THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PLASTIC GARBAGE TO REPAVE HIGHWAYS AS
PERCIEVED BY THE PEOPLE IN JASAAN, MISAMIS ORIENTAL
A Research Proposal Presented to Mr. Manuelito Rojas
Presented by BPED 1-A students
EDUC 1 WEDNESDAY 8:00 – 10:00 AM
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject
Facilitating Learner-Centered Teaching (EDUC 1)
Gumatay, Junnel B.
Salcedo, Jude L.
Salvo, Joe Justin M.
Tan, Alf G.
Robles, Ivan kim M.
Alcantara, Aaron H.
December, 2024
ABSTRACT
This study examines the effectiveness of using plastic waste to repave highways, as
perceived by the people in Jasaan, Misamis Oriental. With plastic pollution becoming a
significant environmental issue, the research explores local attitudes toward using plastic-
infused materials in road construction. Data were collected through surveys and
interviews with residents and officials, focusing on perceptions of durability,
environmental impact, and cost. Findings reveal a general awareness of the potential
environmental benefits, but mixed opinions on the long-term effectiveness of plastic-
based pavements. The study highlights the need for further research to evaluate the
practicality and sustainability of this approach.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE STUDY
Plastic pollution is a pressing environmental issue due to the rapid production
of disposable plastic products. The global production of 8.3 billion tons of plastic, with
90% not recycled, has led to 380 million tons produced annually. As of 2018, calls to
reduce plastic pollution and consumption have increased in urgency.
Krix Luther, founder of Clean The Beach Boot Camp, identifies five main causes of plastic
pollution: the rising human population, food industry, plastic bottles and containers, plastic
bags and carriers, and plastic straws and stirrers. The rising human population and
dependence on plastic contribute to plastic pollution, with food wrappers being the most
common cause. Plastic bottles and containers are consumed excessively, with 500 billion
bottled waters ending up as pollutants. Plastic bags and carriers are used by
establishments for single-use, causing environmental damage. Small plastic items like
straws and stirrers can be easily digested by marine animals and birds. To address plastic
pollution, some countries have considered using plastic waste in road construction, such
as Scotland-based start-up MacRebur. This concept, inspired by engineering engineer
Toby McCartney's experience in India, creates cheap, 60% stronger, and 10 times lon ger-
lasting roads compared to asphalt-based ones.
Researchers in the Philippines are studying the use of plastic garbage to cover
highways to combat plastic pollution. The study aims to improve the country's
environmental condition, particularly in Jasaan, Misamis Oriental, where potholes are
prevalent. The research aims to help the country overcome plastic pollution and improve
its overall environment.
The study is about what are the perception of the people in Jasaan, Misamis
Oriental about using plastic garbage to repave the roads in the area. The study is about
how will the motorists reacts about using plastic waste to aid the problem of potholes in
the roads of Jasaan, Misamis Oriental.
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the related literature and studies after an in-depth search done by
the researchers. It will help in understanding the variables of the study by comparing
similarities and contrasts in other published literature and credible studies.
LEGAL CLAIMS
Solid waste refers to all the discarded household, commercial waste, non -hazardous
institutional and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris, agricultural
waste, and other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste.
Solid waste management refers to the discipline control of the generation in storage,
collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid waste with manner that
the public health, environment and economy can benefit. This also refer to the systematic
administration of activities which provide for segregation of wastes especially plastics that
are not biodegradable. This means that these activities shall be done to not harm the
environment.
The Republic Act (RA) 9003, otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000, provides the necessary policy framework, institutional
mechanisms and mandate to the local government unites (LGUs) to achieve 25% waste
reduction through establishing an Integrated Solid Waste Management Plans based on
3R’s which now considered as 5R’s (Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Repurpose and Recycled)
and if caught not complying will lead to fines and imprisonment.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT
FOREIGN LITERATURE
As stated by Monjur Mourshed, Mahadi Hasan Masud, et al. from their reviewed
entitled 'Towards the effective plastic waste management in Bangladesh from the
organization of Environmental Science and Pollution Research published on October 27,
2017 stated that the plastic-derived product, nowadays, becomes an indispensable
commodity for different purposes. A huge amount of used plastic causes environmental
hazards that turn in danger for marine life, reduces the fertility of soil, and contamination
of ground water. Management of this enormous plastic waste is challenging in particular
for developing countries like Bangladesh. Lack of facilities, infrastructure development,
and insufficient budget for waste management are some of the prime causes of improper
plastic management in Bangladesh. In this study, the route of plastic waste production
and current plastic waste management system in Bangladesh have been reviewed
extensively. It emerges that no technical and improved methods are adapted in the plastic
management system. A set of the sustainable plastic management system has been
proposed along with the challenges that would emerge during the implementation these
strategies. Successful execution of the proposed systems would enhance the quality of
plastic waste management in Bangladesh and offers enormous energy from waste.
Therefore, plastic waste management should be done to take good care of fertility of the
soil and the quality of water for the marine creatures.
