1

Uni
t1
CALLLAB
Li
steni
ngSki
ll
s

I
mpor
tanceofLi
steni
ng

t
omai
ntai
nper
sonal
andpr
ofessi
onal
rel
ati
onshi
ps

Pur
posesofLi
steni
ng

t
oimpr
oveouri
nterper
sonal
rel
ati
onshi
ps

t
ogeti
nfor
mat
ion

f
orent
ert
ainmentort
orel
i
evest
ress

Ty
pesofl
ist
eni
ng
1.Passi
vel
i
steni
ng e.
g.l
ongl
ect
uresorpr
esent
ati
ons

2.Appr
eci
ati
vel
i
steni
ng

e.
g.l
i
steni
ngt
omusi
cthaty
ouenj
oyandst
and-
upcomedyorent
ert
aini
ngspeech

3.Empat
hicl
i
steni
ng e.
g.l
i
steni
ngt
oaf
ri
endabouthi
spr
obl
ems

4.Comprehensi
vel
i
steni
ng e.
g.l
i
steni
ngt
oacl
assr
oom l
ect
ureandi
nst
ruct
ionsor
di
rect
ions

5.Cr
it
ical
li
steni
ng

e.
g.t
oev
aluat
eorj
udget
hemessage

l
i
steni
ngt
oadebat
eorasal
esman’
sspeech

[Act
ivel
i
steni
ngski
l
ls]

 Bar
ri
erst
oLi
steni
ng
Phy
sicalbar
ri
ers–outsi
denoi
se,
insi
dechat
s,uncomf
ort
abl
eenv
ironment

Psy
chol
ogi
calbar
ri
ers–Preconcei
vednot
ions,
fixedmi
nd-
set
,per
sonal
str
ess/
anxi
ety
,impat
ience,
int
oler
ance

Howt
oli
stenEf
fect
ivel
y
 2
 Thespeakerandl
i
stenershoul
dbeopen-
minded

Keepemot
ionsi
ncont
rol

Li
stenf
ort
hegi
stort
hecent
ral
theme

Makeanot
eoft
hemaj
orpoi
nts

Mai
ntai
ney
econt
actt
oshowi
nter
estandat
tent
iveness

Av
oiddi
str
act
ions

Under
standt
hespeaker
’spoi
ntofv
iewandempat
hisewi
thhi
mthen

Engl
ishPhonol
ogy
Thescient
if
icstudyofsoundst hatcanbeproducedbythehumanv ocal
tr
acti
sknownasphonet ics.Thestudyofhowspeakerssystemat
icall
y
sel
ectspecifi
csoundsinspeci f
icpatt
ernst
oexpressspecif
icmeaning
i
swhatwet erm asphonology.

LETTERSANDSOUNDS
Therearefort
y-f
oursoundsinEngl
ish,butthereareonl
ytwenty-
six
l
etter
softhealphabet,
whichareusedt orepresentt
hesounds.There
cannot,
theref
ore,beaone-t
o-onecorr
espondencebet weenthealphabet
andthesoundsofEnglish.

 Onelettermayr epresentdi f
fer
entsounds.Forexample,t
helett
er
‘
g’inthewor d‘girl
’soundst hesameasi tdoesintheword‘goat’
,
buttheletter‘
g’in‘gir
affe’soundsl
ikethefi
rstl
etteri
n‘j
am’.
Si
mi l
arly,
theletter‘o’i
nt hewords‘pot
’and‘pol
l’arepr
onounced
di
fferentl
y.

 Onesoundmayber epresent
edbydif
fer
entl
ett
ers.Forexampl
e,
t
helet
ters‘k’
,‘
ch’
and‘c’areusedt
orepr
esentt
hesamesound, as
i
nthewor ds‘
li
ke’
and‘mechanical
’
.

THESOUNDSOFENGLI
SH
 3

Thef ort
y-foursoundsinEngli
sharebr oadlyclassif
iedint
oconsonant s
arevowel s.Thereare24consonantsoundsand20v owelsounds,of
which12ar emonophthongs( pur
ev owel sounds)and8ar ediphthongs
(acombi nationoftwov owelsounds).Thisclassif
icati
onisbasedont he
basicnatur eofthesounds,whichisar esultofthemechanism invol
ved
i
nt heirproducti
on.

Toidenti
fysounds,weuseasyst
em ofwr
it
tensy
mbol
scal
l
edt
he
I
nternat
ionalPhonet
icAl
phabet(
IPA)
.
 4

Phonet
icsandSpokenEngl
i
sh
VowelSounds(
Monopht
hongsorPur
eVowel
s)(12+8=20)

Fr
ontVowel
s
1./ / asi
nleav
e/lv/

2./I/ asi
nli
ve/l
Iv/

3./e/ asi
nget/get/

4./æ/ asi
ncat/kæt/

Cent
ralVowel
s
5./ / asi
ncut/kt/

6./ / asi
ncur
d/k d/

7./ə/ asi
nabout/əbaut/

Backv
owel
s
8./ / asi
ncar/k /

9./ / asi
ncot/k t/

10./ / asi
ncaught/k t/

11./ʊ/ asi
nfoot/f
ʊt/

12./ / asi
nloose/l s/
 5

DI
PHTHONGS
1./ / asi
nname/n m /

2./ / asi
nli
ght /l t/

3./ / asi
nboy /b /

4./ / asi
nso /s /

5./ / asi
nnow /n /

6./ / asi
nnear /n /

7./ / asi
npai
r /p /

8./ / asi
npoor /p /
 6

ConsonantSounds(24)
PLOSI
VES
1./p/ VL asi
npi
n/p n/

2./b/ VD asi
nbus /b s/

3./t/ VL asi
nten /t
en/

4./d/ VD asi
ndown/d n/

5./k/ VL asi
nki
te/k t/

6./ / VD asi
ngame / m/

AFFRI
CATES
7./ / VL asi
nchi
p/ p/

8./d / VD asi
njug/d /

FRI
CATI
VES
9./f/ VL asi
nfeet/ft

10./v/ VD asi
nvan /v
æn/

11./ / VL asi
nthi
n/I
n/

12./ / VD asi
nthat/ æt/

13./s/ VL asi
nsi
n /s n/

14./z/ VD asi
nzoo /z /

15./ / VL asi
nshi
p / p/

16./ / VD asi
ntr
easur
e/t
re ə/

17./h/ VL asi
nhi
p/h p/
 7

NASALS VD
18./m / asi
nmoon/m n/

19./n/ asi
nnest/nest/

20./ / asi
nki
ng/k /

LATERAL VD
21./l
/ asi
nli
ght/l t/

FRI
CTI
ONLESSCONTI
NUANT VD
22./r/ asi
nred/r
ed/

SEMIVOWELS VD
23./j
/ asi
nyoung /j /

24./w/ asi
nwi
n /w n/
 8

ConsonantSounds(
24)
Pl
aceofar
ti
cul
ati
on
1.bi
l
abi
al-/
P,b,
m,w/ - 4

[TwoLi
ps]

2.Labi
o-dent
al-/f
,v/ - 2

[LowerLi
p Uppert
eet
h]

3.Dent
al–[
Uppert
eet
h+l
owert
eet
h]-/ , / - 2

4.Al
veol
ar–[Ti
porbl
ade+al
veol
arr
idge]-/t
,d,
n,s,
z,l
/ - 6

5.Post
-al
veol
ar–[
aft
eral
veol
ar]-/ ,
d ,, ,
r/ - 5

6.Pal
atal
–[Fr
ont+Har
dPal
ate]-/j
/ - 1

7.Vel
ar–[backt
ongue+Sof
tPal
ate]-/k,, / -3

8.Gl
ott
al-/h/ - 1

MannerofAr
ti
cul
ati
on
1.Plosi
ves 6.Fri
cti
onlessCont
inual
/P, t,k,
d,b, / - 6 /r/ - 1
2.Afri
cates 7.Semi Vowels
/ , d / - 2 /j
, w/ - 2
3.Fri
cati
v es
/f,v,,, s,
z,, ,h/-9
4.Nasals
/m, n, / - 3
5.Later
als
/l/ - 1
 9

Shor
tVowel
s
/,
e,æ,, ,
ʊ,ə/ - 7

LongVowel
s
/ ,, ,, / - 5

RoundedVowel
s
/ ,,
ʊ, / - 4

Unr
oundedVowel
s
/ ,,
e,æ,
ə, ,, / - 8
 10

Mi
nimalPai
rs
The smal l
estdist
inctiv
e unitofspeech i nal anguage is call
ed a
‘
phoneme’ .Aphonemei sani ndependentspeechsoundwhi chcontrasts
wit
ht heothersoundsoft helanguage.Thismeanst hatifonephoneme
i
sr eplacedbyanot herphoneme,i twoul dchanget hemeani ngoft he
word.Forexampl e,English has the phonemes / p/and / b/i ni ts
i
nvent or
yofsounds.I fthephoneme/ p/int hewordpi nisreplacedby
/b/
,t hewor dchangest obin,therefore,changi
ngt hemeani ngoft he
word.

