LECTURE # 05
INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR TOWN
PLANNING / MAPS
BY : AR. RABBIA LIAQUAT
AR-309 ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING
What is Planning?
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TOWN PLANNING
Town planning is the process of managing land resources. It involves the control of
existing and new developments, as well as strategy preparation to ensure manage future
requirements. It is a dynamic process that changes in response to policy, development
proposals and local needs.
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In any town planning exercise a lot of information required and different kinds of databases
are prepared. These databases contain the information regarding physical, social and
economic conditions of both existing and proposed town
Maps are made for every component of planning; such as maps for geography, geology,
climate, history, society, economy, religion, ethnicity and culture etc. The information is
also required for existing land & terrain, natural resources, socioeconomic conditions and as
built land use of the given area for which planning is to be carried out
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“INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR TOWN PLANNING” leads us to identify the objectives of
town planning and the process of town planning to be employed in any given context; on
the basis of which the types of information may be sorted out. In addition the definition of
town planning in any context may also lead us to identify the information required for
town planning
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INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR TOWN PLANNING IN UNITED KINGDOM (UK):
If one look at the definition of town planning in United Kingdom (UK) it narrates that,
“Town and Country Planning is the land use planning system by which governments
seek to maintain a balance between economic development and environmental
quality.”
The information required for town planning must be regarding the key words explained in
the definition i.e. land use characteristics, economic characteristics and environmental
characteristics
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INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR LAND USE PLANNING:
“Land use is the human modification of natural environment or wilderness into built
environment such as fields, pastures, and settlements”
The information required for land use is the existing condition of land where
planning is to be carried out and the changes in the physical three dimensional
characteristics of land where natural environment is transformed into built
environment. Furthermore another information is required here is the reasons of
the changes in the land use and the actors involved in that change. Thus in this way
one may plan for the future of that particular land use that exists there and suggest
ways and means to improve the over all land use pattern
Abu Dhabi Master Plan 2030
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INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT:
“Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions
for the well-being of their inhabitants. It is the process by which a nation improves the
economic, political, and social well being of its people
From a policy perspective, economic
development can be defined as efforts that
seek to improve the economic well-being
and quality of life for a community by
creating and/or retaining jobs and
supporting or growing incomes and the tax
base
The information required shall be
regarding inhabits of any context,
their political and social
conditions, quality of life,
income, jobs and taxes.
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INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY:
Environmental quality is a set of properties and characteristics of the
environment, either generalized or local, as they impinge on human beings and
other organisms.
‘Environmental quality is a general term which can refer to varied characteristics that
relate to the natural environment as well as the built environment, such as air and water
purity or pollution, noise and the potential effects which such characteristics may have on
physical and mental health caused by human activities.
the information required include
characteristics of environment in given
context, existing natural and built
environment i.e. air, water, land pollution
etc.
AR-309 ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING
Collectively if one combines all these three key words of land use planning, economic
development and environmental quality as per definition of town planning in UK the
information required would be manifold and of numerous types.
Similarly; context to context the information
required for town planning would be
different from one another; whereas, the
objectives of town planning may also be
said as the major determinant of the
information required.
Another perspective to look at this issue is
with reference to key aspects of town
planning which may also be a major
determinant for information required. These
include physical, geographical, geological,
climatic, social, economic, historic, cultural,
religious and environmental conditions of
any context.
AR-309 ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING
MAPS
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WHAT IS A MAP?
A map is a visual representation of an area or a symbolic depiction highlighting
relationships between elements of that space such as objects, regions, and themes.
Many maps are static two-dimensional, geometrically accurate representations of three-
dimensional space, while others are dynamic or interactive, even three-dimensional.
Although most commonly used to depict geography, maps may represent any space, real
or imagined, without regard to context or scale.
Map Making or Cartography:
Cartography or mapmaking is the study and practice of making representations of the
Earth on a flat surface. Cartography combines science, aesthetics, and technical ability
to create a balanced and readable representation that is capable of communicating
information effectively and quickly
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HISTORY OF MAP MAKING:
The oldest known maps are preserved on Babylonian clay tablets from about 500 B.C.
Cartography was considerably advanced in ancient Greece. The concept of a spherical
Earth was well known among Greek philosophers by the time of Aristotle (ca. 350B.C.)
and has been accepted by all geographers since
Greek and Roman cartography reached a culmination with Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy,
about A.D. 85-165). His "world map" depicted the Old-world from about 60°N to 30°S
latitudes. He wrote a monumental work, Guide to Geography which remained an
authoritative reference on world geography until the Renaissance.
