ELECTRONICS 1: CHPTER 4 SUMMARY NOTES
Important Formulae:
IC
=
I B …………………1
IC
=
I E …………………2
I E = IC + I B
……………3
IC IC
= IC +
………..1 and 2 in 3
I C = I E
+ 1
VC VRC
VB VRB
Fixed Bias:
Input Side: Output Side:
VCC = VRB + VBE VCC = VRC + VCE
VCC = I B RB + VBE VCC = I C RC + VCE
VCC − VBE = I B RB VCE = VCC − I C RC
VCC − VBE
IB =
RB
1
Emitter Stabilised:
Input Side: Output Side:
VCC = VRB + VBE + VRE VCC = VRC + VCE + VRE
VCC = I B RB + VBE + I E RE VCC = I C RC + VCE + I E RE
VCC − VBE = I B RB + I E RE IC I E
VCC − VBE = I B RB + I B ( + 1) RE VCE = VCC − I C ( RC + RE )
VCC − VBE
IB =
RB + ( + 1) RE
2
Collector- feedback bias:
Input Side: Output Side:
VCC = VRC + VRB + VBE + VRE VCC = VRC + VCE + VRE
VCC = I C RC + I B RB + VBE + I E RE VCC = I C RC + VCE + I E RE
VCC − VBE = I C RC + I B RB + I E RE IC I E
I C I E = I C I C = I B VCE = VCC − I C ( RC + RE )
VCC − VBE = I B RB + I C RC + I C RE
VCC − VBE = I B RB + I B (RC + RE )
VCC − VBE = I B RB + (RC + RE )
VCC − VBE
IB =
RB + (RC + RE )
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Voltage (Potential) divider bias:
Exact Method: Approximate Method:
Determining the ETH by replacing back the Applicable only when: βRE ≥ 10R2
voltage sources the Thevenin voltage cct. is
R 2VCC
as shown. Then apply the voltage-divider VB = VR 2 =
rule. R1 + R 2
VRE = VB − VBE
VE
IE =
RE
IC I E
R 2VCC
ETH = VR 2 =
R1 + R 2
ETH = VRTH + VBE + VRE
ETH = I B RTH + VBE + I E RE
ETH − VBE = I B RTH + I E RE
ETH − VBE = I B RTH + I B ( + 1) RE
ETH − VBE
IB =
RTH + ( + 1) RE
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Transistor Saturation in Amplifiers:
• Saturation means the levels of a system have reached their maximum values.
• For a transistor operating in the saturation region, the current is maximum value for a
particular design.
• Saturation region is normally avoided because the B-C junction is no longer reverse-biased
and the o/p amplified signal will be distorted.
• Make VCE = 0 and calculate IC using the output equation for the different circuits:
• Fixed Bias: the output equation is VCE =VCC-ICRC
• making VCE = 0 results in IC(SAT) = VCC/RC
• For the rest of the circuits the output equation is the same: VCE =VCC-IC(RC + RE)
• making VCE = 0 results in IC(SAT) = VCC/(RC +RE)
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Load-Line Analysis:
By refering to the output equation, a straight line can be drawn on the output characteristics. This
line is called-load line.
- This line connects the Q-point for each separate input current.
- At any point along the load-line, values of IB, IC and VCE can be picked off the graph.
• The process of plotting the load line is as follows:
Step 1:
Refer to the fixed-bias circuit; on o/p loop: VCE = VCC – ICRC …………………………(1)
Choose IC = 0 mA. Subtitute into eq (1), we get
VCE = VCC ……………………………………………………………………………..(2)
Step 2: Choose VCE = 0 V and subtitute into (1), we get
IC = VCC/RC ……………………………………………………………..(3)
Step 3: Joining the two points defined by (2) + (3), we get a straight line that can be drawn as below:
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For the rest of the circuits the output equation is: VCE =VCC-IC(RC + RE)…………………………(1)
Choose IC = 0 mA. Subtitute into eq (1), we get
VCE = VCC ……………………………………………………………………………..(2)
Step 2: Choose VCE = 0 V and subtitute into (1), we get
IC = VCC/(RC +RE)……………………………………………………………..(3)
Step 3: Joining the two points defined by (2) + (3), we get a straight line that can be drawn as below:
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Transistor Switching Networks:
Transistors with only the DC source applied can be used as electronic switches
Example: For the following switching circuit determine the values standard E12 of RC and RB
The transistor will switch between saturation and cut-off region.
VCC
The collector current under saturation (i.e. make VCE = 0): I Csat =
RC
I Csat
The base current that will ensure saturation: IB =
dc
Use the minimum hFE or β value from the datasheet: DC(min)
Design Operations:
● The design process is one where a current and/or voltage may be specified and the
requirement is to establish the designated levels.
● Requires clear understanding of:
- Device characteristics
- Basic network equations
- Basic laws of circuit analysis
e.g. (Ohm’s & KVL etc)
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Example: Given the device Characteristics for the figure below, determine VCC, RB and RC for the
corresponding fixed bias network:
Solution
From the load line:
VCC = 20V
VCC
IC =
RC
VCC 20V
RC = = = 2.5k
IC 8mA
VCC − VBE 20V − 0.7V
IB = = = 482.5k
IB 40A
Using standard E12 resistor values of
RC = 2.7 kΩ ; RB = 470 kΩ result in IB = 41.1 µA
Potential Divider Design:
● The following are important design rules:
VE = 10% VCC
IC≈IE
βRE = 10R2
VCC * R2
VR 2 =
R1 + R2
Chapter 4 Problems Exercises:
a) From the Prescribed Textbook attempt Q1; Q8; Q10; Q18; Q21 using both the EXACT and
APPROXIMATE METHOD (Show how Test whether this method can be used).; Q24; Q27;
Q29; Q32.
b) Design a potential divider bias network using the following parameters:
● ICQ = 5 mA; VCEQ = 6 V; β =200; VCC = 12 V. (i.e Determine R1; R2; RC; RE and use E12 values)
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