Amini
malpai
rconsi
stsoftwowor dswhi
char
eident
icalexcept
f
orasi
ngl
ephonemeatapart
icul
arposi
ti
on.

cheer j
eer i
nitial consonantsounds/ /and/d /
di
ffer entallothersoundsidenti
cal:/ ə
/,/d ə/
al
i
ve ar
ri
ve middl econsonantsounds/l /and/r/
di
ffer entallothersoundsidenti
cal:/əla
v/,/ər av /
t
hin t
hing fi
nal consonantsounds/ n/and/ /
di
ffer entallothersoundsidenti
cal:/ n
/,/ /
i
t at i
nitial vowelsounds//and/ æ/differ
ent
al
l ot hersoundsi dent
ical
:/t/ ,/æt/
sl
eep sl
i
p middl evowelsounds/ /and//
di
ffer entallothersoundsidenti
cal:/sl
p/,/ slp/
so saw fi
nal vowelsounds/ əʊ/and/ /di ffer
ent
al
l ot hersoundsi dent
ical
:/səʊ/,/
s /
 11

ConsonantCl
ust
ers
Consonantclust
ersaretwoormor econsonantsoundsthatcome
toget
herwithi
nasy l
labl
ewithoutanyvowelbetweenthem,forexampl
e
/fr
/in‘f
ree’
and/ spr
/in‘spr
ay’.

I
tisi
mportanttonotethataconsonantclusterconsi
stsofa
sequenceofconsonantsoundst hatar
eapar tofthesamesy l
l
abl
e.
Consonantcl
uster
sar et
husdi f
ferentf
rom sequencesoftwo
consonant
sthatbelongtodiff
erentsyl
labl
es.

Forexampl e,
thewor d‘mus.tar
d’hast
helett
ers‘s’and‘t
’coming
oneaftertheother,butthecorr
espondingsoundsdonotf ormthe
consonantcluster/st/becausetheyareapartofdi
fferentsy
ll
ables.

Becausesomeoftheseconsonantcl
ustersar
enotusedinIndi
an
l
anguages,wesometi
mesbr eam them upbyinser
ti
ngvowelsounds.
Forexample,someI
ndianspronounce/sk l/(‘
school
’
)as/s. k l/or
/sə.
k l /
.

Ex:

/splt/ /spr / /f
r/
 12

Si
l
entLet
ter
s
1.Thelet
ter‘
h’i
ssi
l
enti
nthesequence‘
gh’
andi
nthewor
d-f
inal
posi
ti
on.

spel
li
ng pr
onunci
ati
on

ghost gəʊst

ghast
ly g st
li

oh əʊ

ah

2.Thelet
ter‘
b’i
sal
way
ssi
l
enti
nthesequences‘
mb’
and‘
bt’
inwor
d-
fi
nalposi
ti
on.

spel
li
ng pr
onunci
ati
on

l
i
mb lm

comb kəʊm

l
amb l
æm

doubt daʊt

debt det

Not
ethatt
hel
ett
erbi
sal
sosi
l
enti
n‘pl
umber
’,
‘bomber
’and‘
subt
le’
.

3.Thelet
ter‘
k’i
ssi
lenti
nthesequence‘
kn’
whent
hiscomesi
nthei
nit
ial
posi
ti
oninwords.

spel
li
ng pr
onunci
ati
on

knee n

knowl
edge n ld

kni
fe na f
 13

4.Whenthesequenceofl
ett
ers‘
l
k’and‘
l
m’comeatt
heendofawor
d,
thel
eter‘
l
’issi
l
ent.

spel
li
ng pr
onunci
ati
on

t
alk tk

wal
k w k

bal
m b m

cal
m k m

5.I
nthespel
l
ingsequence‘
dj
’,
‘d’
issi
l
ent
.

spel
li
ng pr
onunci
ati
on

adj
ect
ive æd ktv

adj
ust əd st

adj
acent əd sənt

6.Thel
ett
er‘
n’i
ssi
l
enti
nthewor
d-f
inal
sequence‘
mn’
.

spel
li
ng pr
onunci
ati
on

aut
umn t
əm

col
umn kl
əm

hy
mn hm

7.Thel
ett
er‘
g’i
ssi
l
enti
nthespel
l
ingsequence‘
gm’
or‘
gn’
.

spel
li
ng pr
onunci
ati
on

phl
egm f
lεm

par
adi
gm pær
əd m

gnaw n

si
gn s n
 14

8.Thel
ett
er‘
w’i
ssi
l
enti
nthef
inal
posi
ti
oni
nwor
ds.

spel
li
ng pr
onunci
ati
on

cl
aw kl

bl
ow bl
əʊ

f
low f
ləʊ

9.Thelet
ter‘
w’i
ssi
l
enti
nthesequence‘
wr’
wheni
tcomesi
nwor
d-i
nit
ial
posi
ti
on.

spel
li
ng pr
onunci
ati
on

wr
it
e rt

wr
ist rst

wr
ap r
æp

10.Thel
ett
er‘
w’i
ssi
l
enti
nthef
oll
owi
ng‘
wh’
wor
d-i
nit
ial
sequences.

spel
li
ng pr
onunci
ati
on

who h

whom h m

whose h z

whol
e həʊl

11.Thelet
ter‘
t’
issi
l
entwheni
toccur
sbet
ween‘
s’and‘
l
’orbet
ween‘
s’
and‘en’
.

spel
li
ng pr
onunci
ati
on

cast
le k sl

whi
stl
e w sl

f
ast
en f sn

l
i
sten lsn

Pl
uralf
ormsofwor
ds
 15

Thepl
ural
for
msofwor
dsendi
ngi
n–s,
-es,
and–i
esar
epr
onouncedas
fol
l
ows.

1./z /aft
ertheconsonantsounds/s,
z,, , t,
d/ ,f
orexampl
e,
‘
buses’,
‘r
oses’,
‘bushes’
,‘
garages’
,‘
wat
ches’
and‘
bri
dges’
.

2./
s/aftertheconsonantsounds/
p,t
,k,
f,/
,forexmpl
e,‘
stops’
,‘
cat
s’,
‘
parks’
,‘
chiefs’
and‘ber
ths’
.

3./z
/af t
eral
lotherconsonant
sandallv
owels,f
orexample,‘
bags’
,‘t
ubs’
,
‘
buds’,
‘buns’
,‘
sums’,‘
stal
ls’
,‘
songs’
,‘
dov
es’
,‘
plays’
,‘
toy
s’,
‘car
s’,‘
peas’
and‘f
li
es’.

Pastt
ensef
orms
Thepasttensef
ormsofwor
dsendi
ngi
n–ed,
-d,
and–i
edar
e
pronouncedasf
oll
ows.

1./d/af
tert
heconsonantsounds/
t,d/
;forexampl
e:

par
ted f
ounded

want
ed r
aided

2./
t/af
tert
heconsonantsounds/
p,k,
t,f
,,s,/
;forexampl
e:

t
apped wat
ched ear
thed br
ushed

l
ooked l
aughed ceased

3./d/aft
eral
lot
herconsonantsoundsandal
lvowel
sounds;
for
example:

r
ubbed st
arv
ed

dr
agged cal
l
ed

pl
unged dr
ied

hummed pr
ayed
 16

Thel
ett
ersequence‘
-ng’
1.Thelet
tersequence‘
ng’
ispr
onounced/ /i
nthewor
d-f
inal
posi
ti
on.
Forexample:

br
ing song r
unni
ng hi
tt
ing

2.Inthemiddl
eofwords,
‘ng’
ispronounced/ /i
nwor
dsf
ormedf
rom
otherwor
dsendingi
n/ /.Forexample:

si
nger br
ings r
ingi
ng

hanger t
hings f
il
li
ngs

3.I
nal
lot
hercases,
‘ng’
ispr
onounced/ g/
.Forexampl
e:

f
inger hunger anger
 17

Cont
ract
ions
‘
Contracti
on’i
sat erm usedt
odescri
beapairofwordswhichare
pronouncedorwr i
tt
enasonewor dbydroppi
ngoneormor elet
ter
sfrom
thewordsandr epl
acingthemissi
nglet
ter
swithanapost
rophe(‘)
.For
example—

Iam  I
’
m mi
ssi
ngl
ett
er‘
a’r
epl
acedwi
thanapost
rophe

y
ouwi
l
l y
ou’
l
l mi
ssi
ngl
ett
er‘
wi’
repl
acedwi
thanapost
rophe

cannot  can’
t mi
ssi
ngl
ett
ers‘
no’
repl
acedwi
thanapost
rophe

wi
l
lnot won’
t mi
ssi
ngl
ett
ers‘
i
ll
’repl
acedwi
thanapost
rophe,

l
ett
ersr
ear
ranged

Contract
ionsar ecommonl yusedinEnglish,
part
icularl
yinspoken
Engli
shandi ninformal usage.Indi
ansgener al
lydonotusecont racti
ons,
andthisperhapsmakest hei
rspokenEngl i
shsoundmor e‘ f
ormal’.I
fyou
areaimingatpr ofi
ci
encyorf luencyinenglishandwishtosoundmor e
l
ikeanat i
vespeaker ,i
tisi mperati
vethatyougettoknowsomeoft he
contract
ionsinthelanguageandt hemanneri nwhichtheyar e
pronounced.Givenbel owi sali
stofcont r
actedformsalongwi ththei
r
phonetictr
anscr i
pti
on.

