MIL(Media and Information Literacy) Video chat

Lesson 1: Introduction to Information media and information Literacy Phone

What is Communication? Letter

•the act of process of using words, sounds, signs or IM

behaviors to express;
Text Message
•exchange information or to express your ideas, thoughts,
feelings to someone else; Email

•the exchange of information and the expression of feeling Facebook message

that can result in understanding
Facebook status

Twitter
What are the two basic types of communication?

•Verbal Communication is the use of words to share

information with other people. It can therefore include both How is communication affected by Media (Social
spoken and written communication. Media) and Information?

•Non-verbal Communication is the transmission of -Communication may affect social media through the
messages or signals through a non-verbal platform such as advancement of our technology we are using.
eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, posture and the
-Using these applications, we can easily get information
distance between two individuals.
however we can also have the false information from social
media.

Why do we communicate?

-To understand Media

-To exchange information -is the plural form of medium, the communication outlets
or tools used to store and deliver information or data
-To build relationship
-The term refers to components of the mass media
communications industry such as print media,
publishing the news media, photography, cinema,
How do we communicate? broadcasting, digital media and advertising

•We use communication to share information, comment, -The main means of mass communication (broadcasting,
ask questions, express wants and needs, develop social publishing and the internet) regarded collectively.
relationships, social etiquette and more.
Information

-the communication or reception of knowledge or

Most people think about speech when they think about intelligence
communication but there are many other
-these are the knowledge obtained from investigations,
Facial expressions study, experiments or instruction

Gestures

Pointing/ Using hands Similarities and Differences of Media Literacy,

Information Literacy and Technology Literacy
Writing/Drawing
Literacy - the ability to read and write
Using equipment eg. Text message or computer
-these are the competence or knowledge in a
Touch special area
Eye contact Media Literacy - The ability to access, analyze
evaluate and create media in a variety of forms. It
aims to empower citizens by providing them with the
-For communication to be effective we also have to be able competencies (knowledge and skills) necessary to engage
to understand what others are trying to communicate to us with traditional media and new technologies
like:
-Media Literacy encompasses the practices that allow
 Understanding the language people to access critically evaluate and create or
 Listening manipulate media.
 Ability to see
Media Literacy Five Core Concepts
 Reading Skills
 Ability to recognize •All media messages are constructed
 Memory to recall and understand information
•Media messages are constructed using a creative language
with its own rules
10 Levels of Intimacy in Today's Communication •Different people experience the same media message
differently
Talking
•Media have embedded values and points of view At the end of the lesson, students will be able to:

•Most media messages are organized to gain profit and/ or ⚫ identify the roles of the media performs in our society;
power
⚫ recognize events that affected the adoption of mass
Information Literacy -The ability to recognize when media; and
information is needed and to locate, evaluate and
effectively communicate information in its various ⚫ explain how different technological transitions have
formats. shaped media industries.

These abilities are most notably used in situations that

requires decision making problem solving or the acquisition
WHAT DOES MEDIA DO FOR US?
of knowledge.
• Media fulfills several basic roles in our society. One
Technology Literacy- The ability of an individual l,
obvious role is entertainment. Media can act as a
either working independently or with others to use
springboard for our imaginations, a source of fantasy, and
technological tools responsibly, appropriately and
an outlet for escapism.
effectively. Using these tools an individual can assess
manage, integrate, evaluate, create and communicate
information.
EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL MEDIA TO NEW MEDIA

THE PREHISTORIC AGE

Media and Information Literacy
(1500 BC-1500 AD, before 1700s)
-involves necessary skills that let a person interact using
different media platforms and get access to Information Prehistoric
around the globe.
⚫ refers to the time before the existence of written or
•Media Information Literacy recognizes the primary role recorded history
of information and media in our everyday lives. It lies
at the core of freedom of expression and information since it ⚫ period of human activity between the use of the first
empowers citizens to understand the functions of media and stone tools.
other information providers, to critically evaluate their
content and to make informed decisions as users and ⚫ People discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and
producer of information and media content. forged weapons and tools with stone, bronze, copper and
iron.
Media Habit, Lifestyle, Preference
⚫ Stone Age and the Metal Age.
Media Habit
⚫According to archaeologists, the Prehistoric Age occurred
-a recurrent often unconscious pattern of behavior some 4.5 million years ago or approximately 30,000 years
that is acquired through frequent repetition ago.

-defined as automaticity in media consumption formed ⚫ As the tools were relatively crude, archeologist believe
through repeated behavior in stable circumstances are that a system of writing had not yet existed during this era.
determinants of both media attendance and media effects.

