Leolune - 0) Modenn (S105? Moclenn phasies is dhe bnonch of phase» thal deals with the post Newtonian concepts in the wonld of plysivs H is based on ao bneakthoughs of dhe duertiet corrhsany Reloivity and Quorum Mechories Thomson's Alomia model: thomson Atomic Model wos proposed by Nillion Jhomson in the yean 1900. “his alomie model exploin Ihe . Thomson assumed dhol an eleadnon is thousands + a” ekel profon and beiwed thal an atom is made up bp thousands of eleednons In this odomie sdnuctune rnodel, he considened otoms sumrounded by a cloud having posthve as cell 05 negertive changes. “Homson’s model of an oom is similan +0 0 plum pudding - AG sy posthvely hanged “pudding * foe y > negartively changed ‘plum’ - Salulades of Thomson's alomie_mode! fostulade-1; An atom consist of 4 tive bai aba a dk sph ‘ath ahednons’ embedded ‘athe hoe sphene of fostulode-2: An odom as a abde iy ceil et the regortive and pasthiv, 3 : ae panne chonges one equal in tHade. Tegn' @Limtlaction’ Sein! of tharsen’ alia malt DU faihd the fo euplain the sdobilty af an adorm beoaust this medel of adem oiled to explain hoo a positive ahanyt failed +0 holds reppsively change fa an cebevn ALB bt ht pueleus In an odom + aceound or dhe positon ofon of a ha W)hamson’s modled felled 4o explain the scold ening of alp pardioues by dhin melod fille - : ) No experimental widenee in ids support: Ey iment: Rudhercond condueded Ruthenlond’ Alpha _SeaHenin i ith a porciles an experiment by bombarding a thin sheet of al : aod then shualed the crying of ‘hese particles often them inderoeton wilh the gold foil - Rulherfora!: in his expertimend » direaded high enengy atreoums of ec partioles from a nodio-cchve source ot a thin sheet C1o1m Ahieln of gall In orden to shdy the deflection eoused to the - partic jes, he placed o fluoneseerd zine sulphide sorceen omound the thin godt “in plobinun ov geld GilOoserveions of Ruthentoral adlesing Bapcrenutl _ iene rf ene hem he pl et the space tn es Sanews and deflection Hence . mos} of an atom is emply - 2 Some of the o-partteles ene deflected by the gold sheet by a veny small angles. Hence, the positive charge ef in an adom is rat viifononly sisdnibuded. The posthive change in on olom is acncendanl ino very Small volume 3-Aleny fa) of dhe ea porthales aene deflected bak. that i only @ feo a pacheles had nearly 130° angle} of def lechan- 5 the valime oeaupied by dhe pestivtly changed parthioles in " adom is ver small os compared ty the Jolas. volume of an Pe : Aeconding te Rudherfonds “Atomic Model? | DAR posidive chemge and mest of the mass of ‘an odor. is eoneardraded in an erdnemely smal) value. He nomed this region of an: atom as nucleus. i) Redhentonds model, pnoposed thot the negsivy chan qed ‘eleednons sunmound the nucleus ‘of an adam - He also claim vel clechuas surncunding the nucleus revolve anou- rd oth ¢ veny high speed ino cirtulan ‘path Re nomed the cirewdan polh as onbide.iit) Eleedtons being neqocvely shonged and nucleus a po densely concentrated mass of positively changed parte es ome held dogedhen by 0 sdrong cJeadrostochia -fimee of odtroctor LimbJockions of Rutherdondls Alomie. mode)? ') Rudhenfond’s proposed thot the dleednons revolve a J the nucleus in Fined podh