BTCVC303

Building
Construction and
Drawing
Presented by Ms. B. R. Mali
Asst. Prof. Civil Engg. Dept., AMGOI , Vathar

(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
Course Outcomes (CO): -
CO1: Understand types of masonry structures.
CO2:Comprehend components of building and
there purposes.
CO3: Draw plan, elevation and section of various
structures.
CO4: Apply the principles of planning and by laws
used for building planning.
CO5: Prepare detailed working drawing for doors
and windows.

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Module 2: Concrete for Construction
 Introduction:
Cement concrete may be defined as a building material obtained by
mixing cement, fine aggregates (usually sand), coarse aggregate
(usually crushed stone) & water in definite proportion.
Fresh concrete is a workable & mouldable plastic mixture which
flows easily so that it can be transported, placed & compacted to
attain the required shape.
 The product is then allowed to cure for gaining strength.
 The strength of concrete depends upon the properties of the
ingredients.
 Ingredients of Concrete:
i) Binding material like cement, lime, fly ash
ii) Fine aggregates
iii) Coarse aggregates
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iv) Water
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Cement:
Cement means binding material. It has the property of setting &
hardening when mixed with water to attain strength. The cement
may be natural or artificial.
Natural cement is manufactured by burning & then crushing
natural cement stones, which contain argillaceous & calcareous
matter.
It is not as strong as artificial cement & therefore obsolete these
days.
Artificial cement is manufactured by burning appropriately
proportioned mixture of argillaceous & calcareous materials at a very
high temperature & then grinding the resulting burnt mixture to a
fine powder.
 Cement is always used in the form of mortar which is a
proportioned mix of cement, sand & water or cement concrete which
(BR/BCD/CE/SY) 4
is a proportioned mix of cement, coarse agg., fine agg. & water.
Module 2: Concrete for Construction
Cement:
Various types of cement are developed for use in construction. The
most commonly used cement is ordinary Portland cement or normal
Portland cement, the colour of which is similar to a type of sandstone
available abundantly in Portland, England.
Other types of cement include rapid hardening cement, low heat
cement, sulphate resisting cement, blast furnace slag cement, high
alumina cement, pozzulona cement, quick setting cement which are
used in specific situations.
 Properties of Cement:
1. Physical Properties
2. Mechanical Properties
3. Chemical Properties

(BRM/BCD/CE/SY) 5
Module 2: Concrete for Construction
Cement:
 Physical Properties:
a) Fineness:
 Fineness of cement refers to the size of grains or particles of
cement. Lesser the grain size, finer the cement.
Due to small grain size, more surface area is available for contact
with water & the reaction of hydration becomes faster, gaining of
strength is more rapid & rate of evolution of heat increases.
b) Standard Consistency:
 Consistency of cement refers to the thickness or thinness of
cement paste when cement is mixed with water.
Standard consistency is defined as that consistency which will
permit a standard Vicat plunger to penetrate a depth of 33 to 35 mm
from the top of the mould in a standard Vicat apparatus.
(BRM/BCD/CE/SY) 6
Module 2: Concrete for Construction
Cement:
 Physical Properties:
b) Standard Consistency:
The Vicat apparatus is used for three tests, namely, standard
consistency test, initial setting time test & final setting time test by
changing the attachment.
c) i) Initial Setting Time (IS 4031, Part 5 1988, 2000) :
Initial setting time is the time elapsed between the moment when
water is poured in cement to the moment when the cement paste
starts losing its plasticity.
It is very difficult to exactly know the moment when cement paste
starts losing plasticity, hence convenient but arbitrary limit is defined
by the initial setting time test.

(BRM/BCD/CE/SY) 7
Module 2: Concrete for Construction
Cement:
 Physical Properties:
c) ii) Final Setting Time (IS 4031, Part 5 1988, 2000) :
Final setting time is defined as the time elapsed between the
moment when water is added to cement & the moment when the
cement paste has completely lost its plasticity.
d) Soundness (IS 4031, Part 3 1988, 2000) :
If the cement contains excess lime, or is insufficiently burnt during
manufacture, it is called unsound cement as it shows large volume
changes with change in temperature, after setting & hardening.
Such changes are undesirable as they will cause disruption of the
hardened mass. Unsoundness may also be due to excessive
proportion of magnesia or of sulphates.