Longf orm Cont r

acti
on Pr
onunciati
on
am Iam I’
m m
youare y ou’
re jʊə
wear e we’re wə
e
ar

theyare they’r
e eə
whatar e what ’
re w .t
ə
howar e how’ r
e haʊ.
wə
heis
he’
s h z
hehas
shei s
she’
s z
shehas
has

i
tis
i
t’
s t
s
s,

i
thas
i

howi s
how’
s haʊz
howhas
whatis
what
’s w t
z
whathas
 18

whoi s
who’
s h z
whohas
Iwil
l I’
ll l
l
l
wi y ouwill you’
ll jl
wewi l
l we’ll w l
t heywi l
l they’l
l l
Ihav e I’ve v
y ouhav e You’ve jv
e

wehav e We’ ve w v
hav

theyhav e They ’
ve v
coul dhav e Could’ve kʊdəv
mi ghthav e Might’ve mat əv
Iwoul d
I
’
d d
Ihad
y ouwoul d
y
ou’
d jd
youhad
hewoul d
he’
d h d
had

hehad
d,

shewoul d
she’
d d
woul

shehad
wewoul d
we’
d w d
wehad
theywoul d
t
hey
’d d
theyhad
howwoul d
how’
d haʊd
howhad
Iwoul dhave I’
d’v e* .dəv
d
woul
have

wewoul dhave we’ d’ve* w dəv

t
heywoul dhav e t
hey ’d’ve* .dəv
isnot isn’ t znt
ar enot ar en’t nt
hasnot hasn’ t hæznt
not

doesnot doesn’ t dznt

cannot can’ t k nt
wi l
lnot won’ t wəʊnt
woul dnot woul dn’t wʊdnt
coul dnothav e coul dn’ t
’ve* kʊ.
dn. təv
e
not
hav

mustnothav e must n’ t
’ve* m .sn.təv
woul dnothav e woul dn’ t’
ve* wʊ.
dn. təv

I
CSLAB
 19

JAM(
JustaMi
nut
e)

JAM orjustami nut

eisimpromptuspeechgivenwi t
hinthetimelimitof
onemi nute.I
nthisf
astdevel
opingglobal
technologythereisaneedf or
quickanalysi
sandresourcef
uldeci
sionmaking.Thereisnoext ensi
ve
prepar
ationandonehast ospeakinnovat
ivel
yatthespuroft hemoment .
Thesesituati
onsoccurmanyt i
mesinone’sprofessi
onal car
eer.

Poi
ntst
ober
emember
ed:

“
Nor
epet
it
ions,
nohesi
tat
ionsandnodev
iat
ion”
.

 Anal
yzey
ouri
deasaccor
dingt
othesi
tuat
ion.

 Qui
ckl
yar
ranget
hei
deasl
ogi
cal
l
y

 Ber
eadyt
ospeaki
nanysi
tuat
ion

 Dependontheknowledgeacqui
redf
rom gener
alandspeci
fi
c
readi
ngdoneti
l
lthen

 Beor
igi
nal
andcr
eat
ive

 Ti
memanagementandbr
evi
tyi
sessent
ial

 Donotdev
iat
efr
om t
het
opi
c

 Useexamplesfr
om l
i
feexper
iencesr
elev
ant
lyt
ohol
dtheat
tent
ion
oft
heaudience

 Obser
vethepace,
pit
chandt
oneaccor
dingt
otheneedsoft
he
audi
ence.

 Fol
l
owt
her
ulesofgr
ammarandpr
onunci
ati
on.

 Usesuit
ableVocabular
y,i
diomati
cexpr
essi
ons,
tobr
ingabout
cohesi
venessandclari
tyi
nthesubj
ect

 Donothesi
tat
einexpr
essi
nanddonotr
epeatt
hesamepoi
nt

 Beposi
ti
vei
nappr
oach.
 20

Uni
t2
CALLLAB
Sy
ll
abl
e
Asyll
ablei
sauni tofsoundconsi
sti
ngofavowel
andoneormor
e
consonant
-soundsthatcanbeproducedi
noneef
for
t

e.
g./
t/ t
ea - monosy
ll
abi
c

/k .
fi
/ cof
fee - di
syl
l
abi
c

/kæ.
mər
ə/ camer
a - t
ri
syl
l
abi
c

/n ld / knowl
edge- di
syl
l
abi
c

/
p tspənt
/ par
ti
cipant- 4sy
ll
abl
es

/
jn v
əst/ uni
ver
sit
y- 5sy
ll
abl
es

 Saythewords‘t
ea’
,‘
cof
fee’
,‘
camera’
aloud.Youwil
lfi
ndthaty
ou
saythef
irstwor
dinonefl
owofbreath,
thesecondintwoandthe
thi
rdint
hree.

Eachsy l
l
abl
ehasasoundt hatispr
ominent
.Thi
sisusuall
yav owel
sound.However
,inEngl
i
sh, someti
mesaconsonantsoundthatbehav
es
l
ikeav owel
insomepositi
onsispromi
nente.g.

Thef
inal
sounds/
n//
l//bt
n/ - but
ton

/t
ebl
/ -t
abl
e

Thesear
ecal
l
edsy
ll
abi
cconsonant
s

/
bt(
ə)n/ /
t b(
ə)l
/

Wor
dst
ress
Thepr onunciat
ionofwordsinEngli
shpart
lyinvolv
esusingext
rabr
eat
h
forceononeormor esyl
labl
esinthem sothattheysoundmore
promi nentt
hant heot
hersyl
labl
es.Thesesyll
ablesaresai
dtobe
stressed.
 21

Worksconsisti
ngofonesyl
labl
e,whensaidaloudbythemselves,
arespokenwithforcebuti
nawor dconsi
sti
ngoftwosy l
labl
es,ei
therthe
fi
rstort
hesecondorbot hthesy
ll
ablesarest
ressed.

e.
g.teacherisat
wo-syl
l
ablewordwi tht
hef
ir
stsyl
labl
eloudert
han
t
hesecond.Thev owel
inthef
irstsy
ll
able,
whichi
sstr
essed,i
salso
l
ongert
hant hevoweli
nthesecondsyll
able.

I
ndict
ionari
es,
av er
ti
cal
bar[]i spl
acedabov
eandinfr
ontoft
he
sy
ll
abl
ethatcarr
ies“
thepri
maryst
ress”[t
hemainstr
ess]oft
heword.

t
ea.
cher - /ttə/

Somewordsalsohave“
secondar
ystr
ess,
”[weakerst
ress]onanot
her
syl
l
abl
e.Thevert
ical
bar[ ]i
susual
l
yplacedbel
owandi nfr
ontofa
syl
l
abl
ewithaweakerstr
ess.

e.
g.

Stressisameansofmaki
ngasyl
labl
eorawordappearmorepr
ominent
thanot her
stowhi
chi
tisl
i
nkedi
nspeech.Thet
hreesi
gnal
sofstr
essin
Englishare:

1.l
oudness[gr
eat
erbr
eat
hfor
ce]

2.l
engt
hoft
hev
owel

3.pi
tchchange[t
hedegr
eeofhi
ghnessorl
ownessofat
one]

Engl
i
shi
sast
ress-
ti
medl
anguage
Contentwor ds[verbs,nouns,adj
ecti
vesandadverbs]arestr
essed,
whil
ef unct
ionalwor ds[preposi
ti
ons,conj
unct
ions,ar
ti
cles,
auxil
i
ary
ver
bs]ar enotstressed.
 22

Meani
ngandSt
ress
 Il
i
keboi
l
ed eggs.Eggsnotpot
atoes

Il
i
keboi
l
edeggs.Boi
l
ednotf
ri
ed

Il
i
keboi
l
edeggs.Idon’
tdi
sli
ket
hem.

Il
i
keboi
l
edeggs.Il
i
ket
hem butsbdoesn’
t

St
ressshi
ftaccor
dingt
ofunct
ion
Noun/Adj
ect
ive Ver
b

Pr
oduce Pr
oduce

Obj
ect Obj
ect

Pr
esent Pr
esent

deser
t deser
t

St
rongform:Pr
onouncedwhenthewordsar
eutter
edi ndi
vi
dual
l
yor
whentheyar
estr
essed[emphasi
zed]i
nagivencontext.