-media habits refer to the usual activities related to

the consumption of media like the television, radio Prehistoric Art as the Earliest Form of Traditional
and newspaper Media

Examples are the usage of the following in a day-to-day • During the Stone Age, prehistoric people also used these
activity crude stone tools to create objects, which are now
considered rock art.
-Internet and Social Media
Ex. 1. Cave paintings - also known as "parietal arts" and
-Television and Streaming Video engravings found on cave walls or ceiling around 38000BCE.

-Radio and Streaming Audio 2. Megalithic Art - use of large stones as an artistic
medium.
-Magazines and Newspaper
• There is no concrete system of writing during the
Media Lifestyle Prehistoric Age, so people communicated their way of life,
beliefs, and other practices through music and dance.
-a way of life or living of a person or group
Example: Cañao - dance (Cordillera) Offering
-Media Lifestyle refers to how the behaviors are
incorporated into one's life daily habits TWO KINDS OF ROCK ART DURING THE STONE AGE

Preference

-selecting someone or something over another or others PETROGLYPHS

-media preference refer to the individual taste and •A petroglyph is an image that is carved into a rock. This
style as related to media usage "carving" can produce a visible indentation in the rock, or it
can simply be the scratching away of a weathered surface
Lesson 2: THE EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL MEDIA TO NEW to reveal untethered material of a different color below.
MEDIA
PICTOGRAPHS
OBJECTIVES
•A pictograph is a drawing or painting that is created on a
rock. Because they are merely a surface coating,
pictographs tend to be less durable than petroglyphs. The
ones that survive are most often found in caves, rock
shelters, and areas with dry climates.

The Electronic Age: (1930s - 1980s)

The Electronic age is the invention of the transistor ushered

in the electronic age. People harnessed the power of
transistor that led to the transistor communication became
more efficient.

Electronic - refers to an object that has electronic

components, such as sensors, microchips, which functions
once it is connected to an electrical outlet.

Industrial Age and Electronic Age are quite similar -

they thrived in the manufacturing industries. Industrial Age
and Electronic Age are different because of the equipment.

Ex. Transportation and Communication.

• Papyrus is made from pith papyrus plant. It is used in
ancient times as writing surface to designated documents -Transistor radio (1950s)
written on its sheet, rolled up to scrolls.
-Commercial Television (early to mid 1940s)

-Large Electronic Computers (late 1940s to early 1950s)

-EDSAC(1947) Electronic delay Storage Automatic Calculate

-UNIVAC(1951) UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1)

-Mainforce Computers (1960s)

-Personal Computers (late 1960s)

-Hewlett Packard 9100A

-Apple 1

Industrial Age: (17005-19305)

• People used the power of steam, developed machine

tools, established production, and iron the manufacturing of
various products.

• Most people associate factories and machines to

industries

• The Industrial Age began in the 18th Century in Great

Britain when the country made drastic reforms to improve
their economy.

-Overhead Projectors (OHP)(late 1950s early 1960s)

DIGITAL AGE (19005-20005) Digital Age or -Plurk(2008)
Informational Age
*Photo and Video sharing Websites
-Is a period in human history characterized by the shift from
traditional industry that the Industrial Revolution brought -Flickr(2004)
through industrialization, to an economy based on
-Vimeo(2004)
information computerization. The internet paved the way
advanced the used of microelectronics with the invention of -YouTube(2006)
personal computers, devices wearable technology.
Moreover, voice, image, sounds, and data are digitalized. -Pinterest (2009)

-The Information Age has upgraded what it can offer to -Instagram (2010)
consumers in terms of gadgets and devices that can make
their way of life not only functional and comfortable, but -Snapchat (2011)
also offer endless possibilities.
-Vine (2012)
Some of the Digital Age Devices and Application that
born during this time of Era: -Tiktok (2016)

