Le Syllabus — a Heisenberg's ae principle Bebvrodiingt wae euotion (dime independent) dnterpretation ot wore chinction. fosticke in ene-dimentional box Quantum numbers - H- otew wove Junctions - Shapes of 9, and 4 orbitals .are Cboete Coie trhermaion ) t ~etble + io) emeanns indivisible + Atm — Greek word , a tom * Datton's alemie dheory (1208)! fosuloses - h Crow moder “i& composed f vou _minute panties Called atoms + & Ams one indivisible - 2. Atoms of dipterent clement dilier farm eas other mM dhe proparties and masses - “+ Aloms can neither be created nor deshoyed- Auweess - 4, gy successhully ecplains dase of Comrewadion of mass , law of constant comgesition , * Browbadks — 1 fabled 40 explain the Tntema! éterchire vf atoms and assumed that abomg tome no éuchyre . 2. Could nok explain tov atema of ditterent element digter fem eae other . & cout i _ nek opin ow aos of ditterent olomenty me tith ene another .r- Discorery Cf slecinen {Cathode Tube &xpeniment oJ pareaens 189"F). na once err : «Vaca pump — Bole Flu ; ok Sn teal proaure ii@ 47 inside Wr dhe sube - « Propure — 0-01 mm ha (a dow ure ) + Vottoge opphitd — foovo welt (eng high vege + Recric weeny Ftooss and Sak u amitred ‘ou dhe gos . * Cursent} Hows — Cathode (-) do Amade (+) - , . dacovered Roya emitted by colmode — calhade vos (Sattar ects) + Pheaphorescence material — dine Sulphide - Thomsen. - plypics Noble paige , (106 Povportion 0 cathode | TOY ~ | tov his work en condudion st 1. Trowel in straight dine | eetretty ba gest As Heatin uk — when cathode rays are dooused om a din meta oil ,5t gett heat of - & They produce mechanical motion.in a small paddle wheel placed im Mein path indicating Fhok Hey ane material particles - b. exper of leche fee - efter fovord #ve plate ( means - negatively changed) Ki: Steet of magnetic field ~ “ek deHeted in he divecion expected er megative pensicles cie Tey produce faint greenish stroreccence- a. Te tonite he Gor Srroupe wahich Prey Pas: 8 Cotmedle rays prvcluce X- rays when Shey fall on. metals auch as tunpten , Copper ee. 4. Charge - mass woo of ‘poxhdes. in cathode “& indepen dent ot nature of dhe pps ‘m discharge Aube or noture of dhe cathode « ag Sop oh es Ys With D in He velocity bea Tin + Specigic charge - Traatng 48 the mais of elechron - = = HE X10 Cohournd ] ky . —> fortive noire of cotnode vain war psoved by - Meir ability to couse mech. wsten - ~ Photo elechic optect - ~ Compton cbbeck- 19° * onge OM Alek = |-osee 10. Cokoumb ( Muttikam ofl deep Cree) aa “1428 ¢ naa Praynitud e of elechic charge (4) en droplets is absous an integral mull ple of dlechic charge (¢) . -2 | * Rew ef leche — nx 10 ag ( “Lem ) + bOOax poe [PERE X po! cng!yo “IVI — Ruthertord wit Geiger one} Maseden x- poids Voy 2 ‘ Yolonii : > mS ) om Polonium aaa ~ ceo =» Gource of high Lead plate energy A= pastivh . . is Photographic Plake = Fig. Rutherford ls statherin’ observodions -[ eer = chemithy Noble , 1908, for chemistry od nn of Tadioa tive substances S 1. most of - particles (95+) passed through the ge o Teal undettechat (‘matt ef epace in ahem i& empty) . > . > 2. A amos fraction of o- particles was dededted by Smal angles. ( volume ocwpial by nucleus it negdigibly cmall a > a ( compared ab “etel volume et ae teed > aA veu fow a> poskiles (2 iw 80,000) bounced back 3 (180°) « C tre chorge of atom is concentrated fw a vou > emo volume — Nucleus) . : Moin. postulates of ne Model. ! y PL Meat of dhe mass and all tve dnaaye © odo is | umcerbrared in a very small relieve called necleus - ke Sige FF nucleus — 1onm . » 4 Atem — loom (24)- positive charge en nucleus is Ave do [PFOA i avund. 