the filament, extending lamp life
• Warms the color of light
• Forward phase (simple, inexpensive) for 120V lamps

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• Phase control refers to modulating the current received by the load. The first dimmers using SCR
dimmers for phase control were introduced in 1959.
• The light source is off for a fraction of each cycle. The longer it stays of, the dimmer the light.
• With the frequency (120 hz) and “thermal inertia” of the filament, most people don’t see any flicker
under normal operation.
• The dimmed filament of an incandescent lamp burns cooler, so it lasts longer and emits a warmer
color of light.
• As the diagrams show, forward phase control turns off the current at the “zero crossing”. Power
resumes abruptly to achieve the dimmed level.
• Forward phase dimmer is also called leading edge dimmer and incandescent dimmer.
• Some dimmable LED lamps dim reasonably on forward phase dimmers.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 16

 DIMMING LOW VOLTAGE LAMPS

• Phase control
• Reverse phase
• Eliminates repetitive inrush current that affects electronics
• Electronic Low Voltage = ELV
• Higher cost and lower power rating than forward phase dimmers

Dimmer Transformer Low-Voltage

Lamp

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• Electronic low voltage transformers (and electronics in general) react badlyto the abrupt inrush
current of forward phase dimmers.
• This issue (flicker and other problems) arose in the early 1980’s when electronic transformers
replaced magnetic ones in recessed downlights and tracklights.
• Reverse phase dimmers solved the problems by turning current on at the zero crossing (so it rises
gradually) and then turning off when the current is strong.
• Reverse phase dimmers are also known as ELV (electronic low voltage) and, less often, trailing edge.
• ELV dimmers cost more than forward phase dimmers and cannot handle as much power.
• Magnetic transformers (still used for some low voltage landscape and liner lighting) can dim on
special magnetic dimmers.
• Some dimmable LED lamps dim on reverse phase dimmers

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 17

 not use a lot now.

DIMMING FLUORESCENT LAMPS

• Ballast dims the lamp

• ”Dimmer” signals the ballast what you want
• Cathode heat required to maintain lamp life
• No increase in lamp life
• Some loss of efficiency due to cathode heating

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• The use of fluorescent lamps in new and retrofit applications has all but disappeared, but they are still
found in older commercial applications and homes. The lamp requires a dimming ballast, which
provides starting voltage and then regulates current during operation.
• Dimming ballasts control the lamps with two circuits: one lowers the current to dim the lamp; the other
provides a small heating current to maintain the temperature of the fluorescent cathodes.
• There are several types of dimming ballasts; the most common ones (0-10V) require special dimmers
and wiring.
• The high cost of developing and tuning the circuitry of the low-volume ballasts has resulted in a small
installed base.
• Dimming ballasts were also developed for pin-based compact fluorescent lamps.
• Some dimmable LED replacement FLR and CFL lamps dim on dimming ballasts. Others perform
better on dedicated dimming drivers.

LED Dimming using existing three-wire fluorescent controls: This control type is a form of leading
edge dimming typically used for fluorescent dimming. The three-wire line voltage connections consist of
a dimmed line (leading edge) wire, a switched line wire, and a neutral wire.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 18

 DIMMING LED PRODUCTS

Driver Dimmer
LEDs (the emitters) are dimmable
BUT not all LED lamps and luminaires
are dimmable.
A dimmable driver is required!
A compatible dimmer is required!

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System compatibility is key when it comes to integrating dimmable LED components.

• Dimming driver is integral to a lamp (that is, permanently wired and not replaceable) replacing an
incandescent light source, some fluorescent lamps, and some (mostly residential) luminaires.
• The driver is a separate, typically replaceable, device in most LED luminaires,

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 19

 DIMMING LED LAMPS

• Forward and reverse phase control

• No change in color
• Some loss of efficacy
• Possible increase in life
• Lamp and dimmer must be compatible

Phase
Control Current

Inside the lamp

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• The major challenge in dimming LED lamps is matching the lamp and dimmer.
• For a new project, lamp and dimmer can be selected for using the compatibility charts published by
both lamp and dimmer manufacturer.
• Retrofitting an existing installation is more difficult. Since the charts do not cover all combinations.
Often, the problem arises after a user has already installed an LED lamp on an old dimmer and is not
satisfied with the dimmed performance.
• The fact that ordinary dimmable LEDs don’t produce the warm color of light associated with dimmed
incandescent is another problem.
• So-called “dim-to-warm” LED lamps provide a warmer tone but, in most cases, do not adequately
mimic the effect of dimmed incandescent.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 20

 DIMMING LED LUMINAIRES – PHASE CONTROL

• Mostly used for downlights, track and decorative luminaires

• Forward and reverse phase control
• No change in color
• Possible increase in life
• Driver and dimmer must be compatible

Phase
Control Current

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• Phase control dimming of LED luminaires is mostly used for track lighting, decorative luminaires, and
residential downlights, and in retrofits of incandescent lighting.
• Phase control dimming drivers are required. Compatibility is needed.
• As with LED lamps, LED luminaires don’t change color when dimmed. ‘“Dim-to-warm” luminaires are
available for use with phase control dimming.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 21

 DIMMING LED LUMINAIRES – 0-10V CONTROL

• 0-10V driver dims by reducing current to the LEDs.

