Module 3: Z-Transforms

INTRODUCTION: Z-transform can be considered as a discrete-time

equivalent of the Laplace transform. In signal processing, the Z-transform
converts a discrete-time signal, which is a sequence of real or complex
numbers, into a complex frequency domain representation. Thus, by applying
Z-transform to a sequence of data points, we create an expression that allows
us to perform frequency domain analysis of discrete-time signals. Since transfer
functions created for digital filters with the help of Z-transform, the Z-
transform proves extremely useful in digital filter design. The Z-transform
serves as a tool to solve linear difference equations.

Definition: Let 𝑢𝑛 be a function (sequence) defined for the discrete values

𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, …, then Z-transform of 𝑢𝑛 is defined as
∞

𝒁[𝒖𝒏 ] = ∑ 𝒖𝒏 𝒛−𝒏 = 𝑼(𝒛) [provided the power series 𝑧 −𝑛 converges]

𝒏=𝟎

where 𝑛 is a non negative integer and 𝑧 is, in general, a complex number.

It follows that,

𝑛 − 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 Z-transform 𝑧 − 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛

Remarks:
1) The bilateral (two sided) Z-transform of 𝑢𝑛 is defined as
∞

𝒁[𝒖𝒏 ] = ∑ 𝒖𝒏 𝒛−𝒏 = 𝑼(𝒛)

𝒏=−∞
2) The Z-transform does not converge for all sequences 𝑢𝑛 or for all values
of 𝑛.
3) Many sequences 𝑢𝑛 will have Z-transform that can expressed in a
compact form.
4) Note that
∞
𝑢1 𝑢2
𝑍[𝑢𝑛 ] = ∑ 𝑢𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛 = 𝑢0 + 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 + 𝑢2 𝑧 −2 + ⋯ = 𝑢0 + + + ⋯ = 𝑈(𝑧)
𝑧1 𝑧 2
𝑛=0
5) The inverse Z-transform of 𝑈(𝑧) is written as 𝒁−𝟏 [𝑼(𝒛)] = 𝒖𝒏 .
Linearity Property
If 𝑎, 𝑏 & 𝑐 are constants and 𝑢𝑛 , 𝑣𝑛 & 𝑤𝑛 are discrete functions, then
𝑍[𝑎𝑢𝑛 + 𝑏𝑣𝑛 − 𝑐𝑤𝑛 ] = 𝑎𝑍[𝑢𝑛 ] + 𝑏𝑍[𝑣𝑛 ] − 𝑐𝑍[𝑤𝑛 ]

3.1 Some Standard Z-transforms

𝒛
𝟏) 𝒁[𝒂𝒏 ] = 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 "𝐚" 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭.
𝒛−𝒂
𝑧 𝑧
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐬: 𝑍[2𝑛 ] = 𝑍[−4𝑛 ] = −
𝑧−2 𝑧−4
1 1 𝑛 𝑧 𝑧 3𝑧
𝑍 [ 𝑛 ] = 𝑍 [( ) ] = = =
3 3 1 3𝑧 − 1 3𝑧 − 1
𝑧−
3 3
2𝑛 1
𝑍 [− ] = − 𝑍[2𝑛 ] [𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦]
3 3
1 𝑧 𝑧
=− [ ]=−
3 𝑧−2 3(𝑧 − 2)
𝑧
𝑍[𝑒 𝑎𝑛 ] = 𝑍[(𝑒 𝑎 )𝑛 ] =
𝑧 − 𝑒𝑎
Note:
𝑧 𝑧 𝒛
𝐢) 𝑍[(−𝑎)𝑛 ] = = ∴ 𝒁[(−𝒂)𝒏 ] =
𝑧 − (−𝑎) 𝑧 + 𝑎 𝒛+𝒂
𝑧 𝑧
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐬: 𝑍[(−2)𝑛 ] = 𝑍[(−4)𝑛 ] =
𝑧+2 𝑧+4
𝑧 𝒛
𝐢𝐢) 𝑍[1] = 𝑍[1𝑛 ] = ∴ 𝒁[𝟏] =
𝑧−1 𝒛−𝟏
𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝑍[𝑘 ] = 𝑍[𝑘 ∗ 1𝑛 ] = 𝑘𝑍[1𝑛 ] [by linearity property]
𝑧 𝑘𝑧
=𝑘 =
𝑧−1 𝑧−1
𝒌𝒛
∴ 𝒁[𝒌] = 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 "k" 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭
𝒛−𝟏
2𝑧 3𝑧 −4𝑧
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐬: 𝑍[2] = 𝑍[3] = 𝑍[−4] =
𝑧−1 𝑧−1 𝑧−1
∞

𝐢𝐯) 𝑍[0] = ∑(0) 𝑧 −𝑛 = 0 [𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛] ∴ 𝒁[𝟎] = 𝟎

𝑛=0
 𝒅
𝟐) 𝒁[𝒏𝒑 ] = −𝒛 [𝒁(𝒏𝒑−𝟏 )] 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐩 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐫
𝒅𝒛
𝒛 𝟐]
𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛 𝟑]
𝒛𝟑 + 𝟒𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛
𝒊) 𝒁[𝒏] = 𝒊𝒊) 𝒁[𝒏 = 𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒁[𝒏 =
(𝒛 − 𝟏 )𝟐 (𝒛 − 𝟏 )𝟑 (𝒛 − 𝟏 )𝟒