(BRM/BCD/CE/SY) 8
Module 2: Concrete for Construction
Cement:
 Physical Properties:
d) Soundness (IS 4031, Part 3 1988, 2000) :
The soundness test ensures that the cement does not show
excessive thermal expansion & if it does, it can be rejected. This test
is performed with the Le Chatelier’s Apparatus. It consists of a brass
cylinder, cut along its height with two pointers welded along each
side of the cut.
 Mechanical Properties:
a) Compressive Strength (IS 4031, Part 6, 1988, 2000) :
Compressive strength of cement is the most important parameter
& hence this test is one of the most important tests.
Test cannot be performed on neat cement paste due to excessive
shrinkage & subsequent cracking of neat cement paste.
(BRM/BCD/CE/SY) 9
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CCoem
 nesnttr: uction
 Mechanical Properties:
a) Compressive Strength (IS 4031, Part 6, 1988, 2000) :
 Instead, a standard mortar is prepared by mixing standard sand
conforming to IS 650-1960.
The table no. 1 shows the number of cubes to be tested & the
respective minimum compressive strengths for different periods for
some types of cement.
Table No. 1 : Compressive Strength of Cement
Sr. Types of Cement No. of 1 Day 3 Days 7 Days 28 Days
No. Cubes Strength Strength Strength Strength
Tested N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
1 Ordinary Portland Cement 2 Cubes -- 16 22 --
2 Rapid Hardening Cement 2 Cubes 16 28 -- --
3 Low Heat Cement 3 Cubes -- 10 16 35
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 Mechanical Properties:
b) Tensile Strength (IS 4031, Part 6, 1988, 2000) :
 The tensile strength should not be less than 2 N/mm2 at the end of 3
days & it should be less than 3.5 N/mm2 at the end of 7 days.
 Chemical Properties:
Major chemical components of cement are lime, silica, iron, alumina
& other components are magnesia, sulphur. The quality of cement
depends upon the ratio of percentage of chemical components.
i)Percentage ratio of time to percentage to silica, alumina, iron oxide
should not be less than 0.66 & should be more than 1.0.
ii) Percentage ratio of alumina to iron oxide should not be less than
0.66.
iii) Weight of magnesia content should not be more than 5%.
iv) Weight of insoluble residue should not exceed 1.5%. 11
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 Chemical Properties:
v) Total loss on ignition shall not be more than 4%.
vi) Total sulphur percentage should be exceed 2.75%.
Aggregates:
Aggregates provide the concrete with its body & strength & act as
filler material to give the homogenous mass of concrete along with
cement paste.
Mostly, the aggregates were considered chemically inactive &
acting as only filler material. But now it is recognized that many types
of aggregates form chemical bonds with cement paste.
 Two types of aggregates:
i) Fine Aggregates
ii) Coarse Aggregates (BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
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Sand comes under the category of fine aggregates & crushed stone
or metal, called khadi or gitti in marathi, comes under coarse
aggregate.
 Types or Classification of Aggregates:
i) Grain Size
ii) Its origin
iii) Density
 Based on grain size:
i) Fine Aggregates:
 Aggregates having size less than 4.75 mm termed as fine aggregates.
 Sand obtained from the river bed is used as fine aggregates. Now a
days crushed sand or artificial sand is used as fine aggregate.

(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
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 Based on grain size:
ii) Coarse Aggregates:
 Aggregates having size more than 4.75 mm termed as coarse
aggregates.
 Based on its origin:
i) Natural Aggregate:
This type of aggregate include all fine & coarse aggregates
obtained from the natural resources.
ii) Artificial Aggregate:
This type of aggregate is processed aggregate in stone crusher. It
can be broken stone or broken bricks or crushed air cooled blast
furnace slag.

(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
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 Based on density:
i) Normal Aggregate:
Sand, gravel & crushed stones are considered as normal
aggregates. It give the concrete of standard strength & this concrete
weighing around 23-25 KN/m3.
ii) High Density Aggregate:
The aggregate having specific gravity of 4.3 is considered as high
density aggregates. Concrete obtained from this aggregates
weighting above 40 KN/m3.
iii) Light weight Aggregate:
This type of aggregate includes natural as well as artificial
aggregate of having very low density. Concrete obtained from such
aggregates weighing within range of 3.5-7.5 KN/m3.
(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
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 Properties of a good aggregate:
Shapes of aggregate should be rounded, cubical, angular flaky or
elongated
Surface texture of aggregate is generally preferable to smooth
aggregate
 It should be chemically inert
It should have sufficient toughness to resist the impact load and
vibratory loads
It should able to take compressive load as well as normal tensile
load in ordinary concrete
 The aggregate should be easily workable when it combines with
cement and water