Weakform: Pr
onouncedwhent hewor
dsareunst
ressed;
thi
sisa
shor
tenedorpart
ial
lypr
onouncedver
sionoft
hewordwhenitisut
ter
ed
i
nconnectedspeech.

 Funct
ionalwordsarepr
onouncedi
ntwoways,
knownast
he
str
ongform andtheweakfor
m oft
heword.

i
mpor
tant-/
Imp t
ənt
/

i
mpot
ent-/I
mpət
ənt
/
 23

STRONGANDWEAKFORMS
Wehav ej
ustlearntthatinspokenEnglish,
notallt
hewor dsina
sent
encear est
ressedequal l
y.Contentwords(
v er
bs,nouns,adj
ect
ives
andadverbs)ar
est r
essed,whi l
efuncti
onalwords(pr
epositi
ons,
conj
uncti
ons,demonst rat
ives)arenot.

Somewor
dsar
epr
onouncedsl
i
ght
lydi
ff
erent
lywhent
heyar
enot
st
ressed.

Forexample,‘
woul
d’,
pronouncedisi
sol
ati
onas/wʊd/,i
sreduced
to/əd/in‘t
hat’
d’or/d/i
n‘I
’d’
because‘woul
d’i
snotst
ressedi
nthese
cases.

That
’dbeni
ce.I
’
dli
ket
hat
./ æt
ədbi
nas. dl
ak æt
./

Si
mil
arl
y,t
hewor
ds‘
and’/
ænd/and‘ f
or’
/f /arer
educedt
o/ən/
and/
fə/whensayi
ngt
hef
oll
owingsent
enceoutal
oud:

Il
i
kebr
eadandbut
terf
orbr
eakf
ast
,/al
akbr
εdən bt
əfə
br
εkf
əst
..
/

Lookatt
hef
oll
owi
ngsent
ence:

Icandoi
t.

Thepronunci
ati
onoft
heword‘
can’changesdependi
ngon
whet
herornotiti
semphasi
zedi
nthecontextoft
heconversat
ion.

/ kənd t
./ when‘
can’
isnotbei
ngemphasi
zed

/ kænd t
./ when‘
can’
isbei
ngemphasi
zed

Thusweseet hattherear
etwoway sofpronouncingwordssuch
as‘
woul d’
,‘
and’,
‘for’
,‘can’andsi
mil
arfunct
ionalwords.Thesetwo
var
yingpronunci
at i
onsar eknownasthestrongform andtheweakfor
m
oft
hewor d.

 st
rongfor
m: pr
onouncedwhent
hewor dsar
eutter
edindiv
idual
l
y
orwhentheyar
estressed(
emphasi
sed)inagi
vencontext

 weakf
orm:
pronuncedwhent
hewor
dsar
eunst
ressed;
thi
sisa
 24

short
enedorparti
all
ypr
onouncedv
ersi
onoft
hewor
dwheni
tis
utt
eredinconnect
edspeech

List
entot
hepronunci
ati
onofthest
rongandt
heweakf
ormsofwor
ds
thatar
egener
all
yunst
ressedi
nspeech.

WORD STRONGFORM WEAKFORM WEAKFORM EXAMPLE

Ar
ti
cl
es
A ə abook
An æn ən anegg
befor
e
t
hear
my
vowels
The
ə bef ore
t
hepenci
l
consonants
auxi
l
iar
yver
bs
Am æm əm I
’m astudent.
Are ə They’
ref r
iendl
y.
He’
smybr other.
I
s z z,
s
I
t’
sani ceday .
Was w z wəz Iwashappy .
Will w l l You’
lldowel l
.
conjuncti
ons
And ænd ənd,
ən Rockandrol
l
Jay
aknowst hatshei
s
That æt ət
her
e.
pr
eposi
ti
ons
At æt ət Lookatthi
s.
For f fə Theycamef orhel
p.
From f
rm fr
əm I’
mf rom Sr
iLanka.
təbefor
e
t We’
regoi
ngt
oDel
hi.
To consonant
s
t
ʊbef
orev
owel
s ‒ I
tist
ento(st
rong)ei
ght
.
Of v əv Aboxofsweets

Wordslikearti
cles,pr
onouns,auxil
i
aryverbs,determi
ner s,conj
uncti
ons
and prepositi
ons do not usual l
y appear as st rong f orms i n
conver
sationalspeech.Manypeopl ei nIndia,forwhom Engl i
shi sa
secondlanguage,speakastheywoul dwri
te―usingstrongf or
msi nstead
oftheweakf orms.Thissoundsunnat ur
alasi tgoesagainsttherhythm
ofspokenEngl i
sh.Theref
orelearntouset heweakf ormsoff uncti
onal
wordswhenspeaki nginEngl
ish.
 25

However
,youalsoneedtobeawarethatthestr
ongfor
m ofa
f
unct
ional
wordisusedinsomechicumstances.Somesit
uati
onswhi
ch
r
equi
restr
ongformsincl
ude:

 Emphasi
s

Shedoes[
dz]si
ngwel
l
,doesn’
tshe?

Compar
etot
heweakf
orm:
Shedoes[
dəz]i
twel
l
.

 Att
heendofasent
ence

Whatar
eyoul
ooki
ngat[
æt]
?

Compar
etot
heweakf
orm:
I’
mlooki
ngat[
ət]y
ou.

 Whenshowi
ngcont
rast

I
’
mtr
avel
l
ingf
rom [
fr m]Hy
der
abad,
nott
oHy
der
abad.

Compar
etot
heweakf
orm:
I’
mtr
avel
l
ingf
rom [
fr
əm]Hy
der
abad.
 26

I
ntonat
ion
Oneoft heimport
antcomponentsofspeechisintonati
on.Int
onati
onis
theuseofappr opri
atetonetoconv eymeaning.I ncombinati
onwith
words,tone hel
ps us underst
and the gi
stoft he message.When
someone asks us a quest
ion l
ike ‘
Arey ou l
eaving t
omorrow?’the
gradual
lyr
isi
ngtonehelpsusreal
isethatwearebeingaskedaquest i
on
evenifwedonotheartheexactwordsbeingspoken.

TYPESOFTONES
Speechusessev
eral
kindsoft
ones.Themor
eimpor
tantoft
hesear
e:

ri
singt one ri
sing-f
all
ingt
one
fal
li
ngt one fal
li
ng-ri
singt
one
List
encarefull
ytothefoll
owingpair
sofsentencesontheCD.Note
thechangesinpitchast hesentencesar
espokenaloud.Repeateach
sentencewit
ht hecorrecti
ntonati
on.

A:
Hei
scomi
ng. A:
Icanhel
pyou.

B:
Ishecomi
ng? B:
CanIhel
pyou?

A:
Iti
shott
oday
. A:
Youmustl
eav
enow.

B:
Isi
thott
oday
? B:
Musty
oul
eav
enow?

ThesentencesinsetAareutt
eredwiththepit
chofthevoice
f
all
ingatt heendofthestat
ements;i
.e.
,i
naf al
li
ngtone.Thesentences
i
nsetBar espokenwitht
hepit
chofthev oi
cerisi
ngattheend;i
.e.,
ina
r
isi
ngt one.

Fal
li
ngt
one
Af
all
i
ngt
onei
sgener
all
yusedi
nthef
oll
owi
ngcases:

1.Compl
eteanddef
ini
test
atement
s

Godmademan. Thechi
l
drenar
epl
ayi
ngchess.

2.‘
Wh-
‘quest
ions

What
’st
het
ime? Wher
edoy
oul
i
ve?
 27

3.Commands

Shutt
hedoor
. Comequi
ckl
y.

4.Excl
amat
orysent
ences

Goodheavens!(
sur
pri
se) Whatal
ovel
yfl
ower
!
(
appr
eciat
ion)

Ri
singt
one
Ar
isi
ngt
onei
sgener
all
yusedi
nthef
oll
owi
ngcases:

1.St
atement
sint
endedasaquest
ion

Youcamet
hismor
ning? Youat
ebr
eakf
ast
?

2.St
atement
sint
endedt
obesoot
hingorencour
agi
ng

Don’
twor
ry. I
t’
sokay
.

3.‘
Wh-‘
quest
ionswhi
chcheckorcl
ari
fyi
nfor
mat
iont
hathasal
ready
beengi
ven

What
’sy
ourname? Howol
dar
eyou?

4.Yes/
noquest
ions

CanIseei
t? Hav
eyouf
ini
shedy
ourwor
k?

5.Excl
amat
ionsspokenasquest
ions

Real
l
y? What
?(Cani
tbet
rue?
)

6.Gr
eet
ingandwi
shes

Goodmor
ning. Hel
l
o.