𝑧 2𝑧 −3𝑧
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐬: 𝑍[2𝑛] = 2𝑍[𝑛] = 2 = 𝑍[−3𝑛] =
(𝑧 − 1)2 (𝑧 − 1)2 (𝑧 − 1)2

2]
2(𝑧 2 + 𝑧) 2]
−3(𝑧 2 + 𝑧)
𝑍[2𝑛 = 𝑍[−3𝑛 =
(𝑧 − 1)3 (𝑧 − 1)3

3]
2(𝑧 3 + 4𝑧 2 + 𝑧) 3]
−3(𝑧 3 + 4𝑧 2 + 𝑧)
𝑍[2𝑛 = 𝑍[−3𝑛 =
(𝑧 − 1)4 (𝑧 − 1)4

𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒛 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝟑) 𝒊) 𝒁[𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝜽] = 𝟐 𝒊𝒊) 𝒁[𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝜽] =
𝒛 − 𝟐𝒛 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝟏 𝒛𝟐 − 𝟐𝒛 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝟏
𝑧 2 − 𝑧 cos 2 𝑧 sin 3
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐬: 𝟏. 𝑍[cos 2𝑛] = 2 𝑍[sin 3𝑛] = 2
𝑧 − 2𝑧 cos 2 + 1 𝑧 − 2𝑧 cos 3 + 1
𝑛𝜋 𝑧(1) 𝑧
2. 𝑍 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 )] = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧(0)+1 = 𝑧 2+1
𝑛𝜋 𝑧 2 +𝑧(0) 𝑧2
3. 𝑍 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 )] = 𝑧 2−2𝑧(0)+1 = 𝑧 2+1

𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝜽 𝒛 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝜽
𝟒) 𝒊) 𝒁[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒏𝜽] = 𝟐 𝒊𝒊) 𝒁[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒏𝜽] = 𝟐
𝒛 − 𝟐𝒛 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝜽 + 𝟏 𝒛 − 𝟐𝒛 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝜽 + 𝟏

𝑧 2 − 𝑧 cosh 2 𝑧 sinh 3
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐬: 𝑍[cosh 2𝑛] = 2 𝑍[sinh 3𝑛] = 2
𝑧 − 2𝑧 cosh 2 + 1 𝑧 − 2𝑧 cosh 3 + 1
Damping Rules
𝒊) 𝒁[𝒂𝒏 𝒖𝒏 ] = [𝒁(𝒖𝒏 )]𝒛⟶ 𝒛
𝒂

𝒊𝒊) 𝒁[𝒂−𝒏 𝒖𝒏 ] = [𝒁(𝒖𝒏 )]𝒛⟶𝒂𝒛

𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐬:
𝒂𝒛
𝟏) 𝒁[𝒏 𝒂𝒏 ] =
(𝒛 − 𝒂 )𝟐
2𝑧 −4𝑧
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐬: 𝑍[2𝑛 𝑛] = 𝑍[(−4)𝑛 𝑛] =
(𝑧 − 2)2 (𝑧 + 4)2
 𝒏 𝟐]
𝒂𝒛𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒛
𝟐) 𝒁[𝒂 𝒏 =
(𝒛 − 𝒂 )𝟑

𝑛 2]
2𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 𝑛 2]
−4𝑧 2 + 16𝑧
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐬: 𝑍[2 𝑛 = ; 𝑍[(−4) 𝑛 =
(𝑧 − 2)3 (𝑧 + 4)3

𝒏
𝒛𝟐 − 𝒂𝒛 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝟑) 𝒁[𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝜽] = 𝟐
𝒛 − 𝟐𝒂𝒛 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝒂𝟐
𝑛
𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos 3 𝑛
𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 cos 2
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐬: 𝑍[2 cos 3𝑛] = 2 ; 𝑍[(−3) cos 2𝑛] = 2
𝑧 − 4𝑧 cos 3 + 4 𝑧 + 6𝑧 cos 2 + 9
𝒂𝒛 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝟒) 𝒁[𝒂𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝜽] = 𝟐
𝒛 − 𝟐𝒂𝒛 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝒂𝟐
2𝑧 sin 3 −3𝑧 sin 2
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐬: 𝑍[2𝑛 sin 3𝑛] = 2 ; 𝑍[(−3)𝑛 sin 2𝑛] = 2
𝑧 − 4𝑧 cos 3 + 4 𝑧 + 6𝑧 cos 2 + 9