• Dimmer sends analog signal to driver using low voltage conductors
• Dimming is virtually linear (no loss of efficacy)
• Driver and dimmer must be compatible 호환되다.

• Two additional conductors are required and limit flexibility of zoning

0-10V signal +
AC power Current

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• As with other dimming methods, the driver dims by reducing the current. The LEDs don’t change
color when they dim; deep dimming may extend LED life.
• 0-10V dimming is currently the most popular method of controlling commercial LED luminaires. The
wiring and control is familiar to electricians from fluorescent dimming over the last 20 years. Virtually
a standard option, 0-10 drivers are readily available and economically priced.
• The dimmer sends an an analog signal: less than 1V means as low as the driver and LED array can
reach; 10V is maximum light output.
• A signal of 0V means OFF, provided that a relay is connected to switch off the power. The relay is
integral to the driver in most cases in North America. (European drivers use a 1-10V driver and a
separate relay for on/off.)
• Dimming is linear: output and power change equally
• 0-10V system requires a 0-10V compatible driver and dimmer, as well as two low voltage conductors
from the dimmer to the driver, as well as the AC input.
• A significant drawback to 0-10V systems is the control wiring. The wiring connects all luminaires in
the zone to the dimmer. A change in zoning (to reflect a change in the lighting needs or to correct a
misunderstanding) requires rewiring, which can be costly.
• The initial labor and material can also add cost, especially in complex systems with granular zoning.
(Digital systems are different.)

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 22

 DIMMING LED LUMINAIRES – DIGITAL CONTROL

• Digital driver dims by reducing current to the LEDs

• Adjustable drivers and two-way communication
• Flexible configuration and re-configuration
• Status reporting from driver and sensors
• More precise than analog (0-10V)
• Wired (two additional conductors and wireless systems

DALI, DMX512,
Current
Other + AC

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• As with other dimming methods, the driver dims by reducing the current. The LEDs don’t change
color when they dim; deep dimming may extend LED life.
• Digital controls typically allows digital bi-directional communication and addressable control of
individual luminaires. Controls are typically assigned to one or more luminaires through programming
without additional wiring.
• Programming permits flexible zoning and re-configuration.
• Bi-directional communication enables compatible drivers and sensors to report status.
• Digital signals, divided into 64 or 256 “steps” are ore precise than analog 0-10V.
• DALI (Digital Addressable Lighting Interface) is a standard for architectural applications. Several
popular control systems use proprietary modifications of DALI DMX512 (Digital Multiplex) is a
standard used in theatrical and “architainment” applications.
• Like 0-10V controls, these digital systems send their signals over additional conductors. But the
ability to program the configuration significantly lowers the cost of modification.
• The chief drawbacks to digital systems are the higher equipment cost, compared to 0-10V, and
contractors’ lack of familiarity and comfort with them.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 23

 TUNABLE WHITE

• Control color and output independently

• Dual channel (or separate) drivers blend

LEDs to vary CCT

• Multiple user interfaces

CCT
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one for dimming and
the other for CCT

• Tunable White is a method of mixing LEDs of different colors to achieve a range of tonalities of white
light and independently dim light output.
• Today the most popular approach in commercial applications is a mixture warm and cool LEDs. By
dimming each color, the system can create CCTs from that of the warm LEDs to that of the cool
LEDs and anything in between.
• Special two-channel boards (or two different boards) and two-channel drivers (or two drivers) are
required.
• A variety of interfaces permit users to select the desired color and output of light.
• Tunable white lighting has been used to create lighting scenes for different activities or moods and to
emulate the changing color of daylight, with possible advantages for productivity (at work, school, or
leisure) and wellness.
• Some luminaires also offer selectable color which is a means to simplify inventory and address last-
minute preferences.
• Systems with four or more colors of LED and appropriate drivers and protocols can produce more
refined tones of white or rich dynamic color.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 24