7.Rhet
ori
cal
quest
ions

Cant
hebl
i
ndl
eadt
hebl
i
nd? Whocanescapedeat
h?

8.Apostr
ophes(anaddr
esst
oanabsent
/imagi
nar
yper
sonora
personi
fi
edconcept
)

Fr
ail
ty,
thynamei
swoman. Deat
h,wher
eist
hyst
ing?
 28

Fal
li
ng-
ri
singt
one
Thefall
i
ng-r
isi
ngtoneindi
catesamov ementoft
hepit
choft
hev oice
fr
om ahighlevelt
oalowlevelandthent
othemiddl
eorhi
ghl
evel
.Itis
gener
all
yusedinthef
oll
owingcases:

1.Int
agquest
ions(i.
e.,
questionsaskedf
orconf
ir
mation,appr
ov al,
etc.
),
wegeneral
l
yuseaf all
i
ngt oneattheendoft
hefi
rstpartandarising
toneatt
hebeginni
ngoft hesecond.

You’
rel
ear
ningFr
ench,
aren’
tyou?

Let
’shav
esomemusi
c,shal
lwe?

2.Whenther
eisacont
rastdrawni nasentence,thatwhichiscont
rast
ed
i
sspokenwithar
isi
ngtone,precededbytheot herinafall
i
ngtone.

Iwantt
obuyat
elev
isi
onset
,notar
adi
o.

Myni
ecei
sadoct
or,
notaengi
neer
.

Ri
sing-
fal
li
ngi
ntonat
ion
Theri
sing-
fal
l
ingtoneindicat
esamov ementofthepit
choft
hev oi
ce
fr
om al
owl evel
toahighlevelandt
hentot
hemiddleort
hel
owlev
el.

Whenyour
ecit
eal
ist
,thevar
iousi
temsmentionedi
nsuccessi
on
ar
espokenwi
thari
si
ngt
one,fol
l
owedbyaf al
l
ingt
oneintheendfort
he
l
asti
tem.

Icame,
Isaw,
Iconquer
ed.

We’
regoi
ngt
oFr
ance,
Engl
and,
Romeandt
henSwi
tzer
land.

MEANI
NGANDTONE
Thetoneweusewhil
espeaki
ngoft
eni
nfl
uencest
hemeani
ngofwhat
wearesayi
ng.Thi
sispar
ti
cul
arl
ycommonwhenwearebei
ngir
oni
cor
sar
casti
c.

Wonder
ful
!Wel
ldone! nor
mal
tone,
expr
essi
ngappr
oval

Wonderf
ul!Wel
ldone! sar
cast
ict
one,
expr
essi
ngmocki
ng
di
sappr
oval
 29

Li
stentoanot
hersetofexampl
estounder
standhowachangei
n
i
ntonat
ioncanchangethemeani
ngofasentence.

It
’sf
ini
shed! del
i
ght I
t’
sfi
nished?
sur
pri
se

It
’sf
ini
shed… di
sappoi
ntment I
t’
sfi
nished.
annoy
ance

I
CSLAB
ROLEPLAY
SI
TUATI
ONALDI
ALOGUES/
ROLE-
PLAY

Whati
srol
e-pl
ay

Role-playistheactivit
ywher eonewouldbegivenar ol
et oplay.Thest udentscanassume
theroleofanyone- suchasmanager s,chef
,of
fi
cersetc.andexper iencethejoyoflaer
ingby
getti
ngi nvolvedi
nt hecharacterchosenbyhim.Whileplanningther oleofsomeoneel se,
the
studentr ef
lectsont hecharacter
.Bybeinginv
olvedi
nt hecharact erthestudenthastothi
nk
i
nabr oaderway ,correcthi
saat i
tudeandfi
ndfactsandr esponsibili
ti
esthatarerequi
redfor
anideal personali
ty.

Role-
playall
owsastudentt
oprepar
ethor
oughl
yforr
eal
li
fesi
tuat
ionsandpav
esawayt
o
thi
nkthroughthel
anguageatt
heini
ti
alst
age.

DO’
S

 Under
standandanal
yzet
hesi
tuat
ion

 I
dent
if
yyourr
oleandt
henactaccor
dingl
y.

 Fr
amesent
ences,
quest
ionsandanswer
spr
oper
ly

 Beasnat
ural
asposi
ble.Bey
our
sel
f

 Checkt
hepost
ureandmov
eal
i
ttl
e

 Usey
ourhandst
oexpr
ess

 Mai
ntai
nagoodey
econt
actwi
tht
heot
herper
son

 Makeuseofshort
nedformsofwor
dsl
i
ke’
shan’
t,
don’
tet
c.,
whi
char
especi
alf
or
spokenf
orm ofl
anguage.

 Under
standt
hequest
ionandt
henanswer
.

 Checkv
oicemodul
ati
on,
str
ee,
int
onat
ionandspeed.

Don’
t’
s
 30

 Bei
nahur
ryt
osaysomet
hing

 Keepy
our
sel
fdet
achedf
rom t
her
olegi
ven.

 Speakunchecked

 Putonanaccentorl
ookani
mat
ed.

 Pl
anty
our
sel
ftoapar
ti
cul
arpoi
nt,
bendormov
eexcessi
vel
y

 Usey
ourhandexcessi
vel
y.

 Av
oidey
econt
act
;rol
lyourey
es/st
arecont
inuousl
y

 Readoutt
hewr
it
tenf
orm ofcommuni
cat
ion

 Answerur
gent
ly

 Bet
oof
ast
/sl
oworshoutunnecessar
il
y.

UNI
T3
CALLLAB
CommonEr
ror
sinPr
onunci
ati
on
Mostofus, whosemot hertonguei snotEngl i
sh,speakwi thatleasta
sl
ightregionallanguageaccent .Indianspeaker sofEnglishcangener all
y
understandeachot her.However,notknowi nghowt opronounceEngl ish
wordscor rect
lydoessomet imesmakei tdiff
icultforust obe
understoodbyt heper sontowhom wear espeaki ng,especial
l
yi fheor
sheisnotf amiliarwithouraccent .Youdonotneedt osoundl i
kea
nati
vespeakerofEngl ishinordert obeunder stood.Nev ert
hel
ess, i
tis
goodt obeawar eofsomeoft heer ror
sinpr onunciati
onmadebyI ndi
an
speakersofEngl i
sh,sothatwecancor rectourselvesandt hereby
i
mpr oveourabi lit
ytocommuni cateinthelanguage.
 31

I
ndianspeaker sfi
nditdiff
icultt
opr onouncecertai
nsoundsin
Engl
ish;t
heysubst i
tuteitwithanothersound, mostl
ygoingbyt he
wri
ttenword.Letusseeaf ewexampl esofhowonesoundt akesthe
pl
aceofanot herinIndi
anspokenEngl ish.Li
stentotheCDforthe
corr
ectpronunciati
onoft hesewor ds.

Pr
onunciat i
on
Er
ror Wor
d
Incorrect Corr
ect
/
s/f
or// aboli
sh əb ls əb l
sheet st t
shi
ne s n n
parti
ti
on p tsən p t n
shy s
versi
on v sən v n
l
uxury lksər i
/lksur i lk ər i
shelf self elf
/
s/f
or/
z/ hazard hæs r d/hæ s hæzəd
d
maze mes m z
/
d /f
or/
z/ musi
cal mj d kəl / mj zkl
m d kəl
zebra d br zebrə
/
v/f
or/
w/ wednesday ved.nes.d wenzd
wheel vl w l
west vest west
wine v n w n
/ /f
or/ / august gəst .gəst
order dər də
born b r n/b n b n
/ /f
or/
ʊə/ tour tr tʊə
poor p r pʊə
cure kj r kjʊə
surel
y rl ʊəl
/ /f
or// l
ive(ver
b) lv lv
give gv gv
ship p p
video v dəʊ vdəʊ

Oneoft
hemostgl
ari
ngi
nst
ancesofmi
spr
onunci
ati
onappear
sinwor
ds
 32

whichhav et heconsonant‘ r’.InBri

ti
shEngl i
sh,t
hephoneme/ r/is
pronouncedonl ywhenf ol
lowedbyav owel
;forexample,inwordssuch
as‘rat’
,‘r
ed’,‘r
ight’
,‘r
ound’ ,‘
rust’
,andsoon.When/ r/isflowedbya
consonantsound,i tisactuall
ysi l
enti
nBrit
ishEngli
sh.List
entotheCD
forthecorrectpronunciati
onoft hewordsbelow.