These revolutions changed the world of information and -Yahoo Messenger (1998)
knowledge, resulting in transformative effects on society.
The Information Age has benefited us in so many ways. We -Skype (2003)
can now entertain, communicate, and educate ourselves so
easily because of the introduction of computers, mobile -WhatsApp (2009)
phones, and tablets. The way we live our daily lives has
-Viber (2010)
completely changed for the better.
-Wechat (2011)
WorldwideWeb(1990)
-Mesengger (2011)
Mosaic(1993)
-Zoom (2011)
Internet Explorer(1995)
-Telegram (2013)
Opera(1996)
-Google meet (2017)
Safari(2003)
*Portable Computers
Firefox(2004)
-Laptop (1981)
Google Chrome(2008)
-Pocket PC (2000)
MS Edge (2015)
-Tablet (2000)
*Search Engines
-Netbook (2007)
-Google search(1997)
-Potable Phone (1983)
-Yahoo Search (1995)
-Handset(1991)
-Bing(2009)
-Colored-Display(1995)
*Blogging sites
-Camera Phone (2000)
-Open Diary(1998)
-3G phone (2003)
-Blogger(1999)
-Touchscreen Phone(2007)
-Live Journal(1999)
-Smartphone (2011)
-Xanga(2000)
*Wearable Technology
-Wordpress(2003)
-Calculator Watch (1970s)
*Social Network
-Walkman (1979)
-SixDegrees(1997)
-Smartwatch (2004)
-Friendster(2002)
-Wireless earbuds (2015)
-Linkedin(2003)
-Dropbox(2007)
-Multiply(2004)
-OneDrive (2007)
-Facebook(2004)
-iCloud (2011)
-Google plus(2011)
-Google Drive (2012)
*Microblogging sites
Relationship between Traditional and New Media
-Twitter(2006)

-Tumblr(2007)
In the present time, new media is undeniably extremely Health, Food, Social, Entertainment, Arts & Music,
useful, but this does not mean that traditional media has Community, Language, News, and many more.
already become obsolete.

Traditional media is still valuable and influential because it

has a wider reach and market. Components of Information Literacy

•People who live in remote areas These are the five components of Information Literacy that
we need to consider whenever we are looking for the
•People opted to traditional media different information we need. Applying this set of rules will
lead us in understanding the nature and probable uses of
The choice of media is based on one's needs, Interests, ad different information, thus this will help us to become an
lifestyle as both traditional media and new media can carry Information Literate Individual.
out their purpose of keeping the people informed and
helping everyone to stay connected. IDENTIFY + FIND + EVALUATE + APPLY +
ACKNOWLEDGE

Roles and Functions of Media in a Democratic Society

IDENTIFY - an Information Literate Individual can identify
Colonial Period - people had been restricted to express the nature and extent of information.
their ideas and fight for their rights. The Philippines 1986
and 2001 People Power Revolutions perfectly show the How do we identify possible sources of information?
importance of the role of media in today's society.
You can identify possible sources of information in these
Prior to People Power I, local newspapers have reported different areas:
about the pervasive protests of people against the
government because of its inability to respond to issues •Library Catalogs
regarding labor, poverty, and education.
•Article Databases
-This proves that in democratic society, the media's role is
•Reference Resources
very crucial as it becomes a reliable source of information.

-People in democratic society also use different media

platforms as a means to express their opinion on social FIND- an Information Literate Individual can find the needed
issues. information effectively and efficiently.
-With the massive reach of media, it can greatly influence How do we find the identified sources of information?
people's views and actions.
➤Find and read the general information contained in an
Lesson 3: INFORMATION LITERACY encyclopedia, dictionary, ar textbook for each of your
WHAT IS INFORMATION LITERACY? keywords.

➤Information literacy is the set of integrated abilities ➤Use the bibliographies and sources in everything you read
encompassing the reflective discovery of information, the to find additional sources of Information.
understanding of how information is produced and valued,
➤Search periodical indexes at your local library.
and the use of information in creating new knowledge and
participating ethically in communities of learning. ➤Search the Internet to get information from an
organization, society, or online database.
➤The ability to recognize when information is needed, and
to locate, evaluate, and effectively communicate ➤ Broaden your search by adding words to your search
information in its various formats. phrases in search engines. Narrow your search by
subtracting words from or simplifying your search phrases.
➤The ability to locate, evaluate, and use the information to
become independent life-long learners.

IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION LITERACY EVALUATE - and Information Literate Individual can

evaluate the gathered information and its sources critically.
➤Information literacy is important to understand the difficult
question of ownership of information and copyright. How do we evaluate the gathered information?
➤Students should learn to respect the author's right. ➤We can evaluate the different information that we
gathered by checking their Currency Relevance, Authority,
➤To be an independent lifelong learner it is essential to
Accuracy, and Purpose (CRAAP)
achieve a high level of information literacy.
• Currency-the timeliness of the information

-When was the Information published or posted? Has the

What is Information Need?
information been revised or updated?
➤Are the facts that a person wants, needs, or expects in an
-Does your topic require current information, or will alder
information source. This can be driven by curiosity or the
sources work as well?
need to decide or complete a task.
-Are the links functional?
➤Is an individual or group's desire to locate and obtain
information to satisfy a conscious or unconscious need. •Relevance - the importance of the information for your
needs
➤The following are the common examples of an Information
need: Consumers, Businesses, Professionals, Research, -Does the information relate to your topic or answer your
Administrative, Work, Learning, Technology, Transport, question?
-Who is/are the intended audience? ➤It allows those who are reading your work to locate your
sources, to learn more about the ideas that you include in
-Is the information at an appropriate level? your paper.