 DIM TO WARM

2 1
• Control color and output in a
prescribed relationship

• Imitate dimming of filament lamps

CCT

• Amber and white LEDs

• Either a dedicated, programmed

driver or a preset tunable white

• Available in lamps and luminaires

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for circadian rhythm

• Dim to warm is the process of simultaneously dimming a light source and lowering its correlated
color temperature (CCT). The relationship between light output and color is fixed. This is sometimes
referred to as “warm dim” and is done to imitate the appearance of dimmed incandescent light
sources.
Dim-to-warm can be achieved with a combination of white and amber LEDs. When the white LEDs dim,
the overall color of light warms. As an example:
1. At full brightness, a luminaire may be 3000K
2. As it dims, it may reach 2200K at the low end of the range.
• Achieving a pleasing relationship between brightness and whiteness can be tricky (and the results
disappointing if the manufacturer doesn’t do the job right).
• Dim-to-warm technology can be used in both lamps and luminaires.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 25

 DIMMING QUALITY AND ISSUES

• Dimming range: <1%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%

• Flicker
• Slow start
• Short stop
• Fade rate
• Uneven gradient

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 For movie theatre, reaching to FOL 5-26
<1 range to make room dark.

• Diming quality includes dimming range and and the gradient as light dims from one level to another.
• High performance controls (drivers and dimmers) dim down to 1% or less. Drivers for everyday
dimming applications offer 5-10% as the low end of the range. The least expensive drivers may only
reach 20%
• Dimming can be measured in several ways; each tells you something different!
• Light level - generally how settings for dimming are considered
• Power – used in energy codes
• Dimmer “travel” – what users see when looking the control device
• The graph shows that at dimmed levels, perceived brightness exceeds measured brightness. This is
why 1% dimming is important.
• Incompatibility between controls and drivers is not uncommon. Low quality components or
mismatched components frequently result in flicker, pop-on (slow start), short stop (drop out),failure
to dim at low levels, or an uneven gradient (jerky shifts in light level).

A variety of LEDs are also capable of being dimmed to less than 1% light output, with some
commercially available dimming products able to accomplish this.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 26

 SENSORS: PRESENCE DETECTION

Introduction to Lighting Controls

Dimming
Sensors: presence detection
Sensors: light detection
Networked systems
General Considerations

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-27

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 27

 BENEFITS OF PRESENCE DETECTION

• Energy savings
• Convenience
• Reduced maintenance

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• It’s been said many times: the best way to save energy is to turn lights off when no one is present (or
they are not needed). Presence detection – occupancy sensing – is an automatic control that turns
lights off when no one is detected.
• Savings from presence detection depend on occupancy patters and can range from 10% to over 60%
according to various studies.
• Sensors add convenience: think of returning to a space to turn lights off after you forgot to do so.
• Light sources generally last longer when they are switched off.
• Automatic shut off, which can be triggered by sensors (or schedules) are mandated by energy codes.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 28

 occupancy sensor works
every 20mins generally.

In generally, 2000sq.ft-
size zone can cover.

PASSIVE INFRARED DETECTION

• Sensor receives radiation across multiple

“cells” (each with a detector)
• As you move, the pattern of radiation changes
Change = motion or “presence”
We radiate
No change = no “presence” heat.

• PIR is LINE OF SIGHT.

• If motion is hidden, no presence
• If the sensor is hidden, no presence

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• Passive infrared sensors (PIR) detect movement based on body heat. It’s passive because it on
receives – and doesn’t emit – radiation.
• PIR can only detect motion that is in direct line of sight.
• Once the sensor no longer detects motion, a clock starts the time-out period. If no motion is detected
before the time-out period expires, the sensor signals a relay to turn off the lights.
• If motion is detected within the time-out period, the lights stay on.
• PIR sensors are economical and flexible; they are widely used in interiors. However, they are prone
to false triggering, leaving occupants who weren’t detected annoyed and in the dark.
• The requirement for line of sight makes PIR sensors inappropriate for spaces with partitions (like
restrooms) or large furniture.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 29

 hearing sensor

ULTRASONIC DETECTION

• Sensor emits ultrasonic radiation (inaudible sound wave)

• USR reflects off all surfaces and returns to sensor
• As you move, you disturb the pattern of reflected radiation
• Change = motion or “presence”
• No change = no “presence” We reflect
USR.
• USR does NOT require line of sight.
• Works in partitioned spaces (preferred)

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• Ultrasonic sensors emit inaudible sound waves. When ultrasonic radiation reflects off moving objects
and return to the sensor, the change in wave pattern (“Doppler shift”) indicates motion.
• As with PIR sensors, when an ultrasonic sensor no longer detects motion, a clock starts the time-out
period. If no motion is detected before the time-out period expires, the sensor signals a relay to turn
off the lights.
• If motion is detected within the time-out period, the lights stay on.
• Ultrasonic sensors do not require line of sight and so are suitable for spaces with partitions and other
obstructions.
• They are more sensitive than PIR types but are also vulnerable to false triggering.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 30

 FALSE TRIGGERS AND ERRORS

• False “negative”: lights turn off when space is not empty. Annoys occupant.

• False “positive”: lights stay on in empty space. Wastes energy. May not be discovered.