(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
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 Uses of aggregate:
 Coarse aggregate are used to make the sub-base in road pavement
 Aggregates are commonly used to prepare concrete
Aggregates are adequately used as road metal, ballast for railway
track, sub-base for road pavements
 Blast furnace slag is a very suitable aggregate to prepare the light-
weight concrete
 Classification of concrete:
1) Plain cement concrete (PCC)
2) Reinforced cement concrete (RCC)
3) Precast concrete
4) Prestressed concrete
(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
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CoClansssfitr
i cautc
i ontioofcnoncrete:
1) Plain cement concrete (PCC):
The grades of PCC are generally designated as M15, M20, M25 etc.
where M stands for mix and the number stands for compressive
strength of that mix after 28 days expressed in N/mm2.
The procedure for deciding the proportion of various ingredients
for a particular mix is termed as ‘concrete mix design’.
The proportion of ingredients for various mixes can be decided by
using nominal mixes. For example a mix of 1:2:4 i.e. 1 part of cement,
2 parts of fine aggregate, 4 parts of coarse aggregate along with
water in proportion to water-cement ratio makes a concrete of grade
M15.
PCC has very less tensile strength and therefore it is not used for
flexural members.
(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
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i cautc
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2) Reinforced cement concrete (RCC):
As PCC has a little usable tensile strength (1/10th of strength in
compression) it is reinforced with a tensile material usually steel
 The reinforcement is in the form of mild steel or tor steel bars
Recently use of M15 concrete for any type of RCC work is
prohibited by Indian standards. The minimum grade of concrete to be
used is M20.
 The concrete manufactured on site is termed as ‘in-situ concrete’.
Concrete is used in almost all types of construction either in the
form of PCC or RCC.

(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
Module 2: Concrete for
CoClansssfitr
i cautc
i ontioofcnoncrete:
Enlists various types of nominal mixes used for specific jobs
Sr. No. Name of the construction job Concrete Mix
1 Levelling course below footing, mass concrete for heavy 1:4:8 / 1:5:10 (PCC)
walls
2 Concrete flooring, compound walls, parapet, ordinary 1:3:6 (PCC)
machine foundations
3 Damp proof course (DPC) 1:2:4 (PCC)
4 General RCC work in buildings Viz. beams, columns, 1:1.5:3
slabs, stairs, lintels, machine foundations
5 Water retaining structures 1:2:3
6 Precast fencing poles, precast telegraph poles 1:2:2
7 Prestressed concrete, highly loaded columns long span 1:1:2 (and above)
arches

(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
Module 2: Concrete for
CoClansssfitr
i cautc
i ontioofcnoncrete:
3) Precast concrete (PC):
The term PC is applied to individual concrete members of various
types, which are cast in separate forms before they are placed in the
structure.
Precast members are cast either on building sites or in casting yards
located at some distance or in precast concrete factories.
Precast members are then transported to the site and then placed
in position by cranes or other devices if they are heavy like beam or
slab units.
In manufacture of precast members, reinforcement is placed in the
moulds and then concrete of required grade is placed inside the
mould.

(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
Module 2: Concrete for
CoClansssfitr
i cautc
i ontioofcnoncrete:
3) Precast concrete (PC):
Due to use of precast members, building erection work can be
done with greater speed.
Precast concrete compound poles, electricity poles are commonly
used. The precast concrete members can be either of RCC or
prestressed concrete.
4) Prestressed concrete (PSC):
This is a reinforced concrete in which concrete is subjected to
compressive stresses, before the external loads are applied, by
inducing tensile stresses in the reinforcement to counteract tensile
stresses caused in the concrete by external loads.
If the tensile reinforcement is subjected to tensile stresses before
external loads are applied compressive stresses are induced in the
(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
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CoClansssfitr
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i ontioofcnoncrete:
4) Prestressed concrete (PSC):
concrete of the beam which absorbs or counteracts the tensile
stresses caused by external loads in concrete.
Thus concrete can therefore be used effectively in resisting tensile
stresses also. Steel cables of high tensile strength are used as
reinforcements along with rich concrete mix (above M30).
The prestressed concrete members are generally precast. The pre-
stressing is done either by pre-tensioning or post tensioning.
Advantages like excellent fire resistance, elegance, high corrosion
resistance can be attributed to prestressed concrete.
 Prestressed concrete permits the use of large spans with shallow
members.