SOLVED PROBLEMS
𝒏𝝅
𝟏) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐙 − 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝟑𝒏 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) + 𝟓𝒂
𝟒
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: By linearity property , we can write
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑍 [3𝑛 − 4 sin ( ) + 5𝑎] = 3𝑍[𝑛] − 4𝑍 [sin ( )] + 5𝑎𝑍[1]
4 4
𝑧 𝑧
= 3[ ] − 4 [[ 𝑍(sin 𝑛𝜃) ] 𝜋 ] + 5𝑎 [ ]
(𝑧 − 1)2 𝜃= 4 𝑧−1
𝑧 𝑧 sin 𝜃 𝑧
= 3[ ] − 4 [( ) ] + 5𝑎 [ ]
(𝑧 − 1)2 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos 𝜃 + 1 𝜃=𝜋 𝑧−1
4
𝜋
𝑧 𝑧 sin (4) 𝑧
= 3[ ] − 4 [ 𝜋 ] + 5𝑎 [ ]
(𝑧 − 1)2 2
𝑧 − 2𝑧 cos ( ) + 1 𝑧 − 1
4
𝜋 𝜋 1
But, sin ( ) = cos ( ) =
4 4 √2
1
𝑛𝜋 3𝑧
) 𝑧( 5𝑎𝑧
∴ Z [3𝑛 − 4 sin ( ) + 5𝑎] = − 4 [ √ 2 ] +
4 (𝑧 − 1)2 1 (𝑧 − 1)
𝑧2 − 2𝑧 ( ) + 1
√2
3𝑧 2√2𝑧 5𝑎𝑧
= − +
(𝑧 − 1)2 𝑧2 − √2𝑧 + 1 (𝑧 − 1)
𝟐) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐙 − 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟 (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝑍 [(𝑛 + 1)2 ] = 𝑍[𝑛2 + 2𝑛 + 1]
By linearity property , we can write
𝑍[𝑛2 + 2𝑛 + 1] = 𝑍[𝑛2 ] + 2𝑍[𝑛] + 𝑍[1]
𝑧2 + 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
= + 2 +
(𝑧 − 1)3 (𝑧 − 1)2 (𝑧 − 1)
(𝑧 2 + 𝑧) + 2𝑧(𝑧 − 1) + 𝑧(𝑧 − 1)2
=
(𝑧 − 1)3
𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 2𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 𝑧 3 − 2𝑧 2 + 𝑧
=
(𝑧 − 1)3
𝑧 2 (𝑧 + 1)
∴ 𝑍[(𝑛 + 1 )2 ] =
(𝑧 − 1)3

𝟑) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐙 − 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟑𝒏 + 𝟓)

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
∴ sin(3𝑛 + 5) = sin 3𝑛 cos 5 + cos 3𝑛 sin 5
𝑍[sin(3𝑛 + 5)] = 𝑍[sin 3𝑛 cos 5 + cos 3𝑛 sin 5]
By linearity property , we can write
𝑍[sin(3𝑛 + 5)] = cos 5 𝑍[sin 3𝑛] + sin 5 𝑍[cos 3𝑛]
= cos 5 [𝑍(sin 𝑛𝜃)]𝜃=3 + sin 5 [𝑍(cos 𝑛𝜃)]𝜃=3
𝑧 sin 𝜃 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 cos 𝜃
= cos 5 [ 2 ] + sin 5 [ 2 ]
𝑧 − 2𝑧 cos 𝜃 + 1 𝜃=3 𝑧 − 2𝑧 cos 𝜃 + 1 𝜃=3

𝑧 sin 3 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 cos 3
= cos 5 [ 2 ] + sin 5 [ 2 ]
𝑧 − 2𝑧 cos 3 + 1 𝑧 − 2𝑧 cos 3 + 1
𝑧 sin 3 cos 5 + sin 5 (𝑧 2 − 𝑧 cos 3)
=
𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos 3 + 1

𝟒) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐙 − 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒏

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝑍 [𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛 ] = 𝑍[𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑛] = 𝑍[(𝑒 𝑎 )𝑛 𝑛]
By damping rule, we have 𝑍[𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑛 ] = [𝑍(𝑢𝑛 )]𝑧⟶ 𝑧
𝑎

∴ 𝑍[𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛 ] = [𝑍(𝑛)]𝑧⟶ 𝑧
𝑒𝑎
 𝑧 𝑧
𝑧 ( ) ( 𝑎)
=[ ] = 𝑒𝑎 = 𝑒
2
(𝑧 − 1)2 𝑧⟶ 𝑧 𝑧
( 𝑎 − 1) 𝑧 − 𝑒𝑎 2
𝑒𝑎 𝑒 ( 𝑎 )
𝑒
𝑧
( 𝑎) 𝑧 (𝑒 𝑎 )2
= 𝑒 = [ 𝑎] [ ]
(𝑧 − 𝑒 𝑎 )2 𝑒 (𝑧 − 𝑒 𝑎 )2
(𝑒 𝑎 )2
𝑒𝑎𝑧
=
(𝑧 − 𝑒 𝑎 )2

EXERCISE PROBLEMS
Find the Z-transform of the following functions:
8𝑧
1. 22𝑛+3 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫:
𝑧−4

𝑧2 + 𝑧 3𝑧 2𝑧
2. (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: + +
(𝑧 − 1)3 (𝑧 − 1)2 𝑧 − 1

(𝑧 3 + 𝑧) cos 𝜃 − 2𝑧 2
3. 𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 2
(𝑧 − 2𝑧 cos 𝜃 + 1)2

𝑛
𝑧 2 − 𝑎𝑧 cosh 𝜃
4. 𝑎 cosh 𝑛𝜃 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 2
𝑧 − 2𝑎𝑧 cosh 𝜃 + 𝑎2

𝑧 2 sin 𝜃
5. sin(𝑛 + 1)𝜃 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 2
𝑧 − 2𝑧 cos 𝜃 + 1
 3.2 Inverse Z-transforms
Definition: If 𝑍[𝑢𝑛 ] = 𝑈(𝑧), then 𝑍 −1 [𝑈(𝑧)] = 𝑢𝑛 is called inverse Z-
transform.

Clearly,

𝑧 − 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 Inverse Z-transform 𝑛 − 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛

Linearity Property
If 𝑎, 𝑏 & 𝑐 are constants and 𝑈(𝑧), 𝑉(𝑧) & 𝑊(𝑧) are functions of 𝑧, then
𝑍 −1 [𝑎𝑈(𝑧) + 𝑏𝑉(𝑧) − 𝑐𝑊(𝑧)] = 𝑎𝑍 −1 [𝑈(𝑧)] + 𝑏𝑍 −1 [𝑉(𝑧)] − 𝑐𝑍 −1 [𝑊(𝑧)].