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• False “negative” errors are the most common complaint about occupancy sensors (primarily due to
PIR). The problem goes beyond annoyed occupants. Often facility managers disable the devices
rather adjust them or receive more complaints. At this point the problem becomes wasted energy!
• False “negatives” are typically due partitions, furniture, or door swings blocking the line of sight.
Other problems are inadequate coverage, poor location, or inadequate sensitivity.
• False “positive” errors mostly waste energy and may continue to do so if no one notices.
• Fales “positives” are commonly due to sensors detecting occupancy in adjacent spaces such as
corridors. The lenses of PIR sensors can be taped to address this problem.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 31

 DUAL TECHNOLOGY

• Combines both PIR and USR

• Detection by either indicates presence
• NO detection by both indicates no
presence
• Common choice for contractors in
retrofit/remodel

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-32

• Dual technology sensors, which combine the detection methods of both PIR and USR, are less
susceptible to errors than either PIR or USR.
• Many contractors will use dual tech sensors, notwithstanding their higher cost, because they reduce
the likelihood of costly callbacks from frustrated customers.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 32

 SENSOR MOUNTING

• Wall box
• Ceiling
• Corner
• Luminaire
• Power source
• Communication Luminaire

Ceiling

Wall

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-33

• The wide range of sensors with difference coverage patterns and form factors can mount in most
interior spaces.
• Installing sensors in luminaires trades off lower installation cost against higher equipment cost.
Coverage may improve if the arrangement of luminaires is sufficiently dense.
• Sensors have become much smaller compared to those introduced thirty years ago,
• Wall mount sensors serve well over exits (required by code, today). Installation on pole-mounted
luminaires in parking lots has yet to prove sufficiently reliable to allay commercial property owners’
concerns about accidents or crime in parking lots.
• Corners are often preferable.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 33

 SENSOR COVERAGE

• Coverage varies with sensor design

• Major/minor motion
• Zones and gaps
• Masking

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-34

• Coverage refers to the area over which the sensor can detect presence.
• There is no standard for sensor coverage, nor how to represent it.
• The illustrations represent the effect of sensor lenses and show “gaps” where motion might go
undetected.
• Some specifications define coverages for major motion (walking) and minor motion (arm
movements). “Micro” motion (hand movements) can go undetected within the coverage area by some
sensors
• Coverage also depends on where the sensor is located relative to occupants (ceiling height or
corridor length, for example).
• PIR sensors can be masked to avoid detecting occupancy in adjacent spaces.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 34

 OCCUPANCY AND VACANCY MODES

공석
• Occupancy mode: auto ON/auto OFF
• Vacancy mode: manual ON/auto OFF
• Auto OFF is the same for both
• Often selectable options on the device or programmable

Manual ON Auto ON Auto OFF

“vacancy” “occupancy” both

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-35

• Occupancy mode and vacancy mode use the same presence detection (PIR, USR, or Dual).
• Occupancy mode provides the convenience of entering a space without touching the controls. It is
often preferred for restrooms, storage areas, or any space unfamiliar to those entering.
• Vacancy mode leaves lights off until the occupant wants them on, saving energy compared to auto on
(to 100% light level)
• Occupancy mode set to 50% light level (a common code-compliant option) also saves energy. Both
this approach and vacancy mode require the occupant to adjust the controls for full light output.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 35

 PROGRAMMABLE FEATURES

• Time-out period
• Behavior at time out
• Turn on light level
• Sensitivity

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-36

• Many sensors have programmable features. Generally, a sensor will default to factory settings if
installers or users do not select them.
• Long time out periods reduce the likelihood of lights turning off due to undetected small motions.
Short time out saves more energy. The optimum setting depends on occupancy patterns; 15 minutes
is a common compromise.
• Some sensors signal that lights will turn off by dimming or emitting a sound, with the lights turning off
a short time later if no motion is detected. Terms like “hold time” and “prolong time” (from the screen
image) may be used to describe these behaviors, although they are not standard vocabulary.
• As noted on the previous slide, the light level at which lights turn on (manual or automatic) is
programmable, with manual override to full on.
• Sensitivity can be increased to avoid false on triggering from non-human motion or, more likely,
reduced to avoid false triggering off..