nomed onbids Aectinding, Jo MancoedJ> oeaclenaded changed particles omid cleadnomagnehiec saowllechion- and an eecdron revolving around +he nucteus should emi diodion sould eaTmegy anergy elecdramagnetic nodiadon This TO from the: motion of eJeednons hich eadujd come ad the cost of shrinking ‘of onbiss - Unemataly , jhe edecdrons ould | dhol a5 loewlakon have, shown ded y an elesdron eoousd colons ton 15° geoonds- So the pusher fond’s mode] was net accondance pith Moxoell’s theon and aus could nol explain the stability of an actor dracabooks of gudhereford coblaps tn the nucleus - ‘pert the Rudhenfonds imo inlo the nuclers in less de} cvas 43) One. of the that he did nos soy omglhin abou ghe, arrangement of atom hich mode his speonry vncom ploy’ elecdrons in on ii) hough the eon badfiilad 40 expsain the acento they foamed the bose fon flune develprments in the coonld of qe mechanies - odornie mmedéJs wene Jnaceunede| in experimental) newts,Te fore of Geb Monit Model ') Eleodrons revale around the nudleus in stable onbid ithoud emission of rtadiant enenigy Eoch onbid has & definite energy and is called’ an enengy shell on energy level i)An onbid on energy level is desigaded ag KL» M> 4 shells. When the eleedron is in the loesest energy shell 19 said 4 be the in the ground state: Tii)An edeodron emi on absonbs enengy ahen id jumps from one onbil on enenqy level so anothen. When ch jumps ftom highen energy level 4 the boesd enengy level, iJ amiss eneng and it is absands enengy when if jumps frome ‘one focseat eneng y level to a highe enengy level. wv) “he emidded’ on absonbed ener is gis! dy Abe difenene beloeen the energies of the two eneng lovely CE, Ey). ard i is dederumined by the Plank’s equation 4E= Eo- Fy: hy Where, h= Plank’s constant Us frequency of eleaJnomagnotic radjcion emitted on absonbed he anqulan momentum ofan electron reveling in eneng shell is qn by: rreun= th her, ne dhe number of eonmnesponshing energy shells 112,3--~ me= mass of the electron Ve veboity N= radius tec Alan a a brishytLintded wollen of _Bhohn_ Atomic Made} Theony £ a eg the Heisen bert Uneorlaily a cansidens 4 have bath a knocon nacias and anbid ne position and momentum od dhe came time > cohol" impossible acaonding 4 Heisenberg theory ° Principle. Boha a Jomie hone fort ti) Bohn atomic mode) theory made conread predic! dietons | smallen sized adoms like Ingdiiogen » bud poon opechal pre ame obdained shen range atoms ent covatdened- : iH oided 4o. explain The zeemon effect ahea the speedral line is cplid “into savenod ‘eomponetts iy nee gence of 1a magnetic Feld - YR Giled 40 explain the id : : spaednal line qed ie sate fine lines in the of an elecdnie feld- Sdank effeed when dhe pnesen afa Limidodion of @hohn fHomie Model Theomg= pe violedes the Heiser berg Uneortainly fene: Boba ah, mode] weal onside do haye beth a knocon radlas ond onbid Me een position and momertum of Uhe cqrne time» hich ie impossible according th Helsenloeng theory’ ; j ti) Bohn atomta wall theory mode corneas palatine fy smallen sized atoms, like Inydhrogen + but oon spectnal presen a abdained erhen range odoms ane corsidered : OH iled: 4 auplain the seaman eFeat ahen the specdna) ine is al into sayerod ‘esmponers ve rx