List of Standard Inverse Z-transforms

𝒛
𝟏) 𝒁−𝟏 [ ]=𝟏
𝒛−𝟏
2𝑧 −3𝑧 𝜋𝑧
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐬: 𝑍 −1 [ ]=2 𝑍 −1 [ ] = −3 𝑍 −1 [ ]=𝜋
𝑧−1 𝑧−1 𝑧−1
𝒛 𝒛
𝟐) 𝒁−𝟏 [ ] = 𝒂𝒏 & 𝒁−𝟏 [ ] = (−𝒂)𝒏
𝒛−𝒂 𝒛+𝒂
𝑧 𝑧
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐬: 𝑍 −1 [ ] = 2𝑛 𝑍 −1 [ ] = (−4)𝑛
𝑧−2 𝑧+4
𝑛 𝑛
𝑧 1 2𝑧 1
𝑍 −1 [ ] = ( ) ; 𝑍 −1 [ ] = 2 (− )
1 2 1 3
𝑧− 𝑧+
2 3

−𝟏
𝒛 −𝟏
𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛 𝒛𝟑 + 𝟒𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛
𝟑) 𝒁 [ ]=𝒏 𝒁 [ ] = 𝒏𝟐 𝒁 −𝟏
[ ] = 𝒏𝟑
(𝒛 − 𝟏 )𝟐 (𝒛 − 𝟏 ) 𝟑 (𝒛 − 𝟏 ) 𝟒

−𝟏
𝒂𝒛 𝒂𝒛𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒛
𝟒) 𝒁 [ 𝟐
] = 𝒂𝒏 𝒏 𝒁 −𝟏
[ 𝟑
] = 𝒂 𝒏 𝒏𝟐
(𝒛 − 𝒂 ) (𝒛 − 𝒂 )

−𝟏
𝒂𝒛𝟑 + 𝟒𝒂𝟐 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒛
𝒁 [ 𝟒
] = 𝒂 𝒏 𝒏𝟑
(𝒛 − 𝒂 )

−𝟏
𝒛 𝒏𝝅 −𝟏
𝒛𝟐 𝒏𝝅
𝟓) 𝒁 [ 𝟐 ] = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) 𝒁 [ 𝟐 ] = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )
𝒛 +𝟏 𝟐 𝒛 +𝟏 𝟐
 3.3 Inverse Z-transform by Partial Fraction Method
Procedure: Let 𝑈(𝑧) be the given function
𝑈(𝑧)
Step 1: Write the expression in the form .
𝑧
𝑈(𝑧)
Step 2: Decompose the expression for into partial fractions.
𝑧

Step 3: Multiply the partial fraction decomposition by 𝑧 to obtain 𝑈(𝑧).

Step 4: Find 𝑢𝑛 by finding 𝑧 −1 [𝑈(𝑧)].

SOLVED PROBLEMS
𝟐𝒛𝟐 + 𝟑𝒛
𝟏) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐞 𝐙 − 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝑼(𝒛) = .
(𝒛 + 𝟐)(𝒛 − 𝟒)
2𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 𝑧(2𝑧 + 3)
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given 𝑈(𝑧) = =
(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 4) (𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 4)
𝑈 (𝑧 ) 2𝑧 + 3
∴ = − − − − − (1)
𝑧 (𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 4)
By partial fraction method, we can write
2𝑧 + 3 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴(𝑧 − 4) + 𝐵(𝑧 + 2)
= + =
(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 4) 𝑧 + 2 𝑧 − 4 (𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 4)
∴ 2𝑧 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑧 − 4) + 𝐵(𝑧 + 2)
𝟏𝟏
Put 𝑧 = 4, 11 = 0 + 6𝐵 ⟹ 𝑩 =
𝟔
𝟏
Put 𝑧 = −2, − 1 = −6𝐴 + 0 ⟹ 𝑨 =
𝟔
2𝑧 + 3 1/6 11/6
∴ = + − − − − − (2)
(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 4) 𝑧 + 2 𝑧 − 4
Using equation (2) in (1), we get
𝑈 (𝑧 ) 1/6 11/6
= +
𝑧 𝑧+2 𝑧−4
1/6 11/6
∴ 𝑈(𝑧) = 𝑧 [ + ]
𝑧+2 𝑧−4
1 𝑧 11 𝑧
𝑈 (𝑧 ) = [ ]+ [ ]
6 𝑧+2 6 𝑧−4
Take inverse Z-transform on both the sides
 1 𝑧 11 𝑧
𝑍 −1 [𝑈(𝑧)] = 𝑍 −1 [ [ ]+ [ ]]
6 𝑧+2 6 𝑧−4
1 𝑧 11 𝑧
𝑢𝑛 = 𝑍 −1 [ ] + 𝑍 −1 [ ]
6 𝑧+2 6 𝑧−4
𝒛 𝒛
𝐖𝐞 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝒁−𝟏 [ ] = 𝒂𝒏 & 𝒁−𝟏 [ ] = (−𝒂)𝒏
𝒛−𝒂 𝒛+𝒂
1 11 𝑛
∴ 𝑢𝑛 = (−2)𝑛 + 4
6 6
𝟓𝒛
𝟐) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐞 𝐙 − 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝑼(𝒛) = .
(𝟐 − 𝒛)(𝟑𝒛 − 𝟏)
5𝑧
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given 𝑈(𝑧) =
(2 − 𝑧)(3𝑧 − 1)
𝑈 (𝑧 ) 5
∴ = − − − − − (1)
𝑧 (2 − 𝑧)(3𝑧 − 1)
By partial fraction method, we can write
5 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴(3𝑧 − 1) + 𝐵(2 − 𝑧)
= + =
(2 − 𝑧)(3𝑧 − 1) 2 − 𝑧 3𝑧 − 1 (2 − 𝑧)(3𝑧 − 1)
∴ 5 = 𝐴(3𝑧 − 1) + 𝐵(2 − 𝑧)
1 1 5
Put 𝑧 = , 5 = 0 + 𝐵 (2 − ) ⟹ 5 = 𝐵 ⟹ 𝑩 = 𝟑
3 3 3
Put 𝑧 = 2, 5 = 5𝐴 + 0 ⟹ 𝑨 = 𝟏
5 1 3
∴ = + − − − − − (2)
(2 − 𝑧)(3𝑧 − 1) 2 − 𝑧 3𝑧 − 1
Using equation (2) in (1), we get
𝑈 (𝑧 ) 1 3
= +
𝑧 2 − 𝑧 3𝑧 − 1
𝑈 (𝑧 ) 1 3
= +
𝑧 −(𝑧 − 2) 3 (𝑧 − 1)
3
𝑈 (𝑧 ) 1 1
=− +
𝑧 (𝑧 − 2) (𝑧 − 1)
3