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 36

 SENSORS: LIGHT DETECTION

Introduction to Lighting Controls

Dimming
Sensors: presence detection
Sensors: light detection
Networked systems
General Considerations

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-37

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 37

 BENEFITS OF LIGHT-RESPONSIVE CONTROLS

• Energy conservation via Daylight Harvesting (DLH)

• Compensation for flux depreciation
• Luminance balance between daylight and electric light
• Extended life of LED sources

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-38

• Daylight harvesting reduces electric lighting (and power) when daylight is detected.
• Light responsive controls dim new lighting down to the maintained light level and then dim up as the
flux depreciates over time.
• Light responsive controls can adjust electric lighting to balance the higher luminance of daylight or the
lower exterior luminance at night.
• Light-responsive controls include a photocell sensor, a controller (algorithm) to translate the detected
light level into a dimming command, and a dimmable driver.
• Photocell control of exterior luminaires is the oldest and most widely used application of light-
responsive control for reducing energy consumption and increasing the life of light sources.
• Drawing to the right illustrates how daylight combines with electric light to provide total illumination.
The DLH algorithm adjusts electric light so that the combination of daylight and electric light
approximates a target level. Details follow.
• Note that the electric lighting is controlled in three zones (each with a sensor reading light in that
zone. The window zone has so much daylight that the luminaires are dimmed to off; the rear zone is
near full output. Recall the discussion of daylight penetration from Module 3.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 38

 CLOSED LOOP DLH DESIGN

• Measures reflected daylight

and electric light
• Dims to maintain target
1
illuminance 2

• Continuous adjustment
• Sensor location is critical

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-39

• Most DLH uses a closed loop design.

• In a closed loop system, the photocell reads the combined illuminance of electric light (1) and
daylight (2) and electric light reflected from work plane below the sensor (3).
• The algorithm compares the sensor reading to the target illuminance programmed into the controller
and signals the driver to dim up or down, continuously maintaining the measured illuminance at (or
above) the desired level.
• A sensor (and controller) is required for each daylighting zone. The sensor should located where it
sees only reflected light.
• In this illustration, the sensor is in the luminaire, which is appropriate for indirect or direct/indirect
lighting because no direct light will reach the sensor. Ceiling mounted sensors work with direct
lighting (recessed or pendant) but not indirect.
• DLH algorithms smooth the dimmed response to avoid distractions as clouds pass or abrupt
changes.
• As the illustration on the previous slide shows, daylight zones are typically arranged from the window
to the interior. Codes require primary and secondary zones.
• In a long space, each zone may be divided into smaller zones to optimize energy and light when
daylight varies along the window wall. However, varying daylight leads luminaires to dim differently,
changing the lighted appearance of the luminaires, which some can find objectionable.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 39

 OPEN LOOP DESIGN

• Measures daylight only

• Activates programmed response
based on daylight level
• Continuous or periodic adjustment
• Exterior or adaptive applications

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-40

• In an open loop design, the sensor reads daylight directly. The controller sends programmed
dimmed command based on the reading. The system doesn’t electric light (reflected or direct) or
measure the combination of electric and daylight.
• The most common application of open loop design is in exterior lighting. With conventional sources,
the sensor above the luminaire reads daylight and switches the electric light off. With LED sources,
dimmed responses can be programmed into the system.
• Open loop design is also used in adaptive applications (next slide).

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 40

 DAYLIGHT COMPENSATION

• Adaptive applications:
adjusts interior lighting to
balance daylight
brightness
• Appearance and comfort,
not energy savings
• Circulation, hospitality,
and retail window
applications

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-41

• Daylight compensation or adaptive applications adjust lighting (primarily) for human visual
experience, more than energy savings.
• During the day, the quantity of daylight far exceeds electric lighting. Interior spaces look dim by
comparison to the exterior (top photo). Interior zones of a daylighted space appear dim compared to
the window area (bottom photo), even with illuminance at the recommended level.
• Daylight compensation raises electric lighting to balance the brightness, increasing comfort for those
in the space and avoiding the appearance of a dim lobby (for example) when people enter a hotel in
broad daylight..
• Raising light levels in display windows helps to overcome the daylight that washes out contrast.
• Once the sun goes down, electric light indoors generally exceeds exterior lighting. Now, daylight
compensation dims the electric lighting down for better balance and reduced energy consumption.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 41

 ZONED OR INDIVIDUAL RESPONSE

ZONED RESPONSE INDIVIDUAL RESPONSE

• Consistent appearance • Consistent target illuminance
• Fewer sensors • Maximum energy savings
• Uneven illuminance • Simple design and installation
• Wasted energy • Inconsistent luminaire appearance
• More design required • More sensors, higher cost

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-42

• Light-responsive controls may be zoned, with a single sensor controlling multiple luminaires together.
• Alternatively, each luminaire can respond individually to its own sensor (a granular configuration).
• Zoned response favors appearance and cost. Individual response favors illumination and energy.
• Smaller zones or algorithms that average input from multiple sensors into a single zone may be
useful compromises.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 42