senee of to magneche Reld - = : YR Giled + explain the Stank eteed ober thy ‘epeednal line gee at iste fine lines in the pnesenee ‘of an, elecdnie. Geld: Nucleus: Nucleus of an adom is the condo region of on adom whore tho majority mass of the odem is concentroted. Numerically speaking. the nucleus, of an ake aceupied 10" 4 the volume of the odom , but contains 99-99% of the atomi seleddron. : mags - caer OS nucleus‘Plomio_numbernce).: Numben of protons indtde the nucleus is called clomia number (Z) - Momia massCA)! The sum of protons ond. eu neudhtons present oo . in dhe nucleus of an odom is called he otomie massCA): A= Be z+ N—z numbens of neutrons numbert of Lmetolons Naudreon cn)! Subdrocdion of odo mie mass(A) and the» number of preotons (Z) of on adom 15, called the numben of neutron CN) Si N= A-Z 7 ‘, . % : 2 : j \ +A necleus ts normally mepresented by x $5 10. - s see ay symbo of element : S#nedrond) : Atomie mh (arintons)! oe deinen} which have. some Het numben (on nuriben of protons) bub have different miss numbens, Cort pumbert of netcrons) are called es poh ra 4 Jsotones: Tsotones ome hoo one mone speries — thod be 4h some nymben of Se Exomple “OL and 2k one icone“the nevelets§ Aoaethen: 2 Petig TEP CeCe errr 2 1 ’ wt al Fenmi = 1y10'* mm = \xi0 Pm 1, ‘ Asoloens : Atoms of different elements that have the same me number lu different otomie numbens ane called isobens Examples 4 0 : Kample’ en “Nk Bo gne isobens - 20 Nuglear Feree: ; re Nucleom Fonee is a Rmoe that act befoeer the preto Pro‘nes ond patrons of aloms . Ex: dhe binding of protons chat This : hich ane repuléiie in nohene busause of sein ph | > fore con exist behoeen reofonas ond : ons, protons o” revtrons f romeat on nevtrons’ Ged : halls neusrones . “This Seree is oho 227 i chonge oF protones is +16 CC RIO ont andanioh xe) i se push them aca ‘from each othen gith a etnond elecine repubive free ‘Aallowing. Coulomb's taco- But nevaleart fonee is showy h to Le enoug ep hem fogthen and 4 oyencome that senesistanee od shord reange- ; Properties of NuoJeor. Fonae : ) His adlnaetive in nature bud maith one dhot the neucleus is held dogethen calthout collapsing cook. hes iD) The range of this force is umf hom}: ALA Feremi (ix10'R) Ane ae belaen the parclicles hh at ntielens is ting A this, ronge the a “fored “is meh dogethere 4hon the. repulsive fone thot pushes 4 fombicles, ang 4 Hoxaerers (F the Svlerte ig anything mort thon 26 Fermi, nucleon free is priacteally non-existent. pulsive ore. Tat is the measor alin se “l) The nualean fore’ is tebe! forall nyeleons. 12 devs ‘not madten TH iso neutron on proton, once Ihe coulomb resisanae 1 token inlo considenoton, nuclean fered oPRets exehyhing Midhe ame ago * -W) At odistanee of less thon, 0-F Fermi, Wis “See” beoomes repulsive. Te 2Ghe Ob the rnost: inberesting prioperrhes of yuoleam fonee, as this repulsive: component of +he foree ts hot decides the size of nucleus - The nyeleons come closemen to each nee yo the poin} | thot the Force allocs offen -dhich thes enn} comme oie closere lecause of repulsive property of the ‘fonee.Nuoleast Enengy Nucleon energy rma refer -lo puclean powen, the use of susbined nucleate fission on nuelean fusion 40 general heal and drcieity Jrections of nuclear ener 1g eke- Ap i) Nuelear technology i) Nuclear medicine iti) Nueleat technology ¥e ustd in Industries + wy) Agriou Hur} wsts of nucleon technolo. )) Environmendal ms af nuclear technology « vi) piologiaes eat : , vi) Medieos diagnost® viii) Nucleon activochon analysis . v8) Sinlife Linvesh Scientific investigahons + ) Enginearting projects . 