PLASTIC DISPOSAL
According to Rucha V. Moharrir and Sonil Kumar 2018 from their review about the
Challenges associated with plastic waste disposal and allied microbial routes for its
effective degradation is an effective approach to get rid of the plastic wastes problems.
The unimaginable nature of plastic is a big issue nowadays and its increasing demand
made it more complex to deal with the problem of plastic waste, and therefore new
challenges got here in the front in reaction to plastic degradation. The idea of using
microbial species to biodegrade plastic wastes is a promising approach to resolve the
extensive issue about plastic pollution that does not harm the environment.
5R’s (Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Repurpose and Recycled)
With more and more plastics being employed in human lives and growing stress
being located on capacities to be had for plastic waste disposal, the need for
biodegradable plastics and biodegradation of plastic wastes has
assumed growing significance in the previous few years. This assessment looks on
the technological advancement made inside the development of extra effortlessly
biodegradable plastics and the biodegradation of traditional plastics via microorganisms.
Additives, which includes seasoned-oxidants and starch, are carried out in artificial
materials to adjust and make plastics biodegradable. Recent studies has shown that
thermoplastics derived from polyolefin, historically taken into consideration proof
against biodegradation inside the ambient environments, are biodegraded
following photograph-degradation and chemical degradation. Thermoset
plastics, inclusive of aliphatic polyester and polyester polyurethane, are without
difficulty attacked through microorganisms without delay due to the capability hydrolytic
cleavage of ester or urethane bonds of their systems. Some microorganisms had
been remoted to make use of polyurethane as a sole supply of carbon and
nitrogen supply. Aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters have lively industrial applications due
to their accurate mechanical residences and biodegradability. Reviewing published and
ongoing studies on plastic biodegradation, this paper attempts to make conclusions
on potentially feasible techniques to lessen the influences of plastic waste at
the surroundings (Ying Zheng, Ernest Yanful, et al.2008). The number one purpose of
biodegradation of plastics is to update traditional plastics that persist in landfills
and harm the environment. Therefore, the ability of microorganisms to interrupt
down those plastics is a tremendous environmental gain.
LOCAL LITERATURE
The Philippines' annual solid waste generation rate is currently about 10 million tons
(36,000 cum), equating to roughly 0.3-0.7 kg of garbage per Filipino per day, with the
World Bank projecting a 40% increase by the end of the decade (Philippine Environment
Monitor 2004, World Bank). The majority of this waste is concentrated in urban areas,
where up to 44% of it is recyclable. As a result, recycling is one of the most practical ways
to minimize the amount of waste produced. According to Manuel A. Bajet JR, et al. from
IAMURE International Journal of Ecology and Conservation, 2012 from their research
about "Solid Waste Management practices in Vigan City, Ilocos Sur, Philippines", solid
waste management must be implemented consistently and effectively. Thei r study aimed
to assess the implementation of the Solid Waste Management Program of Vigan City
Province of Ilocos, Philippines. It concentrated on defining its solid waste recovery plant,
waste types, and waste separation, processing, disposal, and utilization activities. Both
constituents practiced solid waste management policies such as segregation religiously,
but hazardous waste was handled in compliance with established DENR and DOH rules.
At the recovery site, the collected wastes were isolated. The manufacture of organic
fertilizer from compostable wastes, the processing of collected plastic containers into
plastic tables/monoblack, the use of cellophane as a cotton substitute for pillows, the use
of cellophane as a material for producing souvenir products, and the conversion of paper
waste into paper pulp for use as cooking fuel are all examples of waste utilization. Scrap
iron and metal were gathered and sold. To sum up, plastics and other waste can be useful
in a variety of ways. Furthermore, recycling and reusing this waste will help to minimize
emissions in the environment.
Another rising conflicts dealing with pollution is plastic bags which spread widely in
the world, posing major environmental and public health threats. According to Ronald L
Orale and Lady Ann Fabillar (2011) from Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment from
their research about Coastal Waste Transport in Catbalogan City, Philippines and Nearby
Towns more than half of Catbalogan's barangays (villages) are located along Maqueda
Bay, which is the Samarios' primary source of food (people of Samar) 60% of these
coastal barangays do not have direct access to waste disposal facilities like garbage
trucks or landfills. A total of 7201 kg of waste is disposed of into the bay by 22% of the
population. An improvised 3-dimensional micro-model portrays the transportation of
waste from one barangay to the next. Many wastes are transported beyond barangay
borders, to the coasts of other municipalities, and possibly to other provinces.
Approximately 33% of fresh wastes float and are shipped to other locations, while the
majority of the remaining waste rots on site, leaving the site dark, filthy, and stinky.
Coastal towns/cities' waste disposal activities have an effect on each other, so good
waste disposal must be widely practiced.
