Alomlc -Struc bures- Atom: Moclolcs- Aleta dicouty of dienl_sualomi thls. desiouation oF these subatonle parkele cage tae. ie da of query. bitterent pies Stee modlele were nme _inapor lank meodtls af atoms are '- Thomson’ atoule model€Cnol in ram) Ruther Ford atomic moclel *| hohr'c abtudie node! el wave mech ouical mode! $$ $$$ Thomson's atownc model Cplum pudlclivag motel ar watermelon oe Ge fer) ae ee . Proposed ly ET. Thowesor tut — Shis_m b e atom _theoré br lly facta ‘ bin me puddieg D9) if eS | cradled uia_tk hai fem tl4n alm as a whole ic ele bntcally neutral. 4 OQ + Me v'ca) Clow . a for e aol poet five a \ © 9S HlledionNha t Li 2 o : ls 2, petisely chargel farheles and the red fark of __ ac y chier ged Aforrie? mele] Weler melon aa ; elec teow 7D pedis of thomsov's atom i clel. h atom berause as madel of _atom fi led to Ae me howd afi ¢ the née chan f i Mh te T's theory ako filled lo Qctounk br the pec fion e Ww Mo esperimeutal evr'leute_n_i'ls suppoth. bathorford!s atomic model Calpha tay Scalleisg eatin Jecinenl _ gad Feil expec'uceut) This model was pul forward bi Eenest Katha ford inl91l soit heyp_ol ecray. scat erg experiment Tan tls eign he bouburded a thin sheek of pure gold ful (0.0000 ucm thitkwess) wile beam vt _a-far hele Alpha _pachiles are hehum nucler ie mite! ) Gh a particle: were obtamed fon radium‘ Tadoat hi f site |A_small piphole init. The gold Pil uses surrounded by movoble rine culphabe screen to defect the Statler I a Stattered d-pachloles tam gold fail. when b-flarhiles tk zinc sulphide cron they ee fla sca hi'e he Md. be ohseld byob mizosoge fhe experimental celup ae in “fet : vee bork Head veTe Fig hu ter cl’ A-patlicles scattering Eifel end. Fhehellewhegobsecuahions ie wta ale toma the sak experimen! . & Most of me o-parlicles Gbout 25:4) passed mrovg h the Foil voithout lec hon, 2 Santor kev o-pathdles. Cubed th sec Willa Feih patight ——_|| small angle sts ese ean Jo & very. few opr hi out Ie Lavcco) were deffectect beck tough angle more kan 20° or even veterned —~ate He made fol owing conclusion frou above \ 1)| Most of Me o-pachicles passed Maroy h- bg i! witr out jh deflection. Wis shows thal _ ¢ mest of Me spéce_Mnsicle Ihe alom_is “ehly — nae nlon ter holloa- 2. fea Oetutices watt deleted Hough cwclt “aap Si onal ee ——_| 2 ole pe ae a SO ‘hvely char, Tein haat ae ae veemeal fois —1#te_thost_tahte passed very close bo tes a itve bo cy. \; 2 very fe potholes. wt fle Sh _ pari Q, bl hah te dle k sea — hawir PAA ahem Te i m thal wok f fet oe heuer a. wilh in tae atom is uely. Gee fo_tho_lotal volume of the atom. Gis sueall dense positively charelged. aay — with nthe Qtom In aich whole mess ef — alm is concen trated was called nucleus ——Page. o— — > b-por ka, seoltened deflechon Fal fig Gabecing of ot pac hile ba cing le alm th L a hy f ah i to_this_mode/ —— nucleug —vahich ts very emall In-eize Compared toa / t ! the atom 2) Most part of atom _ic_emply. Te Ny 2), he clam os. whole sa als eae sluce he ae clet hon. 1's= -flawel_revalue ab round Whe sum in regularly defined orbit —2 es af fal poe lee bx orbits belated _ 7 by electro Stahe force of Qhtravtton between | he centr of an electron which tends ___ Mi tud_electrong _ | 1 tite Hons “Drea boat ting of Ku toer Forde Atomic Model, : Although the hutae tard ato mic_model was _ base: fart 4 : 1 fo explain Certain —thinge | his ma del could nol ex lun Me stabllity ‘4 Le lof atom. Acco ere a he 7 ct eh ahous haged pachclec_emit electromagnehe tacdiahone __ and_heuce_an_elet tron revolving around the nucleus choulll uit electromague He vachatin Dus_radiahlon would ca eneegy Lont_lhee of the 4 a ( mi mohon of Ke electron falle and electron __— moves towird closer aud closer_te_the wucleue follouat» Mt Bi.th end ulti neately tee ____ electrons woul cl