2. ~GeiS and Ineatments - Mass defeat: Mass defeed is the ifféreneé beloeen the acho! ate masé and the predieled mass ealouladed by adding dhe mass. of probns and neutrons presen| in “the nublencs - 2 dim = (Zmp+ Ng) — Ma, | Ea , ze numben of protons Here» feet = 20: am= Mass de: Ne. wuOe™ of. adage : Ma= mass of nucleus mp = mass of a proton i.e, & 1-00722 amu nz Mass of a newton ie. 1.00867 amu& aloulate dhe. mass detach of aonbor = CZ ry + Nin) - Ma = (6xo-4.00728 + 6 x!-0086%) ~ 1? = 00957 amu B Colewade the mass defee} of Phosphon? *” = CZ mp + Niin) =A Ma ~ -: Cisx 1-00 729 ¥1GxI-0086%) — 34 " = 6-943 ome ie Why dhe oclual mass of an adom is lees han the predieded mass ? =The aeluo) mass’ is the acho) otomie mass and the predicted mass is the mass tha adding jhe ‘mass of protons and neudrones present in the nucleus: The addi- wamnunled fort by binding energy thot dionas mass is leus ts formed: Wen When a is Teleased when a nuel t 4 \ ' a) ruckus js formed, some of mass 's converted i m this reason, the actual) rhass’ is moss of predicted mass » eneng ¥ Fo less than theBinding _Enen gy? Binding energy is ypieally defined od os the sera amoum of onengy. hat is required lo remove a particles efrom! a system of partheles In dhe ofhen eonds, Binding energy ts the enengy thot is used +o separate system of particles into single unid . om Binding energy i defined os the enengy “nequined to break down o nuclers into i4+s componenl nueldons . Binding enen seen en c= amet Colewase +the binding enengyp of She Kanes am = (2mp-+ Nn) - Ma (x1- 0072S + ae -0036¥) ~ CF She » ~ 0:01592 amu Le amu = \ ss hg) 2-Garr xo” ey - uw Binding Enengy 1BS ame =a. CayexIe my ce 2B. 33x10 Lo P) oe ‘ 2.2810 ons RRNSS may = 4G 14.8910 * MevBeige ene & oe f nuekys enh nequined eleoni_: He 4 Bindin cas lowe vant is sgalled line'ng boy the nucleus 40 ens ee | energy per nucleon a ae aad, _ got Gee ng el 7 ee zd thein ae BS eNucloom ffesi6nt The nue/eant fission i a peachon ih abich roallet. plits into ° 450 or mone & eran OR T | the fueleus of an odom 5 “nuclei BU + hn "bo. Phe sap f san0 see ee Mies i r zuclean fusion: athe nuckan-fision is a reoeton in. eer ’ at% ahich 4oo on more cldinla nuclei combine to form re o by a lange ado 1 hsae plas, i ot ae by ta He 7 He 4 OW + 18 Mel a@) O! | Bye He > Pe + a 2MChoplen-2 Nueleor Reoodons ond Padiencchvity Nuclear; reoedion: NueJean reaction pone process in ahich one on mone nuehdes ome produced “from! the codhsron belween Jaro atomic. nucle! on one odomie’ nucleas al a ad sthatomre parcdioe + / ‘Niolon chain neoedont Nuckor chain reaction is such & prety in ahich once sdonded the reaedion. continues coidhout regina ener furthen enengy: and a Jremendus amowd of enemy a ‘s teleased because of the fission of alJ nuclei. A cae on oceuns ahen the cusped of ane nee ae ons to @acun - These chain neaeshi