 PROGRAMMING SENSORS

• Target set point

• Dim range
• Fade rates
• Manual calibration (in-room)
• Automatic calibration

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-43

• Light-responsive controls need to be programmed to operate effectively. Failure here impairs energy
savings and lighting quality. The broader subject of commissioning is covered later in this module.
This slide discusses programming a closed loop DLH system.
• The target set point is the designed light level the system should maintain (not fall below).
• The dimmed range sets a minimum electric light level. Occupants may complain about inadequate
illumination if they see the luminaires are completely off, regardless of the measured illuminance from
daylight. For this reason, some systems are set to maintain a low level of electric light, even daylight
is sufficient to meet the target level.
• Typically, fade rates are set so that dimming is slow (and hard to see) but raising electric light is fast
enough to avoid a sense of darkness. The algorithm dampens momentary changes to avoid
distraction.
• Calibration involves measuring illumination from daylight alone, electric light alone, and loading the
set point.
• Some systems can calibrate automatically using the sensor itself to measure the light levels. Some
also use a default set point to eliminate manual input.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 43

 NETWORKED SYSTEMS

Introduction to Lighting Controls

Dimming
Sensors: presence detection
Sensors: light detection
Networked systems
General Considerations

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-44

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 44

 NETWORKS ARE EVERYWHERE!

• System of interconnected
components
• Control:
• multiple lighting zones
• multiple spaces
• multiple systems
• Integrate multiple
inputs/outputs

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-45

• A network is a group of systems that function cooperatively and/or interdependently to transmit and
receive information.
• Networked control can facilitate code compliance, coordinate and or centralize lighting (and other
systems) within and across various spaces, and monitor and report system status.
• Scheduling, scene control, “high end” trim (programmed reduction of maximum light output) are
typical network capabilities.
• Networks also manage and integrate information flow to and from system components, including
centralized control, monitoring, and reporting,

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 45

 ENERGY CODES ARE DRIVING NETWORKED SYSTEMS

Automatic shut off

• Occupancy sensor
• Clock
• Signal from other system
• Exterior
Local control
• Vacancy/occupancy in most spaces
• Bi-level control in most spaces
Daylight-responsive controls
• Windows and skylights
• Primary and secondary zones

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-46

• Automated lighting controls are now a prominent feature in commercial building energy codes and
one of the most challenging to designers.
• Among the energy codes requiring them are ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1, California Energy
Code, and The International Energy Conservation Code (IECC).
• Key provisions are highlighted here; details are in Module 7.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 46

 SYSTEM SCALE

Room Control
Single-Tenant
Whole-Building
Portfolio Control

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-47

One of the first decisions faced by the controls design team is the scale of the system.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 47

 ROOM CONTROL

• On/off
• Dim
• High-end trim
• Scenes
• Sensors
• Simple closures
• Group vs zone

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-48

• As its name indicates, a room control system (or room-based system) serves a single space. No
communication outside of the room is needed, making the system simple and economical.
• Typical capabilities are shown here.
• High end trim is a programmed reduction in light output, setting maximum light output below that
which the luminaire would otherwise provide. The new setting is “semi-permanent” in that it can be
reprogrammed, but not overridden manually. High end trim permits luminaires with uniform light
output to be “fine tuned” for different areas or tasks,or adjusted manually to compensate for flux
depreciation.
• Simple contact closures are often used to control motors on window shades or projection screens, or
residential garage doors.
• Room control networks can be wired together or connected wirelessly.
• Lighting zones can be wired together or addressed wirelessly.
• A wireless network is sometimes defined by a group of luminaires and devices (grouping). The group
defines the boundaries of network communication for programming/set up as well as control. Within
the group, luminaires maybe zoned so they respond together to control signals.
• Note that in an analog control system a luminaire only belongs to one zone. (Multiple zones can
comprise a scene, of course.) In a digital, addressable system, a luminaire can be long to multiple
overlapping zones (for example, daylight and AV), although the programming must resolve any
conflicts.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 48

 SINGLE-TENANT CONTROL

• Single-tenant
• Typically controlled by the tenant
• Room control plus
• Multiple, linked spaces
• External inputs (schedules, clock)
• Energy reporting
• Hybrid arrangements
• Gateway typically required

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-49

• In a high-rise building, tenants usually occupy a suite of offices on one or more floors. While several
independent room-based systems might comply with energy codes, a larger-scale, fully connected
system offers more capabilities and coordination.
• While the building might have central control for some systems, in this scale the lighting control is
tenant-based,
• External inputs, such as schedules, provide consistent control across spaces.
• Set up is simplified since it can typically be done once for all relevant spaces.
• Energy and system performance can be monitored and managed from a central location.
• Gateways typically provide connections across spaces (and floors, where applicable), as well as to
external components.
• Systems designed for single-tenant control can be built on either wired or wireless networks.
• By adding components some room-based systems can be “upgraded” to handle a suite or floor (a
trend today) or connected to such a systems.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 49

 WHOLE-BUILDING CONTROL

• Multiple systems
• “Building Management System” (BMS)
• Otherwise known as “Building Automation System” (BAS)
• Commonly linked to HVAC, security
• Single-point dashboard and reporting
• Consistent system settings
• Hybrid arrangements
• BacNet, LonWorks