collapce ta he Mucleuc. Gil Gide ee model, an tlechon wold collapse in the Muclas model, tn less han (0% seconds ) tut ally Hus en because alow _'s stable iz. nahure. : , aMaw well’ theory and could vol explora tee slability of an atom. poss GE Ee SU Cechow gue Vrediahon oN pel Gs i Figure! Spiral Path of the elechrong D. his model could vot explain the origlt of Une ‘nthe origla of Une peclra of hydrogen atom. When hydrogen gas_is passed through electric ___ —_. dischar geal low pressure, there is forme flow of spectral lines. Mu: ‘ futher ford. ahownle model Bahr’ alomic Medel oe Tn 19138_iels bobr proposed _an.atouric_model ___- _.fo_overcome the limitahions of Rutter bord’ _alomic_mocle/ keeping its essential spin'te. He Lopplied. Black's quan tuw ee oF racia hon ifo_an atom. the basic postulates of Bore. - atomic model areas Follows: oe weae at Ty_an..atom, el trom_revelveasociucl pasitivety 3 & “| dharved—nucleesin_a.olefini te circular puke2) ® Soe sarees — called orbs or shells or energy level... As long as electrons remaln sina ry er | ih neler enu'ls nor absorbs energy. Tk wears. Me energy oF reveling elechon Ina pathtculer orbit remaing coustawl. Hence Meese orbite are alo called shalonery orb IL. slaloway ete rgy level ov sigh eneigy level or hey shell Such _ a_slate of lect ts called iiss shale, Mis poshelute eaplatns stability ofanatom. dhe energy Ny levels are repre seuled bi ae =(,2,3, 6.) known asthe firinc’ale 9 kan tum maw ber. Energy associated witha. ees level increases with he tacreace of te dhs how the nucleus. The orbits. A ee wale Gs kt, 4M, - shells aud when an velechon altains the loin b _euers ppleveloit se said to be inthe, ground stale _—___— Fiy, Stafon ay nay levels acound He nucleus. Glechoy can. revolve only i tn. Mase avgih me wilich the. aupular mowentuna of revtling—+ aes blown. Thal 1 _why ee (einrh lection ground te nucleus ican nbeg eae | wahece Set ee | me mace of elec fron ive Vélocily of elec hon Lre elles of erbit ta colt elechon reucluiag unzAa ule ger called priucple quanhem member _ | Fhe, 3, 2-2... 00 (number of axkill the tenk'’s cons tav ft. 220 tar gee ene Zt Lh etc. but tt Can never have Frachona, alg ae geen a ——|lguanhrahon of angular ncomen: hegre ¢)| the Ceubcihegal ‘force ofan el tron _walaich habe be pull awey elechon bom i's orbit 1's bulenced — electro stahic force of attrathon veheen nucleus and electrons. 6) Gat ous could jum Frow_one orbit to_ano Keer oly ay au thie Hing or _absot blea Arxed qucui of Seer. —S | @ ms pe ) —_— lahen energy is “etgplied/ fo_au olechron ,1t — past fare. from_louer. eHergy leva! ht'g hoy ———enetdy level Ly ab corbin ved quanta of —— The Rew ‘onsite state of euerg ¥ p Lis_talled excited state. the excited stile : ei ate so Cahon jump hom _luty her Ene Y love ( fo lower CHENEY devel by emt ting “Rxed quanta of energy in. the fen of radia Hou. The cumount of energy obcar burl 01 cunt Hed Is equal to the eusrgy chitfereme behieen fewer Gnd bulg her ener yg evel of fal alton. DEF b2-€. = hv : a ees absorbed x= fuergy of higher. energy. (evel Ss Fiz fuergy of (owe, energy level Eee _gxin tum enenyy Lhe Plenk's constant C 6.626 r10%*7s) a etuy- of rodia bon Crea) eae Gaeta es rata model: — 10) bole’, atomic model explained the stabil by — | fan _alom. According to ohe, as long Gs. elections remains In a pathtulor orbit, it nether emits nor absorbs energy. Also, th con not jump, from Airct orbit to the tooer —arkil other ik 10. orbit less [han one, he gratual loss oF energy by ———we ee electronic not poscible. Hence, akon stable. Dibokr cululated the radi! of varé, 2 aut _euergy of au elechonw Ino puthtular orbit or Ay i'ke_syskem rodivs of vith 6) bit Gules wth? i ____ Yn ne*kz oo 3)| Bonr’s atomic moclel pronled salts factory expla ruben bout he