4. Nucleur & curroundedl by dlectrens , which morewhe nudeus ak 0 vow Aigh speed in crovlar porns | camed osbits . - * ab great distonces) | S dedvort and nucleus ane held Fozetner by Aecrrostatic frees of akracien . 6. Toto -ve charge on. Us eguol do dobal +e Chargs on She mudleus «Asa ews atom on the whale & dlechicatty neutral : F Most of dhe épate imide anatem is emphy : @- he Cendeiduzod Fate arieing due ty He Ahigh: ped ob es Volanies She cotomble frece of awractiow of Whe mudeus, and eledson remains wm fe posh » + Drawbachs of Ruthorvrd Medel: 4 Cohen a body moves in an. obit, it undergoes aceelevotiun « According ad Aechromognetic thesry fF Maxwell , charge particles when acceterated ; wen emit radiation - Moretrre ON eleckroyn. in an oxbik Coe”) Bill omit wadiotion , tho energy camed by: vodiation comet elechomic motion: The osbit coll thus continue do think, due to which dhe dechon would wbinaadey {OL int She mudeus -o | Calealorions chow that 4b “hould dake an dechon owly 15° ec to epirad ‘mt the odour - This means on ako ahould carlopae jlout Hs does ywh +happen + Thus tris node) fodled dp explain dhe ability of an obem - ©- Hq. An electron omitting energy and plunging ‘do wublens . a low of energy = L - a ascular motion abao becomes ei Jews of velouity = pee a "Thos, According $0 Ruthertord model, ait odoma are unstable to a testoin extent - 6 Bur be Fe = Trdetinetey stable seo Peta Ni (Nickle) (nearby ise wucle are sable) . 2. It ako failed do explain Jhe_t- atom spechurn - ( Atomic spectsum is actually st comthuseus and it Powsener Aor wow Sines of definite frequency) .Di OtoH Amede | Coma) row experiment ’ E Goldstein ( 1936) 13 Charge en poten — + 160X160" Coloumd - = 1673 x15 7 ig, Secifc Chara ¢ of proton — 4:58x lo” C[gm- ( Not cemtant ) Max. when qo & Hydsogen - Bitcoveny of neuen: + Samnes Choduick — 1938. tohen Seuium ox Boson a bembasded by al- parides mea Pposticles which coon mo charge Ont omitted Neubreng . * Marsch neutron — begs ate)? hy. f Geuffe charge — goro * Neutron ig Reawiett and Jeat Arable posticle ammo od dementony porticles . 7 Sige of mde alm Cb Fermi) Volume « “ - 4534 cw Volume © alow 152% ob hy | (A-2) Nucleone Neutrons 4 protons > Mtomtc Number No of prtens in nude, ot aw often wou — Moxnumber = probns + yy “ * dechrons in a ne bal ofem , -_. . Ee+ Seme other gub_ atomic andi cher : ferme other Bub- atomic particles : 1. fositrons — He - Andersson , 1932. ( They are highty unctable and combine with decheny POAUGWA rp. P — faring toe 2 Neubinos and anti-newrinos — (0%) - Permit, 193m - a wimines and anti-newkings_ 3. Pi-mesons (pien) and JA- mesons (meer) — * These ore having & mass intermediate beween that th dedren omd_proten a> tvely | oedly charged mere — Yukawa 143s (nt ,W) b> Newtra) meeng kemmer , Cw). &e Ankiproton - Segre ~'956 (_ pry —> Asosiper — i a ( S87 sAinr seer area) deo ee eel an Tops bottom game BT * deotenes — ne Lane (dome np- af nentrons) ; eodiaphere = (m- Pp) + Zame » deosterc ~ COR, Ngo | (Same wo. of atoms and same wo