a= CHAPTER 12 ATOMS > What is the fegangennint 4 the postive chasge & the alecthons inaide the atom 2 ‘ > (or) What is the AbAuctuae 4 the atom 2 Finst model ; atom — 2-3. Thomson [igaay = The posttive chasge q the atom is una foseny diataibuted throughout the” VoLume p te alm ond the neganvely changed electrons ore embedded in atv fixe Aseds in a Watermtlon. ’ = Plum pucldeng Moclse «Each olemene is assowatecl with a chrracborcsie Apectn wy pointer: Raompse Hydacgen qias 0 201 Jens ustth fired sulative position jo the Lines. 22 TT Balmea — empinical yonnnka — wavelen ya Mi aettellog tee Ghee . Ruthertondl [Research stuclenr § 3-3: Thomsen] =? P Lane model 9 atom lor Nucheah model the me y ) 27 The enting Posirive Charge and moar % The mass 4 the alom conuntnared in a small volume Called Nuckevs wih electaons favolving OAound the Nucheus j= as plone acvolve round fhe Aun: = coop net expLan wy afens emit Light 9 only discrete wwavaling ths :ALPHA PARTICLE SCATTERING! 2 RUTHERFORD NUCLEAR Mope. ‘SOuRCE OF ALPHA PARTIES 2 > A bean 4 5-5 Mev Particles 2mitted [rem a Bi 3 Aaclioackve Aouste At a thin motol joi! made % gold. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM * Source , qf Je oF a~ a : ve PARITCLES| ean Z Geis ws inc Sulphide Scheer Backs 7 Fore. Ss MiceoscoPE /DETECTOR wy @- pmticdes emi nad bya 2m pi fadioachve Aout + CoMtimaiod into o narrate” beam by thet Pab thy rad brie ns a f F at ugh = The beam — jolt 0 a. thia fre geld 4 thickness 91x10 I oy The vcattecd alpha ponticle ~Staine the scsten— Dhoduce Deghe splashes Gr sung Mate ns > Flashes — viewed thscugh 0 michoALope =2 Distalbution % the number 4) Aca ttwed particles expaussed Intoams % angle pate.Ks - al ann posticles Rowts 2 > Many 9, he a panicles pass rouge te pp > Only 14 the dndoline ae eae seatten by more than 1°. & : [o-c125%] difleet by mone then 90°. > To dite ex ponticle backwards , Jt mouse experitny oo xepulaive jen. => Posside when grunt. POnt 9 mnss 4 Blom & i ye Chis ge wre Conunrhated pt onthe. > Ruthjonc’s nuchon eodul 4, the Atom: . x + The onthe tve charge 3 mods go ihe mad % the Alor pag Conunthated in ihe nucleus with os Some cltstance Arode + Es wound be moving in pnbite about we nucleus [ Joke Pat around [he Sun] + Size 4} the nuchas 16° m to 16m, ‘ + TM ize 4 TR atoon Predicted dy Knitic s+ MOE this 7 an o atom & i J ize : Lopi ale. ime Anger Han size % the cuclus "ro. 2. ato is yo* pig+ Sing ttm is opty space, o— prrticles penetAnlis hanigh the thie metal feu » Whine pontice is clown to nicl, ir ys acnttuud b{ intense electric fis poclced by acne. “The magus 4 fore > Repulsion ce DLpha Paaticle Az Aarne blu ok pwrhile : 2 ruclns. Alpha- Ponricle thapectony : AU pahticles in A beam Aave me KE. L 6-5 [Head on collision) tics en ct pahameter : (b) Tt is the Lr distance ts doinind valocis vector fp the oe pee en the Centre the ouch, % Smo impact parameter —> Close tothe nucbeng | oy LARGE Acattining . (O=1) % page lonpa ck parameter —> nent ONDEV/ATED “COs0) x Very onnntl 10.9 o¢-pantiths under po Mad pn -tollicts,.Ehorson onbits: « Elections ane fei in tein droning Ato le onbit- . « Fone 9 aAltnaction bho avokvig = Cnthiparal pora 2 ‘nuchus (te Kaep thann in katt. Onpits) FE z ak : Los 0 _@m yt FoA } Atom Aliso (92 T oy —n Ruation b/w ohbit nadine 2 2” yaloci oo ; ATSyme* (29 The KE 2 PE 4 2” in H- alm pae => Ke y mo ==) = ym ot hor ani2> 4 an] —@ ae es —— (2 tox, (E) 2 ee ie ae (3) ATEQh (A app dedicales that ihe Bis in 4 dine ction) (07) 2" & bound to nucleus 2 Work must be obo oe oe idole aie et a aAtomic Spoctha: (lin aR pl rg tn Atomic ss it & excited 2 emits hadiaton wilh Apiu pie wwavebing ths ee tdinw an eee background J, > Stucly 4 Omission Apsethum is gn poe ; que Calon 4 [Mba white ght ) poasus songl gus 4 we annlyse the taanamitted Hight basing Apeetnoms 1 he an ind ee. te aiden ghee Close to amassion Line, Apecthum 4 (hagasSpectral Svries: @ Observations: Fi iq 125 Hy drogen specthum > Spaing b)0 Sines within ; CUtMin 4 % He Apactau, x olechenres un raguden wag, > Aw the wavs de chsases, the Lines Appear closer b 2 Waker tn intonsig Balmer jound a Almple fnpinical permet: i } ) = Rp - 