Brmchon of bey drogen spect rum Acorthiug fo Bohr when elechon jum z l t level_th Cuts! I lahov Uh atte, | redlahion ic respousi,lo fy frwah'on of atomic eo cpechum Plas ‘ou of Hydrosen jpeclrew by bob's teary then electric dt charge ts passed Mnrougls a febe re is 6 ——contulnieg hg dimgen gas af loo pressure ,at rst hydrogen molecules dissocinte fe frm hydrogen ess ke atoms. Sluce Mae bay dleog er gas cou fats large et lnumber of Ay dog Gta atous, blec tous tu dittecent — fous absorb di freceut avcount of energies — Aca __resull, electrou iin he rst elee energy level Ground otate) of by duogen alowes get fo jump tuto cleftereat higher eel y ——_—~ level 224.6, eh clepouchug upon Mee amouel — of energy absorbed. che excited electrons in —~ H a ev, come unstable ancl ___—~ C ud state in One or more —~ 7, a Ljuinps by. Genithing energy in the forme of radiation. —SS SS | for_evample, come alectrows Come back bp le ec Frow. | ground chute Cu=1) andl oler_to_z2,-n=3, ‘ meet. from higher energy level. These chifleceut clowonvoucd junep “emit radio hous of ml ditferewt voweleng ta Cor _treguewtes) avd produce cbifterent spectrul hines at Me same Hime tw oe Spechuw Herotagebr- alhough a -ouly ous electrons. ‘ae eles oF guch a spectral bvec le calle ch ul seri of he radighou ¢ ascocitoted Aue uaiveleng tte wih_lifferent doon " é are given by ky dberg equa Hou ___ Where, A= lew, eek R aes an Cre n> ) 4 bt, L | a 4 ut (hz OG? rl0? wm?) ny> lower energy levi / ee m= higher energy level drogen atom, S different “specttul series 2 are obtained clepan cling upon tee various lactron'c_trancittons. For every spectralsedes, ny is fixed aud mais variable the name of vadtous spectral series along voita__the___ values of Wi andl M2 aud their co 110s poxdieg 1e9 ion _are ta buloted “belong! 82 eos SN| Lymow Series | __ Bulmer Series. ea = Fir Inhared style | + Sets by = ‘ \n —+—| defel +4 = 4 | | TT nlaer > Ly {I grovthelf eee (Nl) sat i aa sth oh q byweon S005 Fs cous sPecbral_lines. hy eopen ebechaneo Me difberent hyec of speckal saiee of by spectum are as fllors! 2D) Laman —_seaies: ; —,ne_sfeuteal Wines iu these series are obhuued when _-eléchon jeeps Ron higher energy level 0. y= 2 hoo fo Rik energy fe level tne. 2t Mis series bes ia — | he ulhavilolel region within wavelen gh conge of QO nm. | Rn fo The. wove lew ty for the tne be Sevies art Given oo pai te. Weak ‘ os ne ) 22), Galwer Series! dhe spectral l'nes {q these caries ore obhu'ne) wohen elec trou _j Rom _higher-e leve : Lie ng=3 to @ to se e.g = dts sertee tes i'n ucsiole reg/on vaittetg ___ -oouveleng th__range of YOOum to 65Onm dae waveleug br fot the cpecteal t've ta Belweer Series ave given by cs a | aS em re 2) Pas chen _secies' —— he spectral tines in hese sorties are oblginod __ i hen lechou hom Al ghey exergy leve | [ise m24 to 02 fo steowel Cnoryy loutl se. Wte22. |ahis series ies sn inhared regior sllary vacvelespth range of 950 um to I €2s: aon. dian Be fec_the _spectyal [ine 11m ashen| senies_are__givew by, * | We Qo fet et ) oe [ed CPT bran chet series | She spechul Wines in Meese _ser'es are obhenod 2. whey electron jumps fom higher energy leve) [be w2= 6° foot bo th forth energy level te. y= 4 dhis series I'es in inbra red region volth/n “wanvel (VS nm fo YOSD wy the sctoreleng Mt foc_tee spectro! Vue | byund&ett series are givew by 7 i Ty i OO. Phun series She spectre! lines in tese series ave obku'weack hen electro juiaps thaw lijher euergy love] bem, 76 to w@ bo fifty energy level pe. mirc. ats sen'es Wes ta fer nbrared regio within ive lovey tof rouge above Y0SO ym ie tong fl the spectral line ta Pheed series are given by 1 =¢fi- 2 ee a So Wy ; Limi tatlous [short cin of Bol ’s. “theory: 1) Thee explained the sete ak sgl — it cy bhi hike systena _}. i Tl tana.$ Tee aac Baal of