Scheduling

Scheduling in building construction projects refers to the process of planning and

organizing tasks, resources, and timelines to ensure that the project is completed
efficiently and on time. It involves creating a detailed timeline of activities from
start to finish, allocating resources such as manpower, materials, and equipment,
and establishing dependencies between tasks.

The key aspects of scheduling in building construction projects include:

1. Task Sequencing: Determining the order in which construction

activities will be performed based on dependencies and constraints. Certain
tasks must be completed before others can begin, while some tasks can be
performed concurrently.

2. Resource Allocation: Assigning the necessary resources (labor,

materials, equipment) to each task according to the project requirements
and constraints. This ensures that resources are utilized effectively and are
available when needed.

3. Time Estimation: Estimating the duration required to complete each

task accurately. This involves considering factors such as the scope of work,
productivity rates, weather conditions, and potential delays.

4. Critical Path Analysis: Identifying the critical path, which is the

longest sequence of tasks that determines the minimum duration for
completing the project. Tasks on the critical path have zero float, meaning
any delay in these tasks will directly impact the overall project timeline.

5. Schedule Optimization: Reviewing and adjusting the schedule to

optimize efficiency and minimize project duration. This may involve
rearranging tasks, reallocating resources, or identifying opportunities for
parallelism.

6. Monitoring and Control: Continuously tracking the progress of the

project against the schedule, identifying deviations or delays, and
 implementing corrective actions to keep the project on track. This may
involve regular progress meetings, site inspections, and updates to the
schedule as needed.

Construction Scheduling Methods

1. Critical path method (CPM)

This project management technique involves estimating the minimum project

duration and determining the amount of scheduling flexibility to build in. it’s a fast
way to develop an accurate representation of the dates that activities will occur.
2. Program evaluation and review technique (PERT)

This technique is used to estimate project duration, identify possible risks, and
estimate the durations of each activity. A PERT can be a more visual representation
than a CPM.
3. Line of balance (LOB)

This technique looks at productivity rates and crews associated with specific scopes
of work. LOB is useful for carrying out repetitive activities and using crews to
complete them in a more efficient way.
4. Q scheduling

Also known as quantitative or queue scheduling, Q scheduling uses bar charts to

schedule the materials and equipment needed on a project, including the locations
and times they’ll be needed. Q scheduling is gaining popularity for its advanced
data analysis techniques.
5. Resource-oriented scheduling

This technique involves identifying the resources available for a project and
addressing situations in which multiple parties will need access to those resources at
the same time. Resource-oriented scheduling is beneficial where resources are
limited yet critical for project completion.
6. Last planner system

LPS is a simple calculation focused on planning and coordinating work at the

smallest possible increment, anywhere from one to six weeks, to optimize the use of
resources and reduce uncertainty. Often a facilitator, designated with the last
planner title, is laser focused on the work that needs to be done during a specific
timeline.
7. Gantt chart

This is a visual representation of a project plan within a calendar. Gantt charts often
are used to display LPS, CPM, resource-oriented, PERT, LOB, and Q schedules.
Each scheduling method offers advantages and disadvantages. Q schedules, for
example, access the budding popularity of advanced analytics in construction. Gantt
charts underscore the importance of collaboration, and LPS emphasizes a facilitator
to keep all parties focused and the project on track.

With good resources and funding, the construction time for a 3-storey
residential building with dimensions of 20m x 20m can be significantly
reduced compared to a project with limited resources. Here's a detailed time
estimation:

1. Site Preparation (1 week):

Clearing and Excavation: Clearing the construction site, excavating the
foundation, and leveling the ground. With sufficient resources and equipment,
this phase can be completed within a week.

2. Foundation Work (3 weeks):

Footing and Foundation Construction: Constructing footings, laying
foundation walls or slabs, and installing drainage systems. With adequate
resources and skilled labor, this stage can be completed within 3 weeks.

3. Structural Construction (8 weeks):

 Framing: Erecting the structural framework, including walls, floors, and roof.
With good resources, efficient scheduling, and skilled labor, this phase can be
completed within 8 weeks.

4. Plumbing & Elecrticity (4 weeks):

Electrical, Plumbing, HVAC, Insulation, Drywall: Installing electrical wiring,
plumbing fixtures, heating/cooling systems, insulation, and drywall. With
sufficient resources and skilled trades people, this phase can be completed
within 4 weeks.

5. Plastering Works (4 weeks):

Flooring, Painting, Cabinetry, Fixtures: Installing flooring, painting walls,
installing cabinetry, and fixtures. With good coordination and attention to
detail, this stage can be completed within 4 weeks.

6. Installing Doors & Windows (1 weeks):

Roofing, Siding, and Windows: Installing roofing materials, exterior siding,
and windows. With good coordination and availability of materials, this stage
can be completed within 1 weeks.
 Major activities

In a building construction project, there are several major activities that need to be
completed to ensure the successful completion of the project. These activities
typically include:

Project Planning and Design:

Define project scope, objectives, and requirements.

Develop architectural and structural designs.
Obtain necessary permits and approvals from regulatory authorities.

Site Preparation:

Clearing the construction site of any existing structures, debris, or vegetation.

Grading and leveling the site to prepare a suitable foundation.

Foundation Work:

Excavating trenches for foundation footings.

Pouring concrete footings and foundation walls.
Installing underground utilities such as plumbing and electrical lines.

Superstructure Construction:

Erecting structural frames using steel, concrete, or other materials.

Installing floor slabs, beams, and columns.
Constructing exterior and interior walls using bricks, blocks, or other materials.
Installing roof systems, including trusses, sheathing, and roofing materials.

Exterior Finishes:

Applying exterior finishes such as painting, cladding, or siding.

Installing windows, doors, and exterior trim.
Landscaping and site beautification.

Interior Works:

Installing electrical and plumbing systems.

Interior wall finishes, including plastering, painting, or wallpapering.
Flooring installation, such as tiles, hardwood, or carpeting.
Installing cabinetry, fixtures, and appliances in kitchens and bathrooms.

Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP) Installation:

Installing heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.

Electrical wiring, outlets, switches, and lighting fixtures.
Plumbing fixtures, including sinks, toilets, showers, and water heaters.

Final Inspections and Testing:

Conducting inspections to ensure compliance with building codes and regulations.

Testing systems and equipment for functionality and safety, including electrical,
plumbing, and HVAC systems.
Punch List and Final Touches:

Addressing any deficiencies or issues identified during inspections.

Completing final touches and finishes, such as painting touch-ups or caulking.
Cleaning the construction site and preparing for occupancy.

Project Closeout:

Obtaining final approvals and certificates from regulatory authorities.

Handing over the completed building to the client.
Conducting a project review to document lessons learned and areas for
improvement.

These major activities provide a framework for managing the various stages of a
building construction project, from initial planning and design to final completion
and handover. Each activity requires careful coordination and management to
ensure the project progresses smoothly and meets quality, budget, and schedule
objectives.