| asad) INNECTING WORDS AND TRANSITION SIGNALS T Coordinators Coordinating conjunctions connect grammatically equal elements. One way to remember the seven coordinating conjunctions is to use the expression “Fan Boys”, Each letter of the expression represents the first letter of one of the conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, 50. ain) for Connects a reason to a result Tama little hungry, for I didn’t eat breakfast this morning, and ‘Connects equal similar ideas John likes to fish and hunt, nor ‘Connects two negative sentences She does not eat meat, nor does she drink milk, but Connects equal different ideas _ like to eat fish but not to catch them. or ‘Connects two equal choices Do you prefer coffee or tea? yet Connects equal contrasting ideas Tt is sunny yet cold. 50 Connects a result to a reason I did not eat breakfast this moming, so Tama little hungry. Correlative (Paired) Conjunctions Correlative conjunctions are always in pairs. Like coordinating conjunctions, they connect grammatically equal elements. (Please also read the section Parallel Structure in Sentences on pages 191-192.) uae Both San Francisco and Sydney have beautiful harbors. Japanese food is not only delicious to eat but also beautiful to look at. Bring either a raincoat or an umbrella when you visit Seattle. My grandfather could neither read nor write, but he was a very wise person. ‘The newlyweds could not decide whether to live with her parents or to rent an apartment. APPENDIX B: Connecting Words and Transition Signals 291 womelltiSubordinators Asubordinator is the first word in a dependent clause. The following charts illustrate some common subordinators. ‘Suporpinators For Apvers Clauses at B ? : after After we ate lunch, we decided to go shopping. as, just as Just as we left the house, it started to rain. as long as ‘We waited as long as we could. as soon as ‘As soon as the front door closed, | looked for my house key. before I thought I had put it in my coat pocket before we left. since Thave not locked myself out of the house since I was 10 years old. until Until Iwas almost 12, my mother pinned the key to my coat. when When I turned 12, my mother let me keep the key in my pocket. whenever Tusually put the key in the same place whenever I come home. while While I searched for the key, it rained harder and harder. where like to shop where prices are low. wherever try to shop wherever there is a sale. anywhere You can find bargains anywhere you shop. everywhere Luse my credit card everywhere I shop. Se 2s, just as Tlove to get flowers(,) as many people do.* as if You look as if you didn’t sleep at all last night. as though She acts as though she doesn’t know us. Pema ees) as + (adverb) + as We will hike as far as we can before it tus dark ‘The child sat as close as she could to her mother. The child sat as close to her mother as she could. Freauency (How Orten?) as often as I call my parents as often as I can. as I can’t take evening classes(,) as I work at night.* because I can’t take evening classes because I work at night. since I can’t take evening classes since I work at night. 292 APPENDIX B: Connecting Words and Transition Signals MuellePurpose (For Wxat Purpose?) ia Many people emigrate so that their children can have a better life. Many people emigrate in order that their children can have a better life. 80 + (adjective) + that _I was so tired last night that I fell asleep at dinner. 80 + (adverb) + that She talks so softly that the other students cannot hear her. such a(n) + (adjective) It was such an easy test that most of the students got A’s. + (noun) + that s0 much/many/little/ He is taking so many classes that he has no time to sleep. few + (noun) + that Coren Cah aerator cones) We will not go hiking if it rains. ‘We will not go hiking unless the weather is perfect. CaO Tove my brother although we disagree about almost everything. I love my brother even though we disagree about almost everything. love my brother though we disagree about almost everything. (eMC) while My brother likes classical music, while I prefer hard trance. whereas He dresses conservatively, whereas [like to be a little shocking. “This isan exception to the usual rule for commas. Many writers use a comma before as. ‘Suporpinarors For Aovective CLauses: The first word in an adjective clause is usually a relative pronoun or relative adverb. However, when the relative pronoun is the object of the clause, it can sometimes be omitted. Locanda People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. My parents did not approve of the man (whom) my sister married. whose ‘An orphan is a child whose parents are dead. that (informal) The man that is on the left in the photo is my brother. Peers My new computer, which I bought yesterday, stopped working today. that Yesterday I received an email (that) I did not understand. Picante Thanksgiving is a time when families travel great distances to be together. ‘An orphanage is a place where orphans live. APPENDIX B: Connecting Words and Transition Signais 293. who, whom womelltir‘Susoroiators FoR Noun CLauses Noun clauses are introduced by the words that, if, or whether or by a Wh- word. ooo Do you believe that there is l UTA ae eee I can’t remember whether I locked the door. I can’t remember whether or not I locked the door. I can’t remember whether I locked the door or not. Ican’t remember if Hocked the door. 1 can’t remember if I locked the door or not. aiuto atl who, whoever, whom Whoever arrives at the bus station first should buy the tickets. which, what Do you know which bus we need to take? where, when, why, how: We should ask when the bus arrives. how much, how many Do not worry about how much they cost. how long, how often, ete. __ He didn’t care how long he had to wait. Notice that some subordinators can introduce different kinds of dependent clauses. That can introduce either noun clauses or adjective clauses, and where can introduce a noun, an adjective, or an adverb clause. It normally is not important to know the kind | of clause. | can't remember where | put the house key. (noun clause; direct object of remember} It's not in the place where | usually put it. (adjective clause; tells which place) | always put it where | will see it when | go out the front door. {adverb clause; tells where / put it) Conjunctive Adverbs Conjunctive adverbs can appear at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of one independent clause, but we often use them to connect two independent clauses. Remember to put a semicolon before and a comma after the conjunctive adverb if an independent clause follows. 294 APPENDIX B: Connecting Words and Transition Signals wwweclltir