-Have you looked at a variety of sources before determining ➤ Citing your sources consistently and accurately helps you
that this is one for you to use? avoid committing plagiarism in your writing.

-Would you be comfortable citing this source in your

research paper?
Ethical Use of Information
•Authority - the source of the information
➤Ethical use of information means using information legally
-Who is/are the author, publisher, source, sponsor? and ethically.

-What are the author's credentials or organizational ➤ There are two ways that are very clearly deal with this
affiliations? concept. They are plagiarism and copyright.

-Is/are the author's qualified to write on this topic?

-Is there proper contact information presenting such as What is Plagiarism?

publisher, author's information?
➤Plagiarism is using the Ideas and writings of others and
-Does the URL/site reveal anything about the author or representing them as your own. Taking the work, skills, and
source, like.com, .edu, .gov, .org, .net? ideas of another person and pretending they are your own is
intellectual theft.
•Accuracy - the reliability, truthfulness, and correctness of
the content ➤Plagiarism is the representation of another author's
language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions as one's own
➤ Where does the information come from? original work.
➤ Is the information supported by evidence?

➤ Has the information been reviewed or refereed? Summarizing

➤ Can you verify any of the information in another source or ➤Like paraphrase, a summary records information in
from personal knowledge? different words but much more briefly
➤ Does the language or tone is free from biased and ➤ You write a general statement of the author's content or
emotion? position
➤ Are there spelling, grammar, or typographical errors? ➤ Be sure each page has a heading and reference to the
source you used for your parenthetical reference and
•Purpose the purpose of the information? Is it to inform,
bibliography
teach, sell, entertain, or persuade?
BUT STILL, YOU NEED TO CITE YOUR SOURCE
➤ Do the authors/sponsors make their intentions or purpose
clear? Paraphrasing
➤ Is the information fact, opinion, or propaganda? ➤ Translates all the content into different words Helps you
understand the material Records the author's reasoning and
➤ Does the point of view appear objective and impartial?
details
➤ Are there political, ideological, cultural, religious,
►This is time-consuming so be sure the information you
institutional, or personal biases?
paraphrase is relevant
•APPLY-an Information Literate Individual can apply
BUT STILL, YOU NEED TO CITE YOUR SOURCE
information an Information Literate Individual can apply
information effectively to accomplish a specific purpose. Direct Quotations
➤ We need to apply this gathered information effectively ➤ Records the source's exact words
and properly to serve their true purpose. Different
Information has their sole purpose in our lives, this ➤ Use only when the author's wording makes a point
information is the ones that make us educated, entertained, extraordinarily vivid, concise, or imaginative
inspired, informed, thus it also helps us in achieving our
goals in life.

Plagiarism and other academic dishonesty include

but is not limited to the following:
ACKNOWLEDGE
➤ Misrepresentation of the work of others as one's own
➤ an Information Individual can Literate acknowledge
sources of Information and the ethical, legal, and socio- ➤ Using someone else's ideas or words without giving credit
economic issues surrounding that information.
➤Reusing work from another class without permission
➤Acknowledging, citing, and documenting the sources used
in your research serves three purposes ➤Falsification of data or quotes

➤It gives proper credit to the authors of the words or ideas ➤Giving or receiving unauthorized help on an assignment or
that you incorporated into your poper. test