4] D2 34h5 ete. A 2 n -1 _ 2S Rydlbog Constant = 1-097 x10" a, _Lyrono sein: => (dtraviokr ) oe Ray) oe D = 2,3,4-. A ns . Prachen sore’ —> (TR) rae eee i I _ ee meio RULE tee eects n= 4,5, A Stile Bracket serine: => (IR) re a n= 5,6,7+°-+ A ERs P-fancl Seales * i. feet 26,1,8 \ 5 ryt | neé,In toys 5 {ra Balen jonrmule, D= Re Fs | “2 1G= DA n MY de A Why Rathufond model falls? [cbussical] (0D De (n An Acetharated) changed Particle as hadinkon in the pm 4 2m waves. (2) /. The Any 4 an aecebaratny «? Continuous. clecrense . About, 4 (> The ew” would Spiral inwand & fall into ouclns => alorm Cannot be stable [AD As the 2° spinal srwanls, wr 2 f > ch comsinuol vo Prep nened amined Lahr 4 re d f° st NR Can Anpeeh A CNH Ou OMA. re Rutherpoadd model \ confi Ape etrum" B nok Auffictent Io Cornuons Apes v 2x plain Otomic AbAuctory. But we obsvaved tine apeetnum 4 H - atom6 Nials Bohr Atom model.’ E Gaasotuon: reach ics] 3 postulate: Co An 2” ay an atom could valve in contnip AtpuaLe onbits without — the amiasion 4 Aadiont > "siptto, Arotes” . “a (29 Edecthon prevelves around the nucleus only in those onbits sn which the nen momentum 6 inte mutt ple 4 yg * > Angulas eromuntum ¢% Guontined wl be bbe ss Plancks conse (> An 2” maf thansi & jtem one 4 1b nen-fadiaki onbits to anon Lowsr emitting a Photon with erik epnal fo he city bho initial 2 font tales + hn? = jE A oo To fod rhe oneiay % di bpeane ange Atos fen \}- atom , pisces 81%» we have ind Aanding ta @” Onbit -To eateutate ‘a’, use “% Bohnis postulate : Allowscl values » Bohis eat Quantisa no n nd) 2 poshulate argalin moman tune WldA momentum pe dntepral multiple 4 Nar Ly = n mea, = Me ug ar n> integer T Paarl quantum wore] Ain Radiws 0" onbir W-> Aptecl 4 moving: 2” an the 0" onbie. Relanon blw Uy # fin: zy Un = ah 472, MAn From 24n. (1 27 ATS (ohn) 7 whl farm aqn (4) ge My = AME, mm ih eae 2 @ : (@ AMZ MA, ow, ee n 408, (Afar) es (a> on bital art ye by A facion % n.yecies: Suecbset n> a 2 aren 2") (Ale) (Aan) w 2 t " wh) Be > Radius 4 the to Onbie Uncheases with n® The Aizt 4) the dinner moar oftbit net a2 4 Jay 1° om (B) - i, 408 manr “92 2 n= A’ és. . ° I aS = 8 Boba i mee = Aadins ts Swati crea m pry be ae Enagy 9, ts 2" so the _Atationasy Atolis 6 in the Staronany Atle 9, ha Ay dgin cy é eats et Sus, h — (6 . a From 2, 4 B= eo? m (211) ite Wo a2, 0? A” ae) amen \ Ben A> —t—b) 2 7 aD: Fenengy Aone ~ For ned, the MAaty 4 an pitom GRooND (B= =o) => Ao when ein ee cRaY 7 Closest to rhe nucheaes Fon n=, 3,40 (ihe Olbsolute v wus 9 taergy is Amol) che AY ‘s Lager Jin jhe oukta oabit- Toni sation UvAYA" The minimum “emp Aaguiradl rae the 2? ffm the garund arate ie H-atom w 1BbeV- The Called the ionisation ney 9 fhe Kogan atom . Whi & hydhegen «lor aatbins turgy by collisions , the Atom quire Avg picieor nuts fatse the 2” to Aighn any tats.@ fon ne Q, ey = —3-402V The aunty faquitedl Io excite an 0” to i pose txcited state =Ey-E, = — 3-40-H5-6) = 1o.gev ly Vv Wd Fok nea y Es = -152 E,-E, = -\5 - €13-6) = 1209eV ‘ LY : % From the fxcied Stole, mee” Cnnay Aegus seed me Alate 4 Lowa Fle ee mls brew to d fhom ground stat emit ton in (net fd’ ; “ cee ; EO Awpncl bute Atote-(n= 3). the process. The Aihar onugy stakes Naa, the &nugy = Oev, The dine spectra 4 the Hydrogen Atom, Wien an aiom makes A tAanitton oo tare wlth Quantum Number a; te igh smagy 4 q S ae oun srasry- state [4] [ng Re h03xi0%m™ 3 oer 44 ; Chose to the Value obtained of Ralmua. Tana = Ly tonfiem Bohrs Atom model. >Nhn 0’ eae {rom Li Athte bo Jot “sat €, Photons DA AMitted => semlrrion Lins, > whin £°5 absoibs tangy md go gna => absorption Linn .@ De Broghie'’s expdhnation fh Behn’s Ateonel postulate 4 Quant sakion: De Bnogve po thesis: Material peaticts, sith as thetrons have pn dn chculan onbil- a wave NAWrAL. = a Can be Len ABD particle wave. Sihoding Waves: oe Stenchng Wan 45 5 dehmed WAsn nods OX A eins (Wome or @ tinealas opbiy yohue 4 he Broglie wore ling tha ve toto the Cincutn fesse 4 fhe AbiFor on 2” in obit 4 hacking Dy , the an tom) distane the Uncun pence the oabitr, 25, =nh TM = WOR: Exnnple ne4 An = AD be tn Pp me, 27 An = ak mu, ees co ee Qn = 4h. mut Mn JL as degh | or -—