And lastly as the Philippines produces a massive amount of plastic wastes its agency
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that Metro Manila
generates about 25% of the country's solid waste, with plastics accounting for 16% of
that. Unfortunately, just 20% of this plastic waste is recyclable; the remainder ends up in
landfills. It is stated by B Fortunato and Jill Z Manapat in 2018 IEEE Global Humanitarian
Technology Conference (GHTC), about Empowering women through plastics recycling:
a "livelihood project for women in marginalized communities" that to address the problem
of solid waste particularly plastic waste. The Humanitarian Engineering,
Entrepreneurship, and Design (HEED) group of the University of the Philippines Dil iman
(UPD) started the Project Plastikan --a plastics recycling project that aims to provide
income opportunities for women in marginalized communities by building a plastics
recycling facility based on the design of David Hakkens, founder of Precious Plastics. The
facility will house a number of open -source recycling machines that will be designed by
UP students in collaboration with the UP FABLAB. The pilot group is located in Malabon,
Metro Manila, one of the UP College of Social Work and Community Development's field
sites (CSWCD). The project is divided into three stages: (1) requires analysis and market
study, (2) system fabrication, and (3) technology transfer and training. Women in the
group will be able to create upcycled goods as part of this initiative. Aside from finished
goods, useful raw materials can be produced and distributed to local producers for
conversion into high-value goods. Furthermore, the project is appealing because it does
not only seeks to minimize plastic waste, but it would also encourage gender equity and
empowerment among the project's beneficiaries, as well as provide a more
comprehensive educational experience for the students and faculty members invol
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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design, research local, respondents of the
study, research instruments, data, collection procedure and data analysis procedure.
This chapter also describes and explains how the needed data will be gathered.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Potholes is one of the big problems on the main roads. Through this, a lot of the riders
and the people living near on the road being affected by this concavity that be disposed
toward to affect the drivers on their driving in some ways. With this, the researchers have
come up to the idea of having a qualitative research about the impacts of potholes to the
effectiveness of plastic garbage to repave highways of the people and the riders in Jasaan
Misamis Oriental as well as to establish a phenomenological research design that will
surely aid the study’s progress.
Phenomenological study is defined as a study which explores what people
experienced and focuses on their experience of phenomena (Husserl, et al. 1859-1996).
With this, the researchers have come up to this approach because the researchers will
have a primary data wherein the researchers will be the one to gather the data and
information through soliciting personal experiences with the drivers and living near the
road such as conducting surveys. Moreover, the usage of conducting a survey in the data
collection process of the research is one of the most suitable approaches applicable to
the study because the researchers need a discussion with the interviewees for them to
express their thoughts about the current issue.
RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT
The study will be conducted at Solana, Jasaan, Misamis Oriental. The survey will be
conducted at the public roads located in Solana, Jasaan, Misamis Orienatl, Philippines.
RESEARCH RESPONDENTS
The respondents of the study will be the households of Solana, Jasaan because they
will be the one to segregate the wastes. The motorists, specifically the ones driving public
vehicles, who are usually passing by the highways of Solana, Jasaan, and the agencies
such as the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), Local Government Units
(LGU’s) and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) assigned in
the said specific location.
The researchers will use Stratified Random Sampling, the technique generally divided
total population into two or more strata. For each stratum, the sample items will be drawn
randomly. The subgroups of where the researchers will obtain the representative sample
of population will be calculated in percentage in the total population with the use of the
stratified sampling technique. There will be 7 respondents from the household, 10
respondent motorists, and 3 respondents from agencies, all of them wil l be randomly
selected. Thus, the study will have 20 respondents all in all. The answers of the
respondents are necessary to complete the study.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
The tools refer to as the questionnaires to be constructed prepared by the researchers
should be tested for validity and reliability. This is done so that each question can be
explain in the study by the researchers in case some respondents or readers have
difficulty in understanding and to strengthen the study.
The researchers will use the survey-questionnaire as the main instrument to gather
the data and information needed in the researcher study. The researchers will prepare 10
list of questions that reflects the researchers’ study. In distributing the questionnaires, the
researchers will used random sampling.
DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
The researchers will collect the data using a questionnaire comprised of questions
that 20 respondents can answer. The questionnaire includes a series of questions that
represent the researcher's research and the data to be gathered.
DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
To aid the analysis of the data that will be gathered, the research will be using narrative
analysis method. Since the study will be employing survey questionnaires, then the
researchers will use such method to analyze the responses from the respondents.
CONCLUSION
The research on the effectiveness of using plastic waste to repave highways, as
perceived by the people of Jasaan, Misamis Oriental, reveals a growing awareness of
both the environmental and practical implications of this innovative approach. While the
majority of respondents acknowledge the potential benefits of utilizing plastic garbage in
road construction—such as reducing waste and contributing to sustainability—there are
varied opinions regarding its long-term durability and effectiveness. This study
underscores the importance of further investigation, including experimental trials and data
collection, to determine the viability of plastic-based pavements in improving road
infrastructure. Additionally, engaging local communities in awareness programs can
enhance public support and participation in sustainable solutions. Ultimately, the findings
suggest that while plastic waste recycling for road repaving presents a promising solution,
further studies and pilot projects are necessary to confirm its effectiveness and suitability
for widespread implementation.