➤Dishonesty in testing
➤Violating authorized guidelines established by instructors ✓The Perspectivity Framework - Perspectivity frames
for individual assignments how learners, teachers and researchers make meaning of
events from both individual and multiple points of viewing.
➤Sabotaging or damaging the work of others
✓The Highly Visual Evolution - Learners have been able
to integrate a variety of digital media forms into documents.
Multimedia, hypermedia, new media are the terms we have
What is Copyright? used to describe this use of visual media in learning. Of
course, this is not the beginning of our use of a variety of
•Copyright refers to the legal right of the owner of
media to learn. People have always use diverse visual
intellectual property. In simpler terms, copyright is the right
media to communicate with each other and learn.
to copy. This means that the original creators of products
and anyone they give authorization to are the only ones ❖Social
with the exclusive right to reproduce the work.
Development communication uses communication to aid in
•Copyright is a type of intellectual property that gives its the development of society.
owner the exclusive right to make copies of creative work,
usually for a limited time. The creative work may be in a In today's world, media becomes as essential as our daily
literary, artistic, educational, or musical form. needs. Media of today is playing an outstanding role in
creating and shaping of public opinion and strengthening of
Tips to engage in the ethical and legal use of society. Media is the sword arm of democracy. Media acts as
information: watchdog to protect public interest against malpractice and
create public awareness.
➤ Do not collect personal or sensitive data if it is not
necessary for the research task •Tourism •Communication •Freedom of Expression
➤ Regulate access to groups, time frames, or locations ❖Political
➤ Securely store the information •The interrelationship between media and politics provides
a fair foundation in function of media as a source of
➤ Consider the future uses of the information/research
information.
conducted - determining the way in which the data will be
shared, whether it be open, shared, or closed access •The political landscape has changed quite a bit in the last
couple of decades. The internet has played a large role in
this transformation. Social media, in particular, is now a
Lesson 4: Opportunities, Challenges, and Power of Media and serious factor in political campaigns and in the way, people
Information think about issues.

OPPORTUNITY CHALLENGES

•It is a set of situations that makes possible to do Examples of Challenges in Media and Information
something.
1.Illegal Content - It’s any type of content that could be
4 Dimensions: damaging to young people.

❖Economy ❖Education ❖Social ❖Political 2. Cybercrime - the use of a computer as an instrument to

further illegal ends and criminal activity or a crime that
POSITIVE IMPACT OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION involves the Internet, a computer system or a computer
technology.
❖Economy
3. Copyright Infringement - It is the use of works
➢ Media improves the efficiency of the economy by protected by copyright law without permission, infringing
providing actors more and better information with which certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder,
make decisions and improving stability. such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform
the protected work, or to make derivative works.
➢ Media enhances political coordination in the
development of sound economic policy. 4. Identity Theft - It is the deliberate use of someone
else's identity, usually as a method to gain a financial
➢ Media sector development can reduce political risk,
advantage or obtain credit and other benefits in the other
increasing stability for higher risk countries.
person's name, and perhaps to the other person's
➢ Economic Impact such as; New Industry, Film Production, disadvantage or loss.
Entertainment Programs, Print, Broadcast, Mobile
Threats and Risks of Media and Information
Communication, Internet, Advertising and Public Relations
Libel/Slander
❖Education
A person commits libel if he/she, with malice, publishes a
The convenience, abundance, and interconnection, aspects
false statement that is damaging to another person’s
of media and information for education are opportunities
reputation, office, trade, business or means of livelihood. n
worth taking advantage of:
the Philippine constitution, libel is a violation of Article 355
✓ In Sites Using Video - As we know from the recent of the Revised Penal Code. As stated in this article, libel can
ubiquity of online digital video, video has become a be committed in the form of writing, printing, and other
compelling tool for educational representation. students use similar means. If the hurtful statement is spoken, the
it in their projects: teachers and pre-service teachers use it statement is slander.
to study pedagogy; and researchers use it for capturing and
General example of libel/slander: Spreading false rumors
examining how learning happens, as they unfold.
about someone having an extra-marital affair, damaging the
person’s reputation

❖Education Piracy
 Piracy is a form of theft as it takes away from the producers
and artists the rightful compensation due them such as
patent/royalty fees, product sales revenues, etc . In 2011,
the Washington-based office of the US Trade Representative
(USTR) as one of the world’s listed Quiapo in Manila among
the 21 most “notorious markets” for pirated and counterfeit
goods. It was removed from the list in 2012, but over the
years, piracy has proliferated via the Internet, aided mainly
by the ease of access to technology.

Cybercrime Law

The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 (Republic Act No.

10175) covers all other online anomalies such as identity
theft, child pornography, data misuse, cybersquatting and WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF INFORMATION
other computer-related and internet facilitated practices.
This law became controversial in 2012-2013 since it also Libraries Indigenous Media Internet
criminalizes libel in the online world, limiting certain
exercises of freedom of expression. Indigenous Media

POWER It is a variety of media expression conceptualized,

produced, and circulated by indigenous people with
• “Media Power” means here the concentration of information appropriate to their other culture.
symbolic power in media institutions, particularly those of
television, radio and the press (the commonsense definition Indigenous Knowledge
of 'the media'), although the longterm impact of new media
A unique knowledge from a specific culture or society.
on media power is considered.
Indigenous Communication
• Influence, Distribution of information, Avail Names
The transmission of information through local channels or
1. Business Strategy - It’s a trend that is already
forms by which the culture is preserved, handed down and
spreading to businesses beyond the newsroom, whether it
adopted.
be because of digital marketing or new customer service
communication channels INFORMATION SOURCES

Traditional knowledge are reflection of one’s culture. These

information serve as a foundation of communication and
survival among our ancestors way back then.