1 1
∴ 𝑈(𝑧) = 𝑧 [− + ]
(𝑧 − 2) (𝑧 − 1)
3
 𝑧 𝑧
𝑈(𝑧) = − +
(𝑧 − 2) (𝑧 − 1)
3
Take inverse Z-transform on both the sides

𝑧 𝑧
𝑍 −1 [𝑈(𝑧)] = 𝑍 −1 [− + ]
(𝑧 − 2) 1
(𝑧 − )
3

𝑧 𝑧
𝑢𝑛 = −𝑍 −1 [ ] + 𝑍 −1 [ ]
𝑧−2 1
𝑧−
3
𝒛
𝐖𝐞 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝒁−𝟏 [ ] = 𝒂𝒏
𝒛−𝒂
1 𝑛
𝑛
∴ 𝑢𝑛 = −2 + ( )
3
𝟏𝟖𝒛𝟐
𝟑) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐞 𝐙 − 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝑼(𝒛) = .
(𝟐𝒛 − 𝟏)(𝟒𝒛 + 𝟏)
18𝑧 2
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given 𝑈(𝑧) =
(2𝑧 − 1)(4𝑧 + 1)
𝑈 (𝑧 ) 18𝑧
∴ = − − − − − (1)
𝑧 (2𝑧 − 1)(4𝑧 + 1)
By partial fraction method, we can write
18𝑧 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴(4𝑧 + 1) + 𝐵(2𝑧 − 1)
= + =
(2𝑧 − 1)(4𝑧 + 1) 2𝑧 − 1 4𝑧 + 1 (2𝑧 − 1)(4𝑧 + 1)
∴ 18𝑧 = 𝐴(4𝑧 + 1) + 𝐵(2𝑧 − 1)
1 9 1 9 3
Put 𝑧 = − , − = 0 + 𝐵 (− − 1) ⟹ − = − 𝐵 ⟹ 𝑩 = 𝟑
4 2 2 2 2
1
Put 𝑧 = , 9 = 3𝐴 + 0 ⟹ 𝑨 = 𝟑
2
18𝑧 3 3
∴ = + − − − − − (2)
(2𝑧 − 1)(4𝑧 + 1) 2𝑧 − 1 4𝑧 + 1
Using equation (2) in (1), we get
𝑈 (𝑧 ) 3 3
= +
𝑧 2𝑧 − 1 4𝑧 + 1
𝑈 (𝑧 ) 3 3
= +
𝑧 1 1
2 (𝑧 − ) 4 (𝑧 + )
2 4
 𝑈 (𝑧 ) 3 1 3 1
= +
𝑧 2 (𝑧 − 1) 4 (𝑧 + 1)
2 4

3 1 3 1
∴ 𝑈(𝑧) = 𝑧 [ + ]
2 (𝑧 − 1) 4 (𝑧 + 1)
2 4
3 𝑧 3 𝑧
𝑈(𝑧) = +
2 (𝑧 − 1) 4 (𝑧 + 1)
2 4
Take inverse Z-transform on both the sides

3 𝑧 3 𝑧
𝑍 −1 [𝑈(𝑧)] = 𝑍 −1 [ + ]
2 (𝑧 − 1) 4 (𝑧 + 1)
2 4

3 𝑧 3 𝑧
𝑢𝑛 = 𝑍 −1 [ ] + 𝑍 −1 [ ]
2 1 4 1
𝑧− 𝑧+
2 4
𝒛 𝒛
𝐖𝐞 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝒁−𝟏 [ ] = 𝒂𝒏 & 𝒁−𝟏 [ ] = (−𝒂)𝒏
𝒛−𝒂 𝒛+𝒂
3 1 𝑛 3 1 𝑛 1 (−1)𝑛
∴ 𝑢𝑛 = ( ) + (− ) = 3 [ 𝑛+1 + 𝑛+1 ]
2 2 4 4 2 4