reaction causes momrne nueleant 7 i chain reactions one olaays almost aleaoy s ° som ma Fssion events: ahich give off the excess pandnons! qause meme Jhece yeess neudtons thot can go on 0 CUS mn eo hence he : flesion events 40 gre essertiol to, the a period r- Nucleon ehoin neacdions of rwahen panel ploads. Nuclear, -fesion reoehion: Nucleon fission reoeton, nefens do the spliting of an odomia ruckus. indo Jiao ” Jian nuclei This process con cooun Shrough 0 nudhan reaction, on radiooehve deeay. . ‘ 1 > Vv The nent prodkice d trom #4 fasion pecdow $s con wrled Jndo_eleodnicit{ in_nuelan poor plank « i 7) + 0 Mpg 4 kn + 3in + 900 MeVNueleam, Fusion neaadion : cdomia parch'a es ao formed os produc, in this In ‘nucleon fission ‘neacsion , od Jeasd combine indo a single: nucleus: Sul, - melons on naidnans ane also nuclear neactions. Fussion reaedion oceuns ineide the aore of acer ions ranstorrnadion rea nesulls WW 10, rekose dhe own hed - ae of” energy that beeps yy 3 PH + 3Ho—> fHe +4 Ie Mev Noohiore neocdms; Nuclear neacdons ome the heand of a nucleon pre plant They ase eordain avd condo) Ihe muclkan alain reootion +the produce head through: a physiool proves ealled fission ~Nuelecn reacduns ome used “ad nucleon powen plowds ‘fon dleedrriaidy generetion ond in the propeleion of ships . Dihe cone: Tk eordains ol) She. tae) and generodts the head roquined fon onengy produesion « ) The aooland: 1k posses: dhrough the come, ond Jnansferting indo Sunbines - Wi) Toe, dumbines: Tronsfén enengy indo the mechanical form . Y) The paling owen: H ediminodes dhe excess head that 's nod converted on dransfermed- tv) The containment: The ene Joping sdnuetune thet evpanades the wweleon reactors fom’ the eunnounding envineanmend, clesonloi ny adhe headRadiooativt PRadiaaetividy, also cabor OR Healione desay — recoacthve decay is the piwcess bey ahioh a nucleus of on unsdable ,: oom. loses enengy bg titi eile read adton, Wort toacalelons 4 @® alpha garioles C He nucled) ok Spordoneous —> wee? anne m4 devoy ; prodon : wh oa beta paniole Celdednon Newdron Rodioortividy 1's of duro yp D Nedunal “radio acdiy! © Dardife‘al reooesviy & Nesom) -nadioaevily ¢ Some. heavien elements in dhe penrodle tobe exhibited TodStion. as ound wn. nodure s eadled , Re naduread meadlio aoshvidy . a ; rclifiaial nodioaed vis * Ape ing ynodenn Aechiniques of andificial tronsmactachon of elements hag + made i possible to produce radioactivity - such typevof radia oodividy: is knoon antioial radio aedvidy bs “here ame too types of roockooxedivity | ) Cuni2 CO ‘ * WD Beaqeene! Ce) mes ° Alpha Tags on parties —s aie nueler 2, + Bela nays on particles, elecdrrong i Gari & mage en pontioles—5 high-enenag~ photon .' Alpha panicle: an adpha pandiele eonsisds of Jao necdmnons and duoo prodons gjeaded from en the rucleus of an adem. the alpha\ pardile is tdendioas to the nuclens of a heliam ado. Evample of alpha emiddens ane nadium, thorium, urenium: and radon. Eido_pardinle: Beda pordiele ois an, eleednon emitted from -Jhe nudeus of a radioactive odom.Example of beta emiddeds common] ised in biologiead neseanch one + Hydiogen-3 ~ Gthidiutm), Combon-' 143! phosphonus- 32, phosphonus—23- sulfin- 35. Gamma my Gammo rays one DB packel on