Wor d Mispr onouncedas Corr

ectpr
onunci
ati
on
Wor l
d wr ld w ld
Car k r k
aft
ermat h ftərm ftəm
aft
ernoon ftərn n f
tən n
yearbook jərbʊk jəbʊk
air
-condit
ion eərkənd n eəkənd n
careful keərfəl keəfəl
course k r s k s
Deser t dezərt dezət
Target t r t/t r d t t t
Hard h r d h d
fur
niture fr ntər f ntə
Later l
et ər l
et ə
Heart h r t h t
Wor k w r k w k
burger b rər b ə

Thetabl
ebelowl i
stsaf
ewwor dst
hatar
eof
tenmispr
onouncedby
I
ndianspeaker
sofEngli
sh.Li
stent
otheCDfort
hecorr
ectpronunci
ati
on
oft
hewor dsbelow.

Wor
d Mi spr
onouncedas Cor r
ectPronunci
ati
on
Against æ nst ə enst
Apple æpəl æpl
Assist
ant æst ənt/əst
ent əsst ənt
Assume əzj m əsj m
Bi
scuit bskut b skt
Breakfast brekf st brekfəst
Chil
d tel d tal d
Cough kf kf
Devotee
Doctor d kt
ər d kt
ə
Exam d æm /e d æm zæm
 33

Fast er f t ə/f t ər f stə

gov ernment v ərnəmənt vənmənt
Internet ntərnet ntənet
Iron rən ən
Kangar oo k r
Knees ns nz
Lawy er lj ər/l j ər ljə
Leisur e l ə/l əə l
eə
Lion l n l ən
Lor d l d/l r d ld
Max i
mum mækd məm / mæksməm
mæ zməm
Measur
e me ə/me ər me ə
Menu men menj
NewZealand nj d l ənd/ nj z lənd
nj d l ænd
Onion njən nj
ən
Opinion əp nj ən əp nj ən
Paint pent pent
Paper pæpər pepə
Peas ps pz
Peopl e p pəl p pl
Plumber plmbər plmə
Suggest i
on səd e ən səd estən
Thur sday rəsde zde
Vehicle vehkl v əkl
Visi
on v n/v ən v n
Wat er v t ər w t ə
West vest west
Zero d r əʊ zər əʊ
Zoo d z
 34

MOTHERTONGUEI
NFLUENCE
Engli
shisspokenbyalargenumberofpeopl eallovertheworldi
na
widevari
etyofsoci
al,
academic,andpr ofessi
onal context
s.
Consequentl
y,t
odaytherearesever
al i
nternati
onallyrecogni
zed
vari
eti
esofEngli
shspokenwi t
hdiff
erentaccent saroundt heworl
d,and
I
ndianEngli
shisprominentamongt hese.

Eachlanguagehasitsownsounds; somesoundsi nonelanguage

mightnotbef oundinanother
.Wheni ti
sdiff
iculttoproducecertai
n
soundsofEngl i
sh,whi
char eal
ientoourmothert ongue,wereplace
them wit
hthesoundsoft hemot hert
ongue/regionall
anguage.Mostof
theseerr
orsareunconsciousonesmadebyf orceofhabit.

Lookatthefol
lowi
ngexamplesinwhi
chEngli
shsoundsar
e
i
nfl
uencedbythesoundsoft
hemot hert
ongue.Li
stent
otheCDtol
ear
n
t
hecorrectpr
onunci
ati
onofeachword.

Pronunci
ati
on
Er
ror Wor
d
I
ncor
rect Cor
rect
/ /short
enedt
o/ʊ/ truth tr
ʊ tr
/
ʊ/lengt
henedt
o/ cook k k kʊk
/ book b k bʊk
f
oot ft fʊt
/ /shor
tenedt
o// sl
eep slp sl p
f
eelings fl z fl z
//l
engt
henedto/ p p
shi
p
/
/
əʊ/i
nplaceof/ / cot kəʊt kt
hot həʊt ht
/
əʊ/i
npl
aceof/ / caught kəʊt k t
t
hought əʊt t
/ /i
npl
aceof/ / caught k t k t
t
hought t t
/ /i
npl
aceof/ / hot h t ht
/ /i
npl
aceof/
əʊ/ coat kt kəʊt
goat t əʊt
/
e/inplaceof/ / t
aste test(
ə) t st
/ /inplaceof/
aʊ/ power p w r paʊə
/ /inplaceof/ / data d t detə
/ /inplaceof/
əʊ/ bowl b ʊl bəʊl
 35

/s/or/d /i
npl
ace haʊss/haʊd haʊzz
houses
of/z/ s
zi
p sp/d p zp
zinc s k/d k z k
/d/,//,or/
s/i
n j sʊəl/j d j ʊəl
usual
pl
aceof / / ʊəl
pleasure pl
esər/pled ər pl
eə
t
elevi on Tel
si evəd ən
 36

HOW CANII
MPROVEMYPRONUNCI
ATI
ON?
Manypronunci
ati
oner
rorscanber ect
if
iedov
ertimebybeingawar eof
t
hesoundsofEngli
shandbyli
steni
ngtopeoplespeakcor
rectEngl
i
sh.

 Li
stentospokenEngl i
shasof tenaspossi blebyl i
steni
ngt o
Engli
shspeaker
sonr adioandt
elevision,t
heinternet
,orinperson.
Themorey ouli
sten,
themor ey
oui nternal
izetheexperi
ence.

 Makealistofwordsthaty ouof
tenmispronounce.Takingthe
hel
pofagooddict
ionar
y,makeadeliber
ateandconsciouseffor
t
tomodif
yy ourpr
onunciat
ionbyrepeati
ngt hecorrectsounds
l
oudly
.

 Phonet
ictranscri
pti
ons t
oo helpy ou underst
and t
he cor
rect
pr
onunciat
ion.I
fyouhavetheti
me,learntoreadtheI
nter
nati
onal
Phonet
icAlphabet(r
efert
oUnitI)
.

 Revi
seandkeepi nmi ndwhaty
ouhavel
ear
ntint
hesecti
onti
tl
ed
‘
Pronunciat
ionpatt
erns’i
nUnitI(
pages26-
32)andallt
hatyou
havelear
ntinthi
sunitsofar
.

 Practi
ce speaki
ng the l
anguage wit
ht eachers,fr
iends and
coll
eagues.Beopent o cr
it
ici
sm regardi
ng mispr
onunciat
ions.
Askforhelpfr
om peopl
ewhospeakcor r
ectl
y.

 Makel ear
ningt
hecor rectsoundanenjoy abl
eactivi
tybylearning
i
tt he wayy ou l
ike best.Itcan be thoughtwat chi
ng videos,
l
istening t o audio t apes, wat
ching f il
ms and t el
evision
programmes,l ist
ening toy ourlanguage teacher,using flash
cards,andsoon.Ther earemanyaudi o-vi
sualresour
cesonl i
ne
which al l
ow you tol ist
en to words being spoken by nat i
ve
speaker s.
I
CSLAB

Descr
ibi
ngThi
ngs
Wheny ouareaskedt
odescri
beanobjectorat
hing,
ther
ear
ecer
tai
nqual
i
tiesoft
heobj
ect
youneedident
if
yinordert
oful
lydescr
ibei
t.

 Shape:
Whatshapei
sit
?Isi
tround,
squar
e,t
ri
angul
ar,
pent
agonal
,amor
phous,
 37
i
rr
egul
aroracombi
nat
ionofshapes?

 Size:Whatsi
zeisit
?Itissmal l
,medi um,big,l
arge,gi
gantic?Mostof tenyouwill
find
thatcompari
ngittootherobjectswillgi
vey ouandy ourli
stenerabettersenseoft he
object’
ssi
ze.Forexample,‘
itisbiggerthanat enni
sballbutsmal lert
hanav ol
leyball’
.
I
nsuchcases, phr
asessuchas‘ asbi gas’,‘
bigger/
smal l
erthan’,
‘comparableto’
,etc.
,
willcomeinhandy.

 Col
our:
Whatcol
ouri
sit
?Isitbl
ue,
green,
magenta,l
emony el
low?Learni
nghowt
o
i
dent
if
ycol
oursandt
hei
rshadeswouldbeusef
ulindescr
ibi
ngobject
s.

 Weight:
Howheav yi
sit?Again,usi
ngcompar isonsherewi
l
lbeusef
ulasyoumight
notknowtheexactweightofanobject.Forexample,y
ourl
apt
opmightbe‘heav
ier
thanatext
bookbutli
ghterthanabrick’
.

 Text
ure:
Howdoesi
tfeel
?Isi
tsmoot
h,gl
assy
,vel
vet
y,si
l
ky,
rough?

 Mater
ial:
Whatisi
tmadeof?Fibr
egl
ass,
plast
ic,
har
dpl
ast
ic,
stai
nlessst
eel
,
al
uminium,br
ass,
gol
d,copper
?

 Pur
pose:Whatpurposedoesi
tser
ve?I
situsedt
omakef
ood,
combhai
r,dr
awt
hings,
shr
edpaper
,proj
ectimagesont
oascreen?