(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
Module 2: Concrete for
CoClansssfitr
i cautc
i ontioofcnoncrete:
 Properties of Fresh Concrete:
When concrete is mixed & ready for placement in the formwork, it
is called as fresh concrete.
1. Workability:
It is defined as the ease with which concrete can be placed in the
formwork, fills the formwork completely by flowing & the ease with
which it can be compacted.
 The opposite of workability is harshness.
A workable concrete will have a uniform colour, the aggregates will
be lubricated with sufficient cement paste, so that the concrete can
be easily poured into & fills easily the corners of the formwork.
The harsh concrete will be stiff. It will be hard to pour & it will have
to be forced by rodding to fill the formwork completely.
(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
Module 2: Concrete for
CoClansssfitr
i cautc
i ontioofcnoncrete:
 Properties of Fresh Concrete:
1. Workability:
 It can be easily seen, the main factor controlling workability is the
water-cement ratio. There are other factors also, which affect
workability.
2. Segregation:
It can be defined as the separation of the constituent materials of
concrete.
A good concrete is one which shows uniform distribution of the
constituents.
 There are three types of segregation:
i) The coarse aggregate settles down in the matrix.
ii) The matrix paste separates from the coarse aggregate.
Dept. of Civil Engg., AMGOI, Vathar
(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
iii) Water separates out from the rest of the ingredients.
Module 2: Concrete for
CoClansssfitr
i cautc
i ontioofcnoncrete:
 Properties of Fresh Concrete:
3. Bleeding:
 It is a particular form of segregation in which water comes to the
top of the concrete.
It is also called water gain & is particularly more problematic in wet
mixes.
If along with the water, certain quantity of cement also comes to
the surface, it forms a cement paste at the top surface of concrete.
This formation of cement paste at the surface is known as
Laitance.
 In such a case, the top surface of slabs & pavements will not have
good wearing quality.
 This laitance produces dust in summer & mud in rainy season. Due
to higher content of waterDe(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
&pt.oafCbivsilEengngc. ,AeMGoOfI,Vaathgagr regate, 26
Module 2: Concrete for
CoClansssfitr
i cautc
i ontioofcnoncrete:
 Properties of Fresh Concrete:
3. Bleeding:
the top surface develops higher shrinkage cracks. If laitance is
formed on a particular lift, a plane of weakness would form & bond
with the next lift would be poor.
 This can be avoided by removing the laitance fully before pouring
the next lift.
Due to upward movement of water, water voids may be formed
which weaken the bond between aggregates & between steel &
concrete. It may cause resting of the reinforcement.

(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
Dept. of Civil Engg., AMGOI, Vathar 27
Module 2: Concrete for
CoClansssfitr
i cautc
i ontioofcnoncrete:
 Properties of Hardened Concrete:
Concrete when hardened, is quite different from the fresh
concrete & hence, different properties now gain importance in the
behaviour of hardened concrete.
 There are mainly three properties hardened concrete:
i) Compressive strength:
Concrete is a construction material which has always been meant
to resist compressive stresses most efficiently.
Hence unless or otherwise mentioned, the strength of concrete
means compressive strength.
ii) Durability:
The capacity to resist forces of disintegration due to natural or
other causes such as temperature changes, variations in moisture
content, attack of chemicaDles(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
pt.oofrCivwilEengag.,tAhMGeOrI,Viasthcaralled the durability. 28
Module 2: Concrete for
CoClansssfitr
i cautc
i ontioofcnoncrete:
 Properties of Hardened Concrete:
ii) Durability:
 It depends on the quality of ingredients as well as the methods of
mixing, placing & compacting concrete.
iii) Impermeability:
 The resistance to seepage or leakage of water through it is called
impermeability of concrete.
 Impermeability of concrete is ensured by:
1. Grading of aggregate to have minimum voids.
2. Using a concrete mix of low water-cement ratio.
3. Sufficient & uniform compaction.
4. Use of plasticizers for increasing workability at low water-cement
ratio. (BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
Module 2: Concrete for
CoClansssfitr
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i ontioofcnoncrete:
 Properties of Hardened Concrete:
iii) Impermeability:
5. Avoiding honey combing & bleeding.
6.Using water-proofing compounds as admixtures during preparation
of concretes.
Importance of Admixture Material :
 Fly Ash:
It is one of the residues generated in combustion & comprises the
fine particles that rise with the gas.
It is generally captured by electrostatic precipitators or other
particle filtration equipments.