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-50

• Lighting control systems can be integrated into building automation systems, providing a single point
for facility operator control of lighting, HVAC, security, and other building systems.
• This allows data collected from sensors or control devices to not only implement control of lighting but
also initiate response from the HVAC, security, and other systems.
• It also provides an opportunity to collect ongoing data about energy consumption that can be stored,
retrieved, and subsequently analyzed using software for load analysis, billing, energy savings
verification, and benchmarking.
• This integration requires the systems to operate on the same protocol and may require a gateway to
translate commands and responses between systems.
• Whole building systems are generally wired to assure reliable communication.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 50

 PORTFOLIO CONTROL

• Multiple buildings and locations

• Remote access and communication
• Commonly linked to HVAC, security
• Single-point dashboard and reporting
• Consistent system settings
• Campus-wide
• Multi-site properties

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-51

Portfolio control connects separate buildings on a campus or distributed remotely. Communication is

typically by internet.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 51

 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE AND COMMUNICATION

• Protocol (control communication “language”)

• Wired vs. Wireless Bluetooth

• Digital vs. Analog

• Central vs Distributed processing Zigbee

• Luminaire Level Lighting Control (LLLC)

0-10V

DALI

DMX512

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-52

• A control system needs to be organized in a manner that supports its function and, nominally, is
intuitive to the people using it. Failure to consider ease of human operation generally leads to under-
utilized resources and decreased system efficiency. Given that many of the functions of current
lighting control systems are dictated by energy code, a system that is not utilized as designed can be
an expensive oversight.
• System architecture describes the components and functions of the control system, how they work
together and communicate.
• A protocol is a communication language enabling networked components to send, receive, and
understand information and commands. Some popular protocols include those shown here.
• Bluetooth and Zigbee are protocols for wireless communication, and they are digital. Both can create
a mesh, where signals bounce among all the nodes within range, assuring multiple pathways of
communication.
• DALI and DMX512 are digital protocols for wired communication.
• 0-10V is wired, analog communication.
• Controls can send a digital, wireless signal to a luminaire, where the signal is converted to a 0-10V
command to the driver.
• A common way to conceive of control systems and the manner in which their components relate is
through the concept of system architecture.
• In central processing, information and commands flow into and out of the central processor. In
distributed process, multiple components include processing; information flows among the
components.
• LLLC is an increasingly popular distributed approach where sensors and programming reside in the
luminaires, which are networked together. Luminaires can respond individually to commands, as a
zone, or as part of a scene. Most LLLC systems communicate wirelessly,

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 52

 WIRED OR WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY

WIRED WIRELESS
• Reliable • Flexible
• Secure (requirement for some) • Ideal for renovation/retrofit
• Less equipment cost • Low-cost installation
• Costly installation • Growing in popularity
• Less flexible • Security
• Interruption
• Not truly wireless

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-53

• The decision to use a wired or wireless system is often made early in the design process and can
reflect an owner’s preferences or experiences, as well as the character of the project.
• Security issues often drive the use of wired communication, while retrofit/renovation projects often
favor wireless.
• Equipment and installation cost (and flexibility) are trade offs.
• Wireless systems often include some wired components, such as switches and powerpacks, as well
as power to the luminaires.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 53

 DIGITAL OR ANALOG CONTROL

DIGITAL ANALOG (0-10v)

• Precise signals • Familiar to installers
• Two-way communication • Low material cost
• Flexible (re)configuration • Readily available
• Intrinsically less costly • Inflexible configuration
• Currently unfamiliar • Imprecise signals
• Higher equipment cost • Costly wiring
• DALI, DMX512, Proprietary

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-54

• As the slide suggests, the question of digital or analog control is very much a matter of new vs. old,
capable vs. simple.
• Adoption of more capable digital systems can been hampered by equipment cost a lack of familiarity
among many electrical contractors.
• This is changing as the advantages in flexibility and configuration become better recognized and
experience with the systems reduces the ”uncertainty cost” levied on them.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 54

 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Introduction to Lighting Controls

Dimming
Sensors: presence detection
Sensors: light detection
Networked systems
General Considerations

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-55

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 55

 COMMISSIONING

• Getting the control system to behave as you intended:

o Setup
o Controls intent narrative
o Sequence of operations
o Code compliance
o End-user training (occupant and manager)

• Who is responsible
o Controls manufacturer, controls integrator, luminaire
manufacturer (compatibility), lighting designers, electrical
engineers, electrical contractor, etc.