 Howi tworks:
Howdoest heobj
ectwork?Isi
tmechani
cal
,di
git
al,
elect
roni
c,ora
combinati
onofthese?Howanobjectworksi
saveryusef
ult
hingtoknowwhen
tr
yingtodescri
beit
.

Oncey ouhav eal

lthesepoint
sinmi nd,i
tshoul
dbeeasi
ertodescri
beanobj
ectf
ull
yand
clear
lytoyouraudience.Readthefoll
owingexampl
estounder
standhowyoumightuse
theseguidel
inesi
nor dertodescr
ibeanobject.

Descr
ibi
ngPr
ocesses
Descripti
onsofprocessesarecommoni nlabmanual s,experi
mentorl abreport
s,
proposals,pr
ogressreports,
completionreports,et
c.Theycanei t
herbedescribi
nghow
somet hi
ngwor ksorwasdone, oritcouldbei nthefor
m ofinstruct
ionsonhowt odo
somet hi
ng.Inboththesecases,thereareaf ewguideli
neswhi ch,i
ffol
lowed,makeit
easiertodescri
beapr ocessandbeunder stoodbyy ouraudience.

 Defi
nit
ion:
Startbydef
ini
ngtheprocess;i
fiti
scall
edsomet hingspeci
fi
cthent
he
namemustbement i
oned.I
fthedefi
niti
onisanextendedonet hendosoonlyi
f
youaresureyouraudi
encerequi
restheextensi
onorwillunderst
andit
.

 Pur
pose:
Next
,out
li
net
hepur
poseorf
unct
ionoft
hepr
ocess.

 St
eps:Logi
cal
l
y,andst
art
ingf
rom t
hebegi
nni
ng,
li
stal
lthemaj
orst
epsi
nthe
pr
ocess.

 Descr
ipt
ion:
Nex
t,descr
ibeal
lthest
epsi
ndet
ail
int
hesameor
derasy
ouhav
e
l
ist
edthem.
 38

 Voice:Al
waysusethepassi vethi
rdper sont
odescr i
beapr ocess.Forexample,
‘
Thel i
quidwaspouredintothebeaker ’i
smor eappropri
atethen‘Ipouredt
he
l
iquidint
othebeaker’
.Ifgi
vinginstruct
ionsonhowt odosomet hi
ng,thenthe
i
mper ati
vesecondpersoncanbeused.Forex ample,wheni nst
ructi
ngsomeone
onhowt omakeanomel ett
e,youcoul dsay‘Oncethepani sheated,poura
tabl
espoonofoili
ntoitandwai tforitt
oheatt hr
ough’.

 Diagrams:Useanappr opriat
ediagram orfi
gureifneededtoil
lust
ratethe
processmor eclearly.Forexampl e,astudyyouconduct edcanhaveagr aphof
somesor tdepictingthei nformati
ony ougather
edi naclearvi
sualform.Another
processmightr equireaf lowchartorlinedi
agram tohelpclar
ifyt
hemaj orsteps
i
nt heprocess.Thesecanbeusedt omakey ourpresentati
onsonthepr ocess
cl
earernotjustf oryouraudi ence,butalsof
oryourself
.

Maki
nganomel
ett
e
Anomelett
eisasavour
yprepar
ati
onmadeoutofeggs.I
tcaneit
herbemadepl
ainorwit
h
theaddi
ti
onofi
ngredi
ent
ssuchasoni
ons,t
omatoes,chi
l
li
es,et
c.Here,
wewil
ldescr
ibehow
tomakeanomelett
ewithoni
onsandtomat
oes.

Fi
rst
,choponeoni on,
twot omat
oes,anddeseedandfinel
ychoponegreenchi
ll
y.
Next,br
eaktwoeggsi ntoaclean,
drybowl
.Addat easpoonofsalt
,apinchofgr
oundblack
pepper,
andalitt
letur
mer i
ctotheeggs.Af
terthat
,whisktheeggswit
haf or
korawhiskuntil
theeggsareniceandfluff
y.

Meanwhil
e,gentl
yheatanon-st
ickpanandpouratabl
espoonofoi
lint
oi t
.Whent
he
oil
ishot,
addthechoppedoni onandchil
l
y,andf
rygentl
yfort
womi nut
esunti
ltheoni
ons
tur
nsoftandtr
anslucent
.Thismeanstheyarecooked.

Aft
ert
hisst
ep,addthetomatoesandf
ryf
oranot
herminut
eti
l
lthet
omat
oessof
ten.
Att
hisst
age,
thewhiskedeggsshoul
dbeaddedtot
hehotpan.

Tur
nthegasdownt othel owestset
ti
ngandgent l
ypourt
hefluf
fy,
whi skedeggsint
o
thehotpanwitht
hefri
edonionsandt omatoes.Shakethepangent
lytoensuret heegg
mixtur
eisevenl
ydist
ri
butedacrossthepanandt hencovert
hepanwi t
halid.Thisall
owsthe
eggstocookgentl
ywithoutget
tingburntorover
cooked.

Aft
eraboutt
hreemi nut
es,l
i
f tt
hel i
dandfli
ptheomelet
teoversothatt
heothersi
de
br
ownsevenl
yaswell.Ami nut
eafterfl
ippingt
heomelett
e,swi
tchoffthegasandsli
dethe
omel
ett
eontoaplat
e.Itshouldbeanev engoldenbrownonbothsi
desandsof tandspr
ingy
i
nthemiddl
e.

Thi
sisbestser
vedhotandwi
thacoupl
eofsl
i
cesofbut
ter
edt
oast
.

UNI
T4
I
CSLAB
 39

Pr
esent
ati
onSki
ll
s
Mostpr
esent
ati
onsar
edi
vi
dedi
nto3mai
npar
ts(+quest
ions)

1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

2)Body

3)Concl
usi
on

Quest
ions

Asagener
alr
ulei
ncommunicati
on,
repet
iti
onisval
uabl
e.I
n
pr
esent
ati
on,
ther
eisagol
denrul
eaboutrepet
iti
on.

a)Saywhaty
ouar
egoi
ngt
osay
.

b)Sayi
t.

c)Then,
Saywhaty
ouhav
ejustsai
d.

I
ntr
oduct
ion

a)Wel
comey
ouraudi
ence

b)I
ntr
oducey
oursubj
ect

c)Out
li
net
hest
ruct
ureofy
ourpr
esent
ati
on

d)Gi
vei
nst
ruct
ionsaboutquest
ions

Bodyoft
hepr
esent
ati
on

Thebodyist
herealpresent
ati
on.Somekeypoi
ntswhi
l
edel
i
ver
ing
t
hebodyofyourpr
esentat
ion:

 Donothur
ry.  Usey
ournot
es.
 Beent
husi
ast
ic.  Remai
npol
i
tewhendeal
i
ng
 Gi
vet
imeonv
isual
s. wi
thdi
ff
erentquest
ions.
 Mai
ntai
ney
econt
act
.
 Modul
atey
ourv
oice.
 Lookf
ri
endl
y.
 40

Concl
usi
on

a)Sum up

b)Gi
ver
ecommendat
ions

c)Thanky
ouraudi
ence

d)I
nvi
tequest
ions

Vi
sualAi
ds
 Al
lthev
isual
syoushowmustber
elat
edt
oyourt
alk.

 Makesurethesl
ides,char
tsort
ransparenci
esar
eint
her
ightor
der
,mat
chi
ngt
he
sequenceofpoi
ntsinyourpr
esentat
ion.

 Donotputintoomuchinf
ormati
onononev
isual.I
twil
lmakethesli
deunr
eadabl
e,or
youraudi
encewil
lspendt
imereadi
ngt
hesl
iderathert
hanl
ist
eningtoy
ou.

 Wr i
ttenmatt
eronsl i
desandt r
ansparenci
esshoul
dbei nt
heform ofkeywordsor
phrases,poi
ntsorshortsentences.Tryt
olimi
tthewordspersl
i
det oamax i
mum of
ten.Keepreadingtoami ni
mum.Youcanex pandoneachofthepointswhenyou
explaint
hevisual.

 Editt
het
extony
oursl
i
descar
eful
l
ytoav
oider
ror
sinspel
l
ing,
punct
uat
ionand
grammar
.

 Preparey oursl
idesinsuchawayt hattheaudienceseesonlyonev isualorpoi
ntata
ti
me.Ift hesli
dehasmor ethanwhaty ouwi l
ltal
kabout,theaudiencemayget
di
stractedandnotl i
stentoyou.InaPower Pointpr
esentati
on,youcanuset he
animat i
ontoolstoreveali
nformati
ongraduall
y ;
thi
sall
owsphr ases,pointsor
graphicstoappearont hescreenslowl
y ,
onebyone.

 I
tisusef
ultogi
vetheaudiencehandout
satt
heendofyourpr
esent
ati
on—theywil
lbe
abl
etowatchthesl
ideshowandl i
stent
oyouwi
thouthav
ingt
oworryabouttaki
ng
downnotes.