EXERCISE PROBLEMS
𝑧 2 − 3𝑧
1) Find the inverse Z − transform of
(𝑧 − 5)(𝑧 + 2)

1
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑢𝑛 = [2(5)𝑛 + 5(−2)𝑛 ]
7
10𝑧
2) Find the inverse Z − transform of 𝑈(𝑧) =
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2)

𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑢𝑛 = 10[2𝑛 − 1]

𝑧2
3) Find the inverse Z − transform of 𝑈(𝑧) =
(𝑧 − 3)(𝑧 − 4)

𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑢𝑛 = 4𝑛+1 − 3𝑛+1

3𝑧 2 + 2𝑧
4) Find the inverse Z − transform of
(5𝑧 − 1)(5𝑧 + 2)
 1 1 𝑛 2 𝑛
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑢𝑛 = [13 ( ) − 4 (− ) ]
75 5 5

𝑧3
5) Find the inverse Z − transform of 𝑈(𝑧) =
(𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 − 1)2

𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑢𝑛 = 2𝑛+2 − 3 − 𝑛

3.4 Applications of Z-transform to Difference equations

INTRODUCTION: Difference equations can be viewed as the discrete

analogue of differential equations. Difference equations, on the other hand,
involve rates of change measured by “Discrete generations”. Difference
equations are used in variety of contexts, such as in economics, to model the
evolution through the time of variables such as gross domestic product, the
inflation rate, the exchange rate etc.

Difference Equation: A difference equation is a relation between the

differences of an unknown function (dependent variable) at one or more general
values of the independent variable. An equation of the form

𝑎0 𝑦𝑛+𝑟 + 𝑎1 𝑦𝑛+(𝑟−1) + 𝑎2 𝑦𝑛+(𝑟−2) + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑎𝑛 𝑦𝑛 = 𝜙(𝑛)

where 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are constants, is called a linear difference equation of order 𝑟.

Example: 𝑖) 𝑢𝑛+1 − 𝑢𝑛 = 5 (𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐷. 𝐸. 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 1)

𝑖𝑖) 𝑢𝑛+2 + 4𝑢𝑛+1 + 3𝑢𝑛 = 3𝑛 (𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐷. 𝐸. 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 2)

𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑦𝑛+2 − 5𝑦𝑛+1 + 2𝑦𝑛 = 𝑛2 (𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐷. 𝐸. 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 2)

𝑖𝑣) 𝑦𝑛+3 − 3𝑦𝑛+1 + 2𝑦𝑛 = 0 (𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐷. 𝐸. 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 3)

Working Procedure to solve linear difference equation with constant

coefficients by Z-transform method.

❖ Take the Z-transform of both sides of the difference equation then use the
given initial values and the following formulae
 𝒊) 𝒁[𝒖𝒏+𝟏 ] = 𝒛[𝒁(𝒖𝒏 ) − 𝒖𝟎 ]
𝒊𝒊) 𝒁[𝒖𝒏+𝟐 ] = 𝒛𝟐 [𝒁(𝒖𝒏 ) − 𝒖𝟎 − 𝒖𝟏 𝒛−𝟏 ]
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒁[𝒖𝒏+𝟑 ] = 𝒛𝟑 [𝒁(𝒖𝒏 ) − 𝒖𝟎 − 𝒖𝟏 𝒛−𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒛−𝟐 ]
❖ Transpose all terms without 𝑈(𝑧) to the RHS.
❖ Divide by the coefficient of 𝑈(𝑧), getting 𝑈(𝑧) as a function of 𝑧.
❖ Resolve this function of 𝑧 into partial fractions and take the inverse Z-transform
of both sides. This gives 𝑢𝑛 as a function of 𝑛 which is desired solution satisfying
the given conditions.

SOLVED PROBLEMS
𝟏) 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐙 − 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝒖𝒏+𝟏 − 𝟑𝒖𝒏 = 𝟒, 𝒖𝟎 = 𝟏.
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given 𝑢𝑛+1 − 3𝑢𝑛 = 4
Take Z-transform on both the sides
𝑍[𝑢𝑛+1 − 3𝑢𝑛 ] = 𝑍[4]
𝑍[𝑢𝑛+1 ] − 3𝑍[𝑢𝑛 ] = 4𝑍[1] − − − −(1)
Using 𝑍[𝑢𝑛+1 ] = 𝑧[𝑍(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 ] in (1), we get
4𝑧
𝑧[𝑍(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 ] − 3𝑍(𝑢𝑛 ) =
𝑧−1
Using the given initial values 𝑢0 = 1 & 𝑍[𝑢𝑛 ] = 𝑈(𝑧) in the above equation
4𝑧
𝑧[𝑈(𝑧) − (1)] − 3𝑈(𝑧) =
𝑧−1
4𝑧
𝑧𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑧 − 3𝑈(𝑧) =
𝑧−1
4𝑧
(𝑧 − 3)𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑧 =
𝑧−1
4𝑧
(𝑧 − 3)𝑈(𝑧) = +𝑧
𝑧−1
4𝑧 + 𝑧(𝑧 − 1)
(𝑧 − 3)𝑈(𝑧) =
𝑧−1
𝑧 2 + 3𝑧
(𝑧 − 3)𝑈(𝑧) =
𝑧−1
𝑧 2 + 3𝑧
𝑈 (𝑧 ) =
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 3)
 𝑧(𝑧 + 3)
𝑈 (𝑧 ) =
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 3)
𝑈 (𝑧 ) 𝑧+3
= − − − − − (2)
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 3)