Forms of Indigenous Media

2. Banks of the Future – Social media is transforming Folk or Traditional Media

banking relationships in very significant ways, from
Gatherings and Social Organizations
improving customer service to allowing users to send
money to others via online platforms. New financial Direct Observation
technology companies are using social media to help people
simply open a bank account. Social media can even impact Records(Written, Carved,Oral)
your ability to get a loan.
Oral Instruction

IMPORTANCE OF INDIGENOUS MEDIA AND

INFORMATION

Indigenous media and information are highly credible

3. Health Care & Public Health - Social media has been because they are near the source and are seldom circulated
responsible for relevant changes in both personal and for profit. Indigenous media are channels for change,
community health, especially by making it easier for large education, and development because of its direct access to
numbers of people to rapidly share information local channels.

LIBRARY

Library is a place set apart to contain books, periodicals,

and other material for reading, viewing, listening, study of
LESSON 5: MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES reference, set of rooms, or building where books may be
read or borrowed.

Library is divided into different sections with their own

functions. Periodical, Archive, Reference, Circulation,
Filipiniana, Internet section, etc. are some of the sections in
the library.

A. Circulation Section

 This section houses and circulates the major library

collection covering the different areas of discipline. This
section adopts the “open shelf” system, where users can go
directly to the shelf and choose the books they would like to  This section enables students to have access information
browse or use. All books in this section may be borrowed for through the internet.
overnight use.
H. AVR Section

 This section provides an audio-visual support service to

B. Filipiniana Section facilitate the teaching and learning activities of the
university through non-print collections.
 The Filipiniana Collection consists of publications about
the Philippines, in all its aspects—cultural, political, social, E-Library Section
religious, economic, and others regardless of author and
imprints. The collection covers a range of reading materials  This section enables students to have access to e-
designed to meet the instructional and research needs of resources from authorized databases which the university
library users. has subscribed. STARBOOKS and TEC4 ED resources are also
available here. It is located at the Ground Floor, shared to
other Campus Libraries through the KSU website and Library
Webpage.
C. Reserve Section
J. Law & Graduate Studies Library
 This section houses books, which are in demand and
limited in copies. Also, in process books and newly acquired  This section houses the Law and Graduate Studies
books. It adopts the “close shelf system”. Users are not collection which specifically cater to the Law and GS
allowed to enter this section; they seek the assistance of students. It is located at the ground floor of the Main Library
the library staff or library assistants. Books in this section Building.
are for room use only and may be borrowed for one hour; a
borrower may extend its use provided there is no prior K. Special Collections:
request for the book. If not returned on time, the borrower
will be fined one (1) peso per hour.  a. Kalinga Indigenous Culture and Knowledge Resource
Center & Cordillera Collection

This collection comprised of materials pertaining to

D. Reference Section customs and traditions of the Kalinga people, Cordillera
literature and about indigenous peoples.
 This section houses a collection of extensive general
reference materials, which are intended to be consulted for b. Gender and Development Collection Corner
a particular question or query, rather than read thoroughly.
This collection comprised of materials on women and
children. It is located at the Graduate Studies & Law Library.

c. Knowledge Resource Network-BSP Corner

This collection comprised of materials pertaining to

fundamental economic concepts and issues affecting the
economic development of the Philippines. It is located at the
Graduate Studies & Law Library.