 Visualsshoul
dbesi mpl e,cl
earandappealing.Thelayoutshoul
dbeclearandwel l
designed,andtheletter
slargeenoughf orpeopleevenatthebackofther oom to
readeasily
.Acompl icateddesignortoomanyef f
ectsmayconf useordistr
actyour
audience.Choosethecol oursforthebackgroundandt helet
ter
ingcaref
ull
yt ocr
eate
visual
sthatarepleasingtotheey eandeasyt oread.

 Useaminimum 20-poi
ntTi
mesRomanoranyot
herf
ri
endl
yty
pef
acet
hatcanbe
readf
rom adi
stance.

 Beforeyoustar
t,checki
ftheproj
ect
oryouwi
llbeusi
ngworksandi
skepti
nther
ight
posit
ion.Al
somakesur ethatt
heroom i
snei
thert
oobri
ghtnort
oodar
k.
 41

 Rememberthatv i
sualai
dsaremeantt
osuppor tt
hemai npointofy ourpresentat
ion.
Donotoverwhelmy ouraudi
encewi
thunnecessaryani
mations,colours,etc.
—these
mightdi
str
actthem from whaty
ouwanttosay,andsometimesi tdoesnotl ook
prof
essi
onal.

UNI
T5

I
CSLAB

Gr
oupDi
scussi
on[GD]
I
tisafor
maldiscussionamongfiv
etotwelvepart
ici
pant
s,whoanal
yze
atopi
candshareinformat
ionandopi
nionsonit.

Whathappensi
naGD?
Thegr oupi
sgi
venafewminutestothi
nkaboutat
opi
candthenasked
todiscussi
tamongt
hemselvesforafi
xedperi
odoft
ime[10–15
minutesor15–20minut
es]

 Oneormoreexper
tswi
llobser
vet
hedi
scussi
onandev
aluat
ethe
membersoft
hegroup.

Whatki
ndoft
opi
csar
edi
scussed?
a)Fact
ual
–thedanger
sofpassi
vesmoki
ng

b)Asoci
alorpol
i
tical
issue–Mor
alpol
i
cing

c)Abst
ract–Consci
ence

d)Case-
studybased,wher
ethegr
oupdi
scussesacasest
udyand
anal
ysesitorof
ferssol
uti
ons

Whati
stest
edt
hroughGDs?[Test
ingPoi
nts]
1.Dept
hofknowl
edge

2.Gr
oupbehav
ior

3.Leader
shi
pqual
i
ties

4.Communi
cat
ionski
l
ls

5.Useofappr
opr
iat
ever
bal
andnonv
erbal
language[Bodyl
anguage]
 42

6.Ef
fect
ivel
i
steni
ng

7.Cl
ari
tyofexpr
essi
on

8.Lev
elofconf
idence

St
ruct
ureofGr
oupDi
scussi
on
1.Br
ainst
orming–star
tswi
thi
ntr
oduct
ionandv
iewpoi
ntsofv
ari
ous
membersonthegiv
entopi
c

2.Eval
uati
on–consi
stsoft
herealdi
scussi
onwher
ethepar
ti
cipant
s
di
scussthetopi
cwit
hexamplesandquesti
ons

3.Summary–whereoneparti
cipantsummar i
zest
hedi
scussi
on
menti
oni
ngthekeypoi
ntsr
aisedwhi l
ediscussi
ng.

Ki
ndsofGr
oupDi
scussi
on
a)St
udentLedorFr
eeWheel
ing–

Parti
cipantsar
egivenaroom wheretheyhav etomanageeveryt
hing,
from decidi
ngthet
opicofdiscussi
ontoarrangingt
hei
rseat
s.Af t
erthe
GDt heev al
uat
orasksthem questi
onsregardi
nghowtheyarranged
themselves.

b)Moder
atorLedDet
ail
edObser
vat
oryst
yle.

Amoder atorremainspresentdur
ingGD.Hegi
vesthetopi
c,i
nfor
ms
them abouttheti
mel i
mi t
sandoftenaskst
hesi
lentmemberto
summar izethedi
scussion.

c)Det
ail
Obser
vat
oryst
yle

Somegroupdiscussionsalsoincl
udeHi -
techmethodsli
ke“cl
osecircui
t
camer
a”toassesst heoveral
lbehaviorofthepart
ici
pant
s.Inthi
sstyle,
Exami
nersobservethediscussionandpar t
ici
pant
sfrom anot
herroom
usi
ng“Audi
o-vi
sualaids”
 43

Cat
egor
izat
ionofPar
ti
cipant
s
1.I
nit
iat
or–Onewhoi
nit
iat
est
hedi
scussi
on

2.Co-
ordi
nat
or–Onewhomakest
hesi
l
entmember
stal
k

3.Shaper–Onewhogi
vesdi
rect
iont
othet
eam

4.Fini
sher–Onewhokeepsat
imecheckandmakest
het
eam f
ini
sht
he
taskontime.

5.Leader–Onewholeadsthediscussi
onandshowsl
eader
shi
pski
l
ls
l
ikemakingal
lpar
ti
ci
pantsspeak.

6.Confl
ictManager–Onewhot
akescar
eoft
hesmoot
hfunct
ioni
ngof
thedi
scussion.

7.I
nnov
ator–Onewhocomesoutwi
thnewi
deas.

8.Talki
ngTer
ror–Onewhokeepsonspeaki
ngatl
engt
hwi
thoutgi
vi
ng
chancetoot
hers.

9.Si
lentMember–Onewhohar
dly
-speaksbutl
i
stenst
oot
her
s.

I
nter
viewSki
ll
s
I
tisani
nteract
ionbetweent
woormor eper sonsforaspeci
ficpurpose
i
nwhichtheint
ervi
eweraskstheint
erv
ieweespeci f
icquest
ionsinorder
t
oassesshissuit
abil
i
tyforr
ecrui
tment,admissi
onorpr omoti
on.

Ty
pesofI
nter
views
Jobintervi
ews,Informati
onInter
views,Per
suasiv
eInter
v i
ews,Exi
t
I
ntervi
ews, Ev
aluationInt
erv
iews,Counsell
ingI
nterv
iews,Confl
ict
-
Resoluti
onInter
v i
ews,Disci
pli
naryInt
ervi
ews,Terminat
ionInt
ervi
ews.

Empl
oyer
’sExpect
ati
ons
1.Di
sposi
ti
on[t
hewayy
out
endt
obehav
eorf
eel
]

2.Car
eerObj
ect
ive

3.Subj
ectKnowl
edge

4.Gener
alKnowl
edge
 44

5.Communi
cat
ionSki
l
ls

6.Ment
alAbi
l
ity

7.Consi
stency

8.Sel
f-
conf
idence

Ti
psf
orasuccessf
uli
nter
view
1.Bewel
lpr
epar
ed.

2.Br
ushupy
oursubj
ectandgener
alknowl
edge.

3.Memor
izey
ourr
esume.

4.Knowaboutt
hecompany
.

5.Dr
essappr
opr
iat
ely
.

6.Besmar
t,cl
eanandwel
lgr
oomed.

7.Car
ryaf
oldercont
aini
ngal
lrel
evantdocument
s.

8.Showup10-
15mi
nut
esear
ly.

9.Wheny
oumeety
ouri
nter
viewer
,shakehandsconf
ident
ly.

10.St
aycal
m,donotf
idget
.

11.Bepol
i
teandhonest
.

12.Askf
orcl
ari
fi
cat
ioni
fyoudonotunder
standaquest
ion.

13.Beposi
ti
veandspeakcl
ear
ly.

14.Ey
econt
act
,faci
alexpr
essi
on,
post
ure,
gest
ures,
space.

15.Smi
l
eandsay‘
thanky
ou.
’

16.Shakehandsf
ir
mly
.

St
andar
dInt
erv
iewQuest
ions
1.Tel
lussomet
hingabouty
our
sel
f

[backgr
ound,
educat
ion,
ski
l
lset
c]
 45

2.Whatar
eyourcar
eerobj
ect
ives?

[chal
l
engi
ngposi
ti
on–t
ousemyexper
ienceandqual
i
ty]

3.Whyshoul
dwehi
rey
ou?/Whatmakesy
ouf
itf
ort
hisposi
ti
on?

[asyouarelooki
ngf
orsomeonewi
thexper
ienceandt
echni
cal
backgr
ound,ski
l
ls--]

4.Whydoy
ouwantt
ojoi
nourcompany
?

[t
heprof
essi
onalexcel
l
encemaintai
nedimpressedme,
company’si
nnovat
ion,
userfr
iendl
i
ness,
reli
abi
l
ity
,quali
tyoft
he
product
s---]

5.Wher
edoy
ousee/f
indy
our
sel
finf
ivey
ear
s?

6.Whatar
eyourst
rengt
hsandweaknesses?
46