photon of alecdno- mognedic radiation. emilied From Ane nucleus “dunin nad oclve decoy and 265 cacosionally accompanying the emission of on alpha and & beta pordiale- Gorarma mays ome, iderdiaalg- to pleedomadnehe radiodion ouch as Night on mierowoves bud ane of much higher. enengy Evomple of “gernma rays amiddens ane cobalt 60, anne 68, cesium- 139, nodiam- 226:: Rodioaerive decay ‘loss oS ow moment She: nembem of Rodlooesha odoms hod disindegnade 3 ta unit Hime o's saad prtporchon) to dhe number af usehonged Todioaedive odoms Tema ning ' My the rode of rodioacsive chai nhgretion of odors is i and HN is. the number. of vnehorged odoms ot ny +, then the modhemesica] nepracerditon of the rohenistve deoory Joos is: it oo -N => st =-AN Ta 13 the rodigachive ‘decay constant on disitegnection eonstond]” ’ 7 Sa ght Adk fa. ~Afat . | , > Jog, N heute ig the eonsdant of yt _ Suppose Ne Ne a time t= o » then Loa Ne =@ ; . ' : N eending oy From equesion oO Ne wath a wy Jog, Ne-at4 Jog, No = 4 -elapsed time => loge Jog,N —Jog,Ne =- 24 Seer => Joga = - at > N 2 & anes Ne ae Hhis ig the lac of nodioarhve decoy. on dsinlgnalHalf lifet he half life of nadioacdive element is definedias the dime dening eahieh, he numben of atoms repaid unchanged becomes “holf of tts initial value - Aceon ding: to nodicoedve decoy locas NE Noa 4 s ! 17 By hele definition, ashen, += Tip ; N =4No oho tlyne rae there a aneett i ‘ : : - ‘l appt Oe Say, _ pA =p 2a ene Qin: . ly Incay=@ Jne** cJne= 3] 2) $na = @tsie) Ine " : = In2= A E Jnl = Ine} r 2° 0.693 ey => Tip > Ane OS imitly, overage Hetineof ll (Mean lifedimet Mean lifetime rad to seis. dhe nuclei of a patttioulon unstable oom ; 0.693 _ 9.69 \ifedime . ‘ Te 2 22 mean ; Averoge decay TOIe? Since nadivacdive deory 's reps tard sonebins i ig usefel’ ty consider the wets A Thi of nuclei ahish one enpesded fo" dean pat eit ne “Ts is [noon as average deoog: rode.5B Ue pa Pung |e oy cor San haw Deady eonslant cays" constant, » Ais defined — aeons The awd 06 the proboldity thal e ind al neal atl decay Pet unit of time. i The numben of decays pan unid Hme ean be codouded ef Az SM. an \ | Where , Aacochy': on Ji gouge (6q) aN =numben of deco ad ruclel dt = time indenval 65) %=deooy constant Cs). N= numben of puelel ‘remaining ing somple Paa Qi: Difference between ficaion ~ fussion D Nuelean figon reaction In nudlean -fassion neaeton| neers to the spliting fon) o4 Yeast ero irudlei'coinb- |odomia nucleus into ead OM ne: into «single nueleis- lighen noolei - Oop J ‘This process aon oeouns |) This prio cess” bon cee trough a nuclean reactor} ingide the cone of Jhe sum ot ee decoy « fissin and -fussion reaction — WH gue 3 fhe eH some 3'n 4 200mG3 Difference bedaeen alpha, beta and gemma particles Property x-rays P- nays Ya Nays Definition} An alpha parrhele] Geta parciale is GomMa noys ane a consis tof tW0 | gn electron “"} pocket on ‘beter of neudrons and 400] eyed Ffrom the | eleediio mac netic nadi protons ajecte nucleus of OM Ja, omiltedsfrom the Hizom dhe nucleus atom. nueleus euning rodio lof an odom- te dective. decers | Nature] Positively changed] Nv ach ely chare| Unchanged parehelels wie Jged particles; |. : nucleus (electrons). : Chong e 422 ~ ye 1 0 Mass | 