By partial fraction method, we can write

𝑧+3 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 3) (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 3)
𝑧+3 𝐴(𝑧 − 3) + 𝐵 (𝑧 − 1)
=
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 3) (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 3)
∴ 𝑧 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑧 − 3) + 𝐵(𝑧 − 1)
𝟔
Put 𝑧 = 3, 6 = 0 + 2𝐵 ⟹ 𝑩 = =𝟑
𝟐
𝟒
Put 𝑧 = 1, 4 = −2𝐴 + 0 ⟹ 𝑨 = − = −𝟐
𝟐
𝑧+3 −2 3
∴ = + − − − − − (3)
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 3) (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 3)
Using equation (3) in (2), we get
𝑈 (𝑧 ) −2 3
= +
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 3)
−2 3
∴ 𝑈(𝑧) = 𝑧 [ + ]
(𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 3)
−2𝑧 3𝑧
𝑈 (𝑧 ) = +
(𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 3)
Take inverse Z-transform on both the sides
−2𝑧 3𝑧
𝑍 −1 [𝑈(𝑧)] = 𝑍 −1 [ + ]
(𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 3)
𝑧 𝑧
𝑢𝑛 = −2𝑍 −1 [ ] + 3𝑍 −1 [ ]
𝑧−1 𝑧−3
𝒛
𝐖𝐞 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝒁−𝟏 [ ] = 𝒂𝒏
𝒛−𝒂
∴ 𝑢𝑛 = −2 (1) + 3 (3)𝑛 = 3𝑛+1 − 2.
𝟐) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝒚𝒏+𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝒏+𝟏 + 𝒚𝒏 = 𝟎 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟎, 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐙 − 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦
𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝.
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given 𝑦𝑛+2 + 2𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑦𝑛 = 0
Take Z-transform on both the sides
𝑍 [𝑦𝑛+2 + 2𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑦𝑛 ] = 𝑍[0]

𝑍[𝑦𝑛+2 ] + 2𝑍[𝑦𝑛+1 ] + 𝑍[𝑦𝑛 ] = 0 − − − −(1)

Using 𝑍[𝑦𝑛+2 ] = 𝑧 2 [𝑍(𝑦𝑛 ) − 𝑦0 − 𝑦1 𝑧 −1 ] & 𝑍[𝑦𝑛+1 ] = 𝑧[𝑍(𝑦𝑛 ) − 𝑦0 ] in (1), we get