L. Technical Section

This section is where the processing and maintenance

Handbooks are handy reference sources that provide activities of a library's collection are being done; it involves
miscellaneous information such as addresses, telephone the following processes:
numbers, etc.
1. Identification: locating potentially worthwhile items to
Other Reference Sources contain books covering all major add to the collection
field divisions that are reference in nature for consultation
and information purposes, rather than for circulation. the 2. Selection: deciding which of the identified items to add
“open shelf system” is practiced in this section. Books are to the collection
for room use only.
3. Acquisitions: securing the items for the collection
E. Periodical Section
4. Organization: indexing and cataloging the items
 This section houses journals, magazines, newspapers, and acquired in a manner that will aid the end-user in locating
other serial literature. Bound periodicals are cataloged materials in the collection L. Technical Section cont.
according to DDC scheme; professional journals are grouped
together according to subject. Lists of topics of each journal 5. Preparation: labeling, binding, repairing, conservation,
are made available in lieu of indexing and abstracting.  and otherwise making items ready for (and maintained
Collections in this section are for room use only; bound during) storage in a manner that allows for easy retrieval
periodicals maybe borrowed for overnight. Current issues and maintenance of what is in a collection. Internet is a vast
are displayed on the display shelves. computer network linking smaller computer networks
worldwide. It includes commercial, educational,
F. Archive Section governmental, and other networks, all of which use the
same set of communications protocols.
 This section houses materials which depict the history of
the university and researches made by faculty and staff. Internet information pays attention to reliability, accuracy,
Also, accreditation documents of the University Library. value, timeliness, and authority of the source - Information
found on the Internet may be quite varied in form and
G. Internet Section content. Thus, it is more difficult to determine its reliability
and accuracy. Accessing information on the Internet is easy,
but requires more discipline to check and validate. Factual
and fictitious data are often merged together. Sources A copyright is a type of intellectual property protection
always have to be validated. extended to authors of original, creative, fixed works that
gives the owner exclusive rights to expressing the idea(s). It
protects written and artistic expressions. Examples include
books, web sites, logos, artwork, commercials, pictorial and
sculptural works, photographs, drawings, graphic designs.

Copyright protects literary or artistic works books, music,

art, film, computer programs, advertisements, maps.

There are examples of copyright-like art, literary/creative

writing, academic writing, photography, computer-
generated images, videos, music.

A. Copyright Owner has the right to:

1. Make copies of their work.

2. Sell, publish, or distribute copies.

3. Prepare new works based on the original.

B. Requirements for Copyright Protection

1. Original: independently created by the author. It can be

similar to other works; it can be of any quality and created
without copying from someone else.

2. Physical or fixed in a tangible medium: digital (computer,

DVD, cell phone, tablet) paper, magnetic tape (VCR,
cassette).

3. Creative: copyright does not protect facts (historical,

LESSON 6: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, COPYRIGHT AND FAIR biographical, news, scientific).
USE GUIDELINES
C. Examples of Copyright Protection Limits
Intellectual property
1. Published after 1977: the life of the author + 70 years.
➤ is generally characterized as non-physical property that is
the product of original thought. Typically, rights do not 2. Published between 1922-1978: 95 years after publication
surround the abstract non-physical entity; rather, date.
intellectual property rights surround the control of physical
manifestations or expressions of ideas. 3. Unpublished between 1922 - 1978: the life of the author
+ 70 years.
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
The use of work protected by copyright law without
➤ Refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions, permission for usage where permission is required.
literary and artistic works, designs and symbols, names, and
images used in commerce. Example:

➤ The global forum for intellectual property services, policy, Recording a film n movie theater
information, and cooperation.
Google
➤ Is the UN agency responsible for treaties involving
Gaining profit from using copyright images
copyright, patent, and trademark laws. WIPO can be a force
for progressive change, helping the world consider public Downloading a music or films without paying for their use.
interest and development needs.
Instances which exempt copyright permission
Why are Intellectual Property Laws necessary?
request:
Intellectual laws are necessary. It protects creations; these
laws and protections also boost innovation by ensuring that • Taking screenshots photo from a famous movie and
those with profitable ideas are properly rewarded. turning into a meme.

Intellectual Property: A product of the intellect that has •Citing few lines from a song as an introduction to a book
value. Intellectual property can be intangible - like an idea. review.

For example, if you came up with a great way of selling • Materials is used for non-profit education purpose.
something you could patent your idea.
•Giving credits to the owner of the used material.
Copyright
Plagiarism
➤ the legal right granted to a creator to make money from
what they create. Items that can be copyrighted are a form ➤ Plagiarism is an instance of using or closely imitating the
of intellectual property that is in a TANGIBLE form. language and thoughts of another author without
authorization; the representation of that author's work as
➤ For example, if you create a song, that is intellectual one's own, as by not crediting the original.
property.
-the act of presenting another's work or ideas as your own.
➤ However, before it can be protected by copyright, it has
to be in a tangible form. (Written down, recorded, etc.) But can words and ideas really be stolen?
According to U.S. law, the answer is yes. The expression of
original ideas is considered intellectual property and is
protected by copyright laws, just like original inventions. Phishing
Almost all forms of expression fall under copyright
➤ Phishing is a cybercrime in which a target or targets are
protection as long as they are recorded in some way (such
contacted by email, telephone or a text message by
as a book or a computer file).
someone posing as a legitimate institution to lure
All of the following are considered plagiarism: individuals into providing sensitive data such as personally
identifiable information, banking, and credit card details,
• turning in someone else's work as your own and passwords. The information is then used to access
important accounts and can result in identity theft and
•copying words or ideas from someone else without giving financial loss.
credit