(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
Module 2: Concrete for
CoImnposrttarnucectofioAdnmixtureMaterial :
 Fly Ash:
 Properties:
Depending upon the source & make-up of the coal being burned,
the components of fly ash vary considerably, but all fly ash includes
substainal amounts of –
i) Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) – both amorphous & crystalline.
ii) Calcium Oxide (CaO)
The toxic constituents depends upon the specific coal bed makeup,
but may include one or more of the following elements of substances
in quantities from trace amounts to several percentage: arsenic,
beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese,
mercury, selenium, strontium, thallium & vanadium along with
dioxins & PAH compounds.
(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
Module 2: Concrete for Construction
 Importance of Admixture Material :
 Fly Ash:
 Uses:
 Concrete production, as a substitute material for Portland cement
& sand.
 Embankments & other structural fills.
 Grout & flowable fill production.
 Waste stabilization & solidification.
 Cement clinkers production.
 Mine reclamation.
 Stabilization of soft soil.
 Road sub-base construction.
 Brick production.
(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
Module 2: Concrete for Construction
 Importance of Admixture Material :
 Chemical Admixtures:
Concrete admixtures are used to improve the behaviour of
concrete under a variety of conditions & are of two main types:
Chemical & Mineral
It reduces the cost of construction, modify properties of hardened
concrete, ensure quality of concrete during mixing / transporting /
placing / curing & overcome certain emergencies during concrete
operations.
It is used to improve the quality of concrete. They fall into the
following categories:
1. Air entertainers 2. Water reducers 3. Set retarders
4. Set accelerators 5. Super plasticizers
 Specialty admixtures which corrosion inhibitors, shrinkage control,
alkali-silica reactivity inhibDie(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
tpot.orfsCiv&ilEncggo.,AloMGuOrIi,Vnathga.r 33
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 Importance of Admixture Material :
 Pozzolana:
It is a very old construction material which was used even in
Roman times.
It does not have any cementing or binding properties, but in finely
ground form, it reacts with Ca(OH)2 to form compounds having
cementing properties.
For manufacture of Portland pozzolana cement, pozzolana
materials such as diatomaecious earth, opaline shales, tuffs, volcanic
ash, pumice stone, fly ash etc. are used in the manufacture of
cement.
 The pozzolana constituent must be within 10 to 25%. The mixing of
pozzolana component & OPC should be very thorough.
 The fineness through 90 micron sieve should not be more than 5%
residue. (BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
Dept. of Civil Engg., AMGOI, Vathar 34
Module 2: Concrete for Construction
 Importance of Admixture Material :
 Pozzolana:
PPC can be called a type of low heat cement as it produces less
heat of hydration.
 It has more resistance to attack of aggressive waters.
It reduces leaching of calcium hydroxide when used in hydraulic
structures.
It can be used in all situations wherever OPC can be used. But in
India, there is misgiving about using this cement. This is unjustified,
as long as inferior pozzolanic materials are not used.
 PPC is mainly used in hydraulic constructions.

(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
Dept. of Civil Engg., AMGOI, Vathar 35
Module 2: Concrete for Construction
 Importance of Admixture Material :
 Admixtures in concrete:
 Concrete admixtures improve the properties of concrete.
Admixtures are materials other than cement, aggregate & water
that are added to concrete either before or during its mixing to alter
its properties, such as workability, curing temperature range, set time
or colour.
Some admixtures have been in use for a very long time, such as
calcium chloride to provide a cold weather setting concrete.
Others are more recent & represent an area of expanding
possibilities for increased performance.
 Not all admixture are economical to employ on a particular
project.
 Based on their functions admixtures can be classified into the
following major categoriesD(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
:ept. of Civil Engg., AMGOI, Vathar 36
Module 2: Concrete for Construction
 Importance of Admixture Material :
 Admixtures in concrete:
A. Retarding admixtures
B. Accelerating admixtures
C. Super plasticizers
D. Water reducing admixtures
E. Air entraining admixtures

(BRM/BCD/CE/SY)
Dept. of Civil Engg., AMGOI, Vathar 37