of electrons) : — Borelematn — — determines Colewrot beam Pmptitude Intenuity or brightness of beam > Frequency and wave murober = \ 4 yore aay A@ => Spechourn — The potteene of bande obtained by dbapersion, of Jone dhrouge @ prism is kun ak apeceym . a Atomic speshun n — Mhe dine &pechum veaubhing, $O™M the emiaion ot radiations pom the odes tt She clemente iy Cotted adwonte: spethun > Prem — — Atemic *pethum /Jine seth - : Motecules Band spectra Jmsteeulor spectra — No two alemenk Howe Udenhcal Line sper . ? Grder of womslengins — ( Eleromnay mele. spectunm) Comic Tus < Te rap £ X- maw < uv rows K visible << oR X microvam < Tadiowaves —> AE = Eng - Ey Narn, (emistion &pechra ) AE = Eng En, none CAbsosption on ~ No: of nee = For gund stoke 10 y orbit = nna 2g > Noh spectsol Lines from Wy and Ng obit ig a+ Photveleebic Obkeck : Fig. Phitplecfe ayer ecperiment + ferkorm ea by He Hertg — 198%. * Bhen a beams of ight do éuppideny High frequengy UW allowed dp attikea mehol surkete iM vocoum , elechons are mejected from she mero aurtace . his phenwomonrm ig kuonn as phate elechr'c eiyerk + dbser-votions : L The energy of phetoclerhrew is proportimes] to the frewey +t rediahn falling tupen Khe wetol surface. a. ‘Tre number ct phtoelechent emithed Jer second w Proportional do dhe indensity of She inciderd yadtaion. % Lignt of any frequenuy & mat able to cause emigsion ot elechons prow metol uataces, This wiinimum _Treyonay ie called _Shrahola frequenvy hide can jut Cause the ection of decom -Linsin’s _explovation of photeeledvic effecr ¢ * When a phot of cubbivienk energy ( ho.) shikes am dethon In ow atom of Hne metal it drome ik energy ‘imontomenusly do She elecven dusivg the collision and the elechron % Bjecked| without omy time Jog * The energy enables the electotn do break, Gwoay grom She adem oy overceming She alta dive influence of the muchos « + biwe She shiking. photon hos energy Qual Jo ho and +he miniwnum energy, required do get the electae & Wve (vo = Shreeheld drequency Mv, ~ ork function) then the dikernte in energy Cho — two) is Jranaterned os dhe kinelic eneryy of She Photoelechon - A pay 2 TW my Physics Noble, 1921 * Einstein opyyine quantum dheory rowed Shak * coos: funchion cadets Ms bahinref or KG = hv-hvo = h (v-Ve)® | Que. A Photon of Wamdenglr 4000A xhiket a metal surface , dhe work -funchen ot the metal being G13 ON- Caleudate GQ) eneray ot photon in at . di) kinetic energy % dhe emitted psto- elechon and ai) velocity ot the Phito- elecksons . Given = Snorsie i. Ane: 4) Energy ot photon Ee hy GA We know, y= o a = he a Cae = -l0 =s) c= axe Miteo. As 4000X\0 m. he 6-626x10 “Tdsee . -3y 7 BS ai = (C.626x to T éec) x (ax m/eer) He ~0€ —oooW 4000%x 15!° wy , “3 “ ES Worx” Tole Since [yoy a ae * = |-602Xlo g. -\ cee hag 9 ——————_ = Bloevy. \-coax told g Gi) Kinekic energy of omitted phato-elechon KE = hw -W oo Ww -¢ Since é = A.l3ey CE -#) KG + Stoev- Bikey = O@Fev ity velocity of phob-cledt = Rice Ye > $109% 10 by -(9 a KE Men” > OBEN = o.gzK). goaniar -13 RK OVEX 1402X 10 s = SBSXI0 M/see. Ni 3-109 x (53) kyIntroduction of Quantum chemich C Physice) C chemistry) classieat Quantum mechanic& == mechanics 2 . Sa he abe Behaview of Maker) when AEC) ( %,E,KEe. pe’ LP ) a0 oe ¥, s CREME) (5, Rb Nib Elebent) Classical mechanica, | Quavtum omechanicw L Mikroscopic gale 1. Microscopic scale a Nistble coosta 8. Swwicible world . %. Based en Newtenian 3. Based en 6 pettulatos mechanics , Maxwell electro dyynaynies & Unproven, Wael -gecepted Einstein Rotadvity No Longer Questioned » Foomulos are there to De- Ai determine She values of , e Bregle ea. observables. 