𝑧 2 [𝑍(𝑦𝑛 ) − 𝑦0 − 𝑦1 𝑧 −1 ] + 2𝑧[𝑍(𝑦𝑛 ) − 𝑦0 ] + 𝑍(𝑦𝑛 ) = 0
Using the given initial values 𝑦0 = 0, 𝑦1 = 1 & taking 𝑍 [𝑦𝑛 ] = 𝑌(𝑧) in the above
equation
1
𝑧 2 [𝑌(𝑧) − (0) − (1) ] + 2𝑧[𝑌(𝑧) − (0)] + 𝑌(𝑧) = 0
𝑧
𝑧 2 𝑌(𝑧) − 𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑌(𝑧) + 𝑌(𝑧) = 0
(𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 1)𝑌(𝑧) − 𝑧 = 0
(𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 1)𝑌(𝑧) = 𝑧
𝑧
𝑌 (𝑧 ) = 2
(𝑧 + 2𝑧 + 1)
𝑧
𝑌 (𝑧 ) =
(𝑧 + 1)2
Take inverse Z-transform on both the sides
𝑧
𝑍 −1 [𝑌(𝑧)] = 𝑍 −1 [ ]
(𝑧 + 1)2
𝑧
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑍 −1 [ ]
(𝑧 + 1)2
𝒂𝒛
𝐖𝐞 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝒁−𝟏 [ 𝟐
] = 𝒂𝒏 𝒏
(𝒛 − 𝒂 )
(−1) −1 𝑧
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑍 [ ]
(−1) (𝑧 − (−1))2
(−1)𝑧
𝑦𝑛 = −𝑍 −1 [ ]
(𝑧 − (−1))2
∴ 𝑦𝑛 = −(−1)𝑛 𝑛 = (−1)(−1)𝑛 𝑛 = (−1)𝑛+1 𝑛
𝟑) 𝐔𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐙 − 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦, 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝒖𝒏+𝟐 + 𝟒𝒖𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟑𝒖𝒏 = 𝟑𝒏 ,
𝒖𝟎 = 𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟏.
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given 𝑢𝑛+2 + 4𝑢𝑛+1 + 3𝑢𝑛 = 3𝑛
Take Z-transform on both the sides
𝑍[𝑢𝑛+2 + 4𝑢𝑛+1 + 3𝑢𝑛 ] = 𝑍[3𝑛 ]
𝑍[𝑢𝑛+2 ] + 4𝑍[𝑢𝑛+1 ] + 3𝑍[𝑢𝑛 ] = 𝑍[3𝑛 ] − − − −(1)
Using 𝑍[𝑢𝑛+2 ] = 𝑧 2 [𝑍(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 ] & 𝑍[𝑢𝑛+1 ] = 𝑧[𝑍(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 ] in (1), we get
𝑧
𝑧 2 [𝑍(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 ] + 4𝑧[𝑍(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 ] + 3𝑍(𝑢𝑛 ) =
𝑧−3
Using the given initial values 𝑢0 = 0, 𝑢1 = 1 & 𝑍[𝑢𝑛 ] = 𝑈(𝑧) in the above equation
1 𝑧
𝑧 2 [𝑈(𝑧) − (0) − (1) ] + 4𝑧[𝑈(𝑧) − (0)] + 3𝑈(𝑧) =
𝑧 𝑧−3
𝑧
𝑧 2 𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑧 + 4𝑧𝑈(𝑧) + 3𝑈(𝑧) =
𝑧−3
𝑧
(𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 3)𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑧 =
𝑧−3
𝑧
(𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 3)𝑈(𝑧) = +𝑧
𝑧−3
𝑧 + 𝑧(𝑧 − 3)
(𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 3)𝑈(𝑧) =
𝑧−3
2
𝑧 2 − 2𝑧
(𝑧 + 4𝑧 + 3)𝑈(𝑧) =
𝑧−3
𝑧 2 − 2𝑧
𝑈 (𝑧 ) =
(𝑧 − 3)(𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 3)
𝑧 2 − 2𝑧
𝑈 (𝑧 ) =
(𝑧 − 3)(𝑧 + 3)(𝑧 + 1)
𝑈 (𝑧 ) 𝑧−2
= − − − − − (2)
𝑧 (𝑧 − 3)(𝑧 + 3)(𝑧 + 1)
By partial fraction method, we can write
𝑧−2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
(𝑧 − 3)(𝑧 + 3)(𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 − 3) (𝑧 + 3) (𝑧 + 1)
𝑧−2 𝐴(𝑧 + 3)(𝑧 + 1) + 𝐵 (𝑧 − 3)(𝑧 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑧 − 3)(𝑧 + 3)
=
(𝑧 − 3)(𝑧 + 3)(𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 − 3)(𝑧 + 3)(𝑧 + 1)
∴ 𝑧 − 2 = 𝐴(𝑧 + 3)(𝑧 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑧 − 3)(𝑧 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑧 − 3)(𝑧 + 3)
 𝟓
Put 𝑧 = −3, − 5 = 0 + 12𝐵 + 0 ⟹ 𝑩 = −
𝟏𝟐
𝟏
Put 𝑧 = 3, 1 = 24𝐴 + 0 + 0 ⟹ 𝑨 =
𝟐𝟒
𝟑
Put 𝑧 = −1, − 3 = 0 + 0 − 8𝐶 ⟹ 𝑪 =
𝟖
𝑧−2 1/24 −5/12 3/8
∴ = + + − − − − − (3)
(𝑧 − 3)(𝑧 + 3)(𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 − 3) (𝑧 + 3) (𝑧 + 1)
Using equation (3) in (2), we get
𝑈 (𝑧 ) 1/24 −5/12 3/8
= + +
𝑧 (𝑧 − 3) (𝑧 + 3) (𝑧 + 1)
1/24 −5/12 3/8
∴ 𝑈(𝑧) = 𝑧 [ + + ]
(𝑧 − 3) (𝑧 + 3) (𝑧 + 1)
1 𝑧 5 𝑧 3 𝑧
𝑈 (𝑧 ) = − +
24 (𝑧 − 3) 12 (𝑧 + 3) 8 (𝑧 + 1)
Take inverse Z-transform on both the sides
1 𝑧 5 𝑧 3 𝑧
𝑍 −1 [𝑈(𝑧)] = 𝑍 −1 [ − + ]
24 (𝑧 − 3) 12 (𝑧 + 3) 8 (𝑧 + 1)
1 −1 𝑧 5 𝑧 3 𝑧
𝑢𝑛 =
𝑍 [ ] − 𝑍 −1 [ ] + 𝑍 −1 [ ]
24 𝑧−3 12 𝑧+3 8 𝑧+1
𝒛 𝒛
𝐖𝐞 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝒁−𝟏 [ ] = 𝒂𝒏 & 𝒁−𝟏 [ ] = (−𝒂)𝒏
𝒛−𝒂 𝒛+𝒂
1 5 3
∴ 𝑢𝑛 = 3𝑛 − (−3)𝑛 + (−1)𝑛 .
24 12 8
 EXERCISE PROBLEMS
1) Use Z − transform method to solve 𝑦𝑛+1 − 3𝑦𝑛 = 3𝑛 , 𝑦0 = 2.
𝑛
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑦𝑛 = (2 + ) 3𝑛
3

2) Solve 𝑦𝑛+2 − 4𝑦𝑛 = 0 with 𝑦0 = 0, 𝑦1 = 2, using Z − transform method.

1
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑦𝑛 = [2𝑛 − (−2)𝑛 ]
2

3) Using the Z − transform, solve 𝑢𝑛+2 + 4𝑢𝑛+1 + 3𝑢𝑛 = 3𝑛 , 𝑢0 = 0 and 𝑢1 = 1

1 2 1
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑦𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 − (−3)𝑛 + (2)𝑛
3 5 15

4) Solve 𝑦𝑛+2 − 5𝑦𝑛+1 + 6𝑦𝑛 = 36 with 𝑦0 = 𝑦1 = 0, using Z − transform

method.

𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑦𝑛 = 18[1 − (2)𝑛+1 + (3)𝑛 ]

5) Solve 𝑦𝑛+3 − 3𝑦𝑛+1 + 2𝑦𝑛 = 0 with 𝑦0 = 4, 𝑦1 = 0, 𝑦2 = 8

using Z − transform method.

4
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑦𝑛 = [(−2)𝑛 + 2]
3