6.c4eexie” ig 2.x oe Ky Pange ~l0 em in ain;) Up to a ea ml several min Alas con. be shoppe Main, eam bel sp ay iat o | plopped ig a (220, he! here bye lLommoof . |6 opp t shia’ layer of leads Aluminium. | din lagen ‘of Aluminium Netural @y nochuercal peodi ye 7 + sourees | iscHope s usr et radio fedtopis Eueited nuclei terme] ‘J. Cons beoause of Gomma + £ 7 : decoy 3——————— Va : i E = Ey)-Ey =hy—>-fy 34 equeney- “3446 1 plank eonsdan L te co 74x!0 "D) % @yne hh @yn- ob Moss of eleddron. Valo Tod oad 3. A= 24 y—s ruben of noudrons - vo ae® ) | Pumben of prose ston re pmozon.s 10 f 0 . / & ~? Atomic mass: eo? of oo & ws op nooks m 4. Moss defeed, ans Cp BFS ho ose ome 5. Gir \ tt E =amet cme) ™ G. [Ns Noe 4tP—> law of radionetie. decay on disinreg >endi dane act 4 cota : ‘ y. TW, = he .0.ge3 2169%E)> eon Hitine | a pion: fd d lei numbert of deeayed nucle url a BS As aa an ane bet has. i t ae Daly ono om ml ie log)WW lovayGalO” = J 1 whod will be the trequeney emilbed hon Wy dnoeen odo ‘ , no cones 10 ground glade, from the eyoited a i ae ‘| ‘ : e eneng of eneiled ‘and ground sbde’' one nespeetivel j SM, and -13.6eV: ' ¢ le Juckon Here, : e iunow thot — ae Energy differenee, am an 7 ‘ Excited stode energy) Eye-34e =, —- env DE '- h : Froend sade «4 €y = e¥ “7 ba-k, 2 Ap 4 13 f ne Toe 1 G.0t0) gH ; plank’s goneten ty : XV LE he c CRyno 24 y6, “ony. LOD xr CxO? |” ig oe Samig ed 245 x IPH v Frequency, av=9 ‘The emidfed Frequened is 2-a5a10' po i) of on cleednon in phe Gohn's onbid iv fven +hod, mass and chen ge of ele otnowBr i ft f gone ‘Find. the snengy of on” eJeedron inthe 775 J change on orbit in. a hydrogen adon. Given Jods mas? jt Gnd . find the woes defi Ee ane Bi of aeedren ane reespecsivel 9.1K10 My rien ; 3; permittivity of vacume epsilon é, 8-85! 34 "Owe Shod | : si ‘yo noe), i Here, : nage p (peleme ie 7 pa eseerTons oe! Cee oes . \ aleednon’s idhact? Lent 599 | and’ constr 2 Som fe gx. lec ait J *@ G5x16%) TECH | } g.oran? pee, = Saseaie? permit vit =12 yee” UE SIE 6, =8-95rl0 © = 2.14 «16 e 2 i ele an = -19.35 ev : is : tke ply x gg hg “13° 3DE | Therefore, the 2rengy of an eJeedpin ’° a er) ad) gind. binding energy PO nucleon of @ helium nucdeus. Given thet a 1.608665 v/ame 9 atomic MASS of ng deg at 1.67925 uv and obomnie mass of heliame, 4:09 20054, mass defers, Ik 4M = CZmp+ Nm) - Me prodon numben of healing a2 221-0093 25+ 2m1-08G65 — = 4.00 2603 mass of proton, MP = 1002325 UW = 6.036 24% amu-: Ne jyelia 1, namo of bu n'y 1 mse Binding Eneng y euch i; onsen = E= L mass of i =ame f jelia™? = 0.03 2315 ¢ je mass ° poder ax z MeV |.ptor 3 = Goeu = 23.296 MeV My =4 Bing 2% meV Pn inding Enengy pen nucleon , aE = = neueleo Shoplen- 2 & n3) 2 The hod bee life of "Au ts 2.26 dys - Find the deeay constant i Au - ] Hene, d W. ‘od 2 2:7 & know thod, Half fe of hu» Tile Tie = 0-499 decoy eonsdont, A= 9 P=>a- 9693 9.t03 Uy/2ectaeeer sola = 0-257 d- Therefore the decoy eonstamt A= 0.25%d7 oy . The holf life of *4ni dium 6 12.54, Aflen 25 yeane hoa “mony pads of a pieee of Initivan vill remoaw ivnehanged ? Hal? if of 4nitium, “tle know thal , Tie 212.5 — NeNe et 1 The eapsed Hime t=254- a 2c ie Initiol quantity Ne | ce ) Reemasring quantity» N. 28-25 oil] be unchonges — | Marr 2-602