7 Sdbrrochingsn, % > Nabics of obserubler in @.m. ig determined b oppdying Pre- determined Operadest on He WAVE© a> Fromslotienal — —> faskidle in Box (AD, 90,30). | b7 Rotakonol — Riatq sohor Nibraki ‘e ® rokional ~— Simple Howmoriic - -> Osdllater CSHD) * dy Electrenic — Planck's Hypokneete —(1900)2 ( for EMR , nok for & ete) + Max Planck — explained dhe phenomonen of black body cecaana 4 DOUbIe Tap +. Fos each temp , “nent. EG! oes Bomdengn at cahich 32 dhe energy radiated ia Se war BS All these graphs start from zero . correct it se JOAMLIeN: LH 7 in demp - i Fg. Rrniesion of radiakiontyom a Mw emp black vody at ditterent sfomp-s. 2. The higher dhe dernperadure A dhe more pronounced ig dhe max. Planck's @uantum radiation + L Atoms or molewles emit or absosb energy discovntinuoushy in the mae ot ny bundle of energy known Suanta: © Packet”() 4t means eneray of electromagnetic radiation is quantizes . 4 Cemr) * Quantum — gmadiert quantity of energy dak canbe emitted (or absorbed) 4m the pom of Emr. a bach quantwm "2 asrociated wit. a delinite amourt ene E =h t "Od & i fresueney a sadiatien eneray in jeu) : C gee") "Ag 1 Joules Planek's constant : (he bene ie T See) v =, Peiing of aware erst ie Energy of each. ney PE ah duccessive atate “y nz} —————_— £2: hv integra) multiple of mee Terese fa = E,=yho dome smaller energy, 7°! pmund side “7 "! which u called ag L2,3,4 ~ quantum mechonicol |‘ . 9 nd state _ ener (ce hi) Nokes Cenergy of 4 Quanta ) G Quantigation of energy ) Pred poaition = Pied phupical porameber (energy , Momentuyn eo) €. for n=3 G=3hv ; &, Discontinuity in eney = Guantzation . ” “er at. Transfos of - | n= 1 ——_ x tee é fost Re Tonstor 4 i Naccum br ia Boil [=] Comiinyens, he Continuity@ | tem) . sys + Cron- Additive energy, due ( Additive energy due tv a dacorbnulty ar Fe oe + Not a jundiows of fomp . n § dime ™ and Hie (obo ase do dis cowntinulty ) . Every Aiventinueus system _vepresent quantization and vice- versa. : grt G Thatle @hy we put aurea conditions in Quavrtum, mechanics (te make system discortinuows) , Hasumptions of Plomd’e theary L. Bach radiation is obvays amociated with a definite amount of energy — Radiant energy &. Redioheree) ia emitted os absorbed discontinuously ‘n'form of quanta + L dn cose of Light, quantum ” 3. oF enexg y eee) pe hv= he a ‘ Srntegan mubiiple where n = 1,2,3,4- —s® [wave FUNCTION MUST VANISHES AT Bownoary } *(Bohr's Atomic model fer H-atom 11913) ( demj- quantum mechanical ‘model / approady ) *_Pesumptions Postutates * 1. Blechrens vevelve around She nudems, Grotlay path ot fixed radius ard ene Ore cated obits {or energy Jovelr , in gtotion: FEY Mere pater energy shells ) » There oxe numbered ay N=1)2,3,--9 amd daignated 93 Ki L, M,N ----ee shells . ‘These ant now termed ay \ Re) ® Principle quantum nuonbers & Meus The farther She energy Sev)” ithe greater, is dhe energy AHociated wir it - Fig. Bohrlg orbit « Blechon dow wot Jote o Gin energy as a on it remain in a porticulan eebit bub Jose or in of energy take place whenevor electran UMP fom