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-56

• To ensure proper system operation, it is critical that lighting control systems be properly
commissioned. Practically speaking, in the lighting industry, commissioning is often used
synonymously with the controls programming and startup process.
• However, per the Building Commissioning Association, ASHRAE, and IES definitions, commissioning
is a more comprehensive process, and in the context of lighting controls, the term refers to activities
undertaken to ensure that the building lighting and control systems perform and operate according to
design intent and owner project requirements.
• The commissioning process imposes itself in the development of the early design documents—
owner’s project requirements (OPR) and basis of design (BOD)—and continues through contract
documentation, equipment installation, and the long-term operation of the building lighting.
• The Controls Intent Narrative describes what the control system should do, where it should be
located, and how it should operate.
• The Sequence of Operations spells out the operation in detail, including specific settings, dimmed
levels, fade rates etc. This level of detail is essential for the implementation team to set up the
system so that it behaves as intended.
• The person overseeing the commissioning process may be a commissioning provider, the designer,
an employee of the equipment manufacturer, or an experienced electrical contractor.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 56

 WHAT KIND OF COOPERATION?

Compatibility Interchangeability Interoperability

Driver Dimmer
Brand A Brand B Our systems work together

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-57

• Compatibility refers to adherence to a standard. Compatible components work together. Think of an

LED driver and dimmer.
• Interchangeability means that within in an existing environment, one device or component can be
replaced with another, usually newer device and that the other device will operate with all or some of
the features of the device it replaced.
• ANSI C137 defines interoperability as “the ability of systems or systems components to transmit,
receive, interpret, and/or react to data and/or power and function in a defined manner.” The term
interoperability is sometimes interpreted to mean compatibility, but these are not, in fact, the same
thing.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 57

 DOCUMENTING: DIAGRAMS

Schematic Diagram of Corporate Board Room (wired)

Riser Diagram Schematic (wireless)
www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-58

• For those of you who do not do electrical engineering, these diagrams may need a brief explanation.
• The image on the left is a typical schematic drawing, that is a conceptual diagram showing how
lighting and controls interrelate.
• The illustration on the right is also a schematic, but it shows more information.
• One-line (or single-line) Diagrams: Horizontal schematic showing communication (and wiring)
between lighting and control components. These diagrams do not provide spatial relationships or
details and are not to scale.
• Riser Diagram: Vertical schematic of distributed lighting and controls components in a building
(typically more complex). These diagrams provide basic spatial relationship of distributed devices and
are not to scale.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 58

 RESILIENCY CONSIDERATIONS

• System complexity increases with capability

Capabilities
• Technology maturity and availability
• Communication method and reliability Number of
Spaces
• Navigating initial and ongoing costs
• Design Cost

• Material
Familiarity
• Installation Total area
with System

• Configuration
Maintenance
• Training
• External system integration
www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-59

• Assessing a control system for resiliency and cost can be a challenge.

• As a generality, system cost and complexity increase with scale and capability. Complexity is
associated with increased risk that system performance will failure to meet objectives. Two metrics
for gauging risk include:
• The maturity and availability of the technology: the mature and available, the more opportunity to
work out the problems.
• The extent of external communication: when the system connects externally, there’s more risk of that
that communication is not compatible or interopable.
• Given that Lighting Control is part of the ANSI/ASHRAE/ IES 90.1 Compliance path and has become
a part of the required code compliance system in many jurisdictions, the discussion of the cost-
effectiveness of lighting controls has shifted from whether a system should be included in the design,
to a discussion of the level of complexity and type of control system that will ultimately be developed.
• There are many metrics that can be used to calculate economic benefits, among them simple
payback and return on investment, life-cycle costing, and net present value; the most appropriate
choice will depend on owner preferences.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 59

 ISSUES WITH CONTROLS

• Designers don’t understand system • Incorrect wiring

• Installers don’t understand system • Unreliable products
• Users don’t understand or use • Dimming quality
• Design exceeds user requirements • Sensor location
• Inadequate documentation • Controls configuration

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-60

It takes a skilled and experienced lighting professional to design an effective lighting control strategy.
Note that problems in the left column are not associated with problems in the right column.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 60

 VOCABULARY REVIEW

• Analog • Group • Preset

• Astronomical clock • Gateway • Protocol
• Closed loop & Open loop • Interface • RF node
• Controls Intent Narrative • Load • Riser Diagrams
• Digital • Network • Scene
• ELV • PIR • Sequence of Operations
• Fade rate • Phase control • Vacancy mode
• Photocell (Photo sensor) • Zone
www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-61

A consolidated list of key vocabular items for review.

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 61

 CONTROLS…

enhance lighting
save energy
add convenience
add value
grow in importance

www.ies.org | © Illuminating Engineering Society, 2023 FOL 5-62

Closing thoughts

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 62

 FUNDAMENTALS
OF LIGHTING:
MODULE 5
LIGHTING
CONTROLS

Illuminating Engineering Society

www.ies.org

IES Fundamentals of Lighting, Module 5 63