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HISTORY OF MAP MAKING:
Medieval Maps
During the Medieval period, European maps were dominated by religious views. The
T-O map was common. In this map format, Jerusalem was depicted at the center and east
was oriented toward the map top
Medieval geography divided the world into
three schematic parts: Asia, Europe, and
Africa. Asia was depicted on top as the
birthplace of Christ and the original site of the
Garden of Eden. Although not included in the
original Isidorian maps, a later manuscript
added the names of Noah's
sons (Sem, Iafeth and Cham) for each of the
three continents
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HISTORY OF MAP MAKING:
Al-Idrisi's map of the world, 1456 .Al-Idrisi was a Muslim scholar in the court of King
Roger II of Sicily. He completed a map of the known world in the 12th century. Drawn
with south at the top, this later example has been inverted for easier viewing
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HISTORY OF MAP MAKING:
World map of Rosselli, 1508, the first
map to show the entire globe. A mythical
southern continent is shown, and ocean
areas are much too small. Nonetheless, it
is a true world map
Geographic information systems
GIS) emerged in the 1970-80s period. GIS represents a major shift in the cartography
paradigm. In traditional (paper) cartography, the map was both the database and the
display of geographic information. For GIS, the database, analysis, and display
are physically and conceptually separate aspects of handling geographic data. Geographic
information systems comprise computer hardware, software, digital data,
people, organizations, and institutions for collecting, storing, analyzing, and displaying
georeferenced information about the Earth
AR-309 ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING
HISTORY OF MAP MAKING:
World map of Rosselli, 1508, the first
map to show the entire globe. A mythical
southern continent is shown, and ocean
areas are much too small. Nonetheless, it
is a true world map
Geographic information systems
GIS) emerged in the 1970-80s period. GIS represents a major shift in the cartography
paradigm. In traditional (paper) cartography, the map was both the database and the
display of geographic information. For GIS, the database, analysis, and display
are physically and conceptually separate aspects of handling geographic data.
Geographic information systems comprise computer hardware, software, digital data,
people, organizations, and institutions for collecting, storing, analyzing, and displaying
georeferenced information about the Earth
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TYPES OF MAPS:
In understanding basic maps, the field of cartography can be divided into two general
categories:
General cartography involves those maps that are constructed for a general audience and
thus contain a variety of features.
Thematic cartography involves maps of specific geographic themes oriented toward
specific audiences.
Maps for planning and development of urban areas:
Town Planning and allied professions have always been demanding suitable base maps as a
prerequisite to any planning.
Maps are required by every Department/agency of the Provincial and Federal
Governments having stake in development of urban area.
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THE SCALE OF MAPS:
The scale of a map is the ratio of a single unit of distance on the map, to the equivalent
distance on the ground
Maps are sometimes referred to by relative descriptions of large scale or small scale.
A large scale map displays objects so they appear relatively large
An island displayed on a 1:10,000 map will appear larger than if displayed on a 1:100,000
map
The scale of map to be used for a particular purpose in a project is determined as to what
topographical features and what plan elements (details) are required to be shown with a
certain degree of clarity
SMALL (1:50,000 or larger)
MEDIUM (1:50,000 to 1:250,000)
LARGE (1:500,000 or smaller)
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THE SCALE OF MAPS:
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THE SCALE OF MAPS:
PROCESS IN PLANNING – MAP APPLICATIONS:
Requirement of maps in terms of content, accuracy, scale, etc. in planning and
development of urban areas can be appreciated well when the process involved in planning
for physical development and implementation is known
Planning urban areas, especially metropolitan areas and cities, may have three stages,
although they can vary:
Outline Development Plan (ODP) now re-christened as Perspective Plan, at macro
(city/town) level
Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) also at macro level This can also be called
Master Plan
Zonal Plans for part of city/town to elaborate the details
Town Planning Schemes at micro (local) level to implement the plan.
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These levels are basically to perceive, conceptualize and see details from city/ town level
to part of city/town and local level. These levels naturally require maps at different scales
with different content with one or fewer maps to see the area under consideration.
AR-309 ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING
PREPARATION OF MASTER PLAN:
Preparation of Master Plan at Metro/city level is highly complex and needs multi-
disciplinary team of experts.
Most important planning survey is the use of building and parcels of lands, not only in
the existing developed area but also in the vicinity, what is called Local Planning Area
Another planning survey for physical aspect is structural condition survey. This survey
assumes importance in old areas due for redevelopment and/or rejuvenation. Structural
conditions of buildings are classified in to 4 or 5 classes: very good, good, moderate, poor
and obsolete. This survey is for structures for which each and every structure must clearly
be available on maps to mark the appropriate condition in the field and to prepare fair
maps in office.
Planning studies other than Land Use and Structural Condition are for:
Density of population/house holds
House hold survey for social, economic conditions which is a sample survey
Traffic and transportation survey
Problems in physical condition like congested areas, narrow roads, bottlenecks,
bad junctions, low lying areas, pollution from industry, etc.
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CONCEPT PLANS: Concept plans are free hand sketches on the base of accurate maps, at
smaller scale (1:10,000 or 1:20,000 depending on the planning area) on one or two
sheets, to show the boundaries of land areas for different uses, arterial and lower order
road system, railway system, density of population/ house holds, etc. However,
boundaries of proposed land uses and road system will not have any definite geometry.
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MASTER PLAN:
After a concept or combination of two or three is accepted, Master Plan (CDP) is
prepared on accurate map at larger scales, say 1:20,000 or 1:10,000 (for Metros and
large cities), and 1:5,000 for others
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PREPARATION OF ZONAL PLANS:
The phase of Zonal Plan is between Master Plan and detail plan. Zonal plans are
enlargement of Master Plan for part of city or town or for a particular land use zone.
PREPARATION OF AREA PLAN
Area plans are action plans to implement the proposals in Master Plan. It may be for
extension of city/town or rejuvenation or redevelopment of old and blighted areas.
Master Plan is the basis for Area Planning
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