Rightr to ower of tower $0 hight sebit . Reapectivaly , Att ( in tay = Fiskica) ©)" Bin 4 ensgy in C AndirecHy plande's Hypothesis) net i Asruming quant “ore niceWh 2. Angular momenta. of moving € "% also Guartiged . Thus an dlecksen can move in dose orbits de whidn Ves angular momentum “ean “wtegrad multiple of Jam , thar & why only catain fred ovbitals arr allowed - MNe = ng or nh (ahere Be Ba where N= 2 2,3,----7 7 ™= moss Of ojectoon (of ve: velocity 6 ‘ Lo. ath eae A= wadius of Mhe oebit Note + “Taig auumption wos nok proved mathematically by Bohr - ( Giticism) Cos faker, proved By De- terglic + On she bars of Inese asauenptions , Bohr derived wodia of vit , energy of electron im an cdbit , velodty of € and aoe freavened of e ar well al exploinel the atomic specho of u-dike ofew - + (hile deriving dhe esuationd | the amumed that é& remains in ‘is obit because She electvestakic lovee of attraction exeated by She nudeus i exactly balanced by dhe conkrfug of feece anising em Ibe arulor motien - (As suggested by Rubnestord )+ Bohr's Ssuation fee the eneryy of Eleckon in Hydrogen . Suppose 79" Qleckren of mass ™ ‘ymovin omund Ihe rucleus in a ctreulod oybit maimtoining a distance 2 * wiHn Fre velocity ef V bia. aahi'e Heater —” according to dh of Soe Pee st Cechrostatic feoce « axwico} mechanics > dhe cents} mn otking en the odlechan ore & v4 dike atom Ww Fe , tends do pul the eT towards the nucleus. e- et UTtté.> % However , dhe conkifugal force acting on the olectren given by mt tends tv dake it ada gem TAS ovbit . Fy = Mme aiiy Under She inbluence of Shore S00 opposin ds forces 5 The & keeps on serolving in He orbit -- According do whe conditiew stokion orbits | tse rete sual ws mr - xze% 6 (ut Goys - ¥, a0 9 yz permitivity factor = LUsuxjo ¢ N™oe meh = Zee FE UT & + oy Recording > Bohr: postulate, she a’ + momentum MYT VE an “mtegro} nusttiple ot Han te mor = a) an av) oe ww aty> = thd ra Cequanivg 2.¢v) both 2ide) i Ay_re or om = pe =o Ww) an mr Conaponing esyation (iid and WW) we trove zer p> Ute -¥ un>yms- = veh? (une) ar anim (ze) ~ whe yo aa Te Twmze BE or). 3 vip 1me> whese | A, = 0: $44 A ( Boln's fact radio) = Sad pre —— Wi)Sige decreases a kn x L A< ng < Na 13 12 uy Sige increases Thus Bohr theory Bin conkirmation with periodic Voouation of ademic sige- i) ene ev: foto! energy of electron reveling in she nh oxbik B& equal do She sum of uhe kinetic-energy (mv) and He potential enegy (zae*)- Recoadingly E = KG +p. — ty PE atta chive potential (-Ve Signy ae amt + (2=) * Bub according do FF etoony 0 , accordin Oesumnption fc ' ont 3 pears of Stetioany orb} UTIes T at E= +( ze? ) — _2e? & une y UnboxE = af ze?) _ oy x (25)-+ ev) But, ateowking do Bolwle modd , a= fo Vin® Ime Z putting she value st oe in 9g. OY) we hawe L e = ~2 (202). Mme 2 2 (une) he n& 22 t E 4 *> me =-13-6eV Ay, “Gar on) mn Piste coe PQNBKID T =ABID KT oma} za phy - sz akon y ey Si tepak ioe TR never becomes peeitive _> -Ne eign in whe energy explain that an electron is glows stable in the vinhy of nucleus Ce nz wey We nNz\ = ee, )} ))) ac. go destabilized, oe }_A” ut vill never Lecome 3S A - H'Bbev ey “Yul “O86 oo 302 —> Jonization (work done in aan ey Aicinity i made to inti > we sign means Jot Phe (donged n- obem) energy ot the elechon in che | atom iy Jower shan he cnogy ote @ free electro a rect.