•failing to put a quotation in quotation marks

Fair use
• giving incorrect information about the source of a
quotation ➤ Fair use is a set of legal exceptions to copyright. Fair use
allows certain ways of using copyrighted material for
• changing words but copying the sentence structure of a educational purposes. Fair use allows the reproduction of
source without giving credit copyrighted works for criticism, comment, news reporting,
teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use supports
•copying so many words or ideas from a source that it scientific discovery and the sharing of culture and ideas.
makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit
or not (see our section on "fair use" rules)

Technology’s Main Societal Issues

What about images, videos, and music? Technology affects the way individuals communicate, learn,
and think. It helps society and determines how people
Using an image, video or piece of music in a work you have interact with each other on a daily basis. Technology plays
produced without receiving proper permission or providing an important role in society today. It has positive and
appropriate citation is plagiarism. negative effects on the world, and it impacts daily lives. We
are living in an era where technological advances are
The following activities are very common in today's society.
common
Despite their popularity, they still count as plagiarism.

 Copying media (especially images) from other

websites to paste them into your own papers or 3 issues in using advance technologies
websites.
 Making a video using footage from others' videos I.DIGITAL DIVIDE- refers to the gap between people who
or using copyrighted music as part of the have access to modern information and communications
soundtrack. technology and those who don't.
 Performing another person's copyrighted music
(i.e., playing a cover). • TYPES OF DIGITAL DIVIDE
 Composing a piece of music that borrows heavily
from another composition. ❑Access divide. It refers to the socioeconomic differences
between people, and their impact on people's ability to
Certainly, these media pose situations in which it can be afford the devices necessary to get online.
challenging to determine whether or not the copyrights of a
work are being violated. For example: ❑Use divide. It refers to the lack of digital skills, which
impedes the handling of technology.
A photograph or scan of a copyrighted image (for example:
using a photograph of a book cover to represent that book ❑Quality of use gap. they have the digital skills to find
on one's website) their way around the Internet, but not the knowledge to
make good use of and get the most out of it.
Recording audio or video in which copyrighted music or
video is playing in the background. •CONSEQUENCES OF DIGITAL DIVIDE

❑Lack of communication and isolation.

-the same medium. (for example: shooting a photograph ❑Accentuates social differences.
that uses the same composition and subject matter as
❑Barrier to studies and knowledge
someone else's photograph).

- Re-creating a visual work in a different medium (for

example: making a painting that closely resembles another II. DIGITAL ADDICTION- an impulse control disorder that
person's photograph). involves the obsessive use of mobile devices, the internet or
video games, despite negative consequences to the user of
- Re-mixing or altering copyrighted images, video or audio,
the technology.
even if done so in an original way.

The legality of these situations, and others, would be

dependent upon the intent and context within which they Some signs of digital addiction include:
are produced. The two safest approaches to take in regards
to these situations is: • Inability to abstain from technology or a specific digital
medium.
1) Avoid them altogether or
• Neglecting important life areas such as work, school or
2) Confirm the works' usage permissions and cite them relationships at the expense of technology.
properly.
• Continuing to use digital devices despite it contributing to •In media studies, codes are known as a system or
consequences in your life. collection of signs that create meaning when put together.

• Losing interest in social and leisure activities that you •Semiotics is the study of sign.
once enjoyed at the expense of technology.
MEDIA CONVENTION
• Using digital devices in dangerous situations such as while
driving a car or walking across a city street. •refer to the possible methods in which codes are organized
in a product.
• Experiencing unwanted mental health symptoms such as
depression, anxiety, stress or irritability at the expense of THREE TYPES OF MEDIA CODES
technological usage.
1.SYMBOLIC CODES ➢These codes show what is beneath
•Using digital devices for longer durations than intended or the surface of what you see (objects, setting, body
finding yourself using digital devices with increased language, clothing, etc) or iconic symbols that are easily
frequency over time. understood.

➢The symbolic codes in media include setting, mise en

scene, acting and color.
III. Cyberbullying- is the use of technology to harass,
threaten, embarrass, or target another person. a. Setting refers to the time and place of the narrative or a
specific scene. A setting can be big as the galaxy or space
or as small as a specific room.

b. Mise en scene is a French term that means “everything

within the frame”. It describes all the features (set design,
MAIN KINDS OF CYBERBULLYING costume, props, staging) within a frame of media products
and how they have been arranged.
▪ Harassment – When someone is being harassed online,
they are being subjected to a string of abusive messages or c. Actors refers to the portrayal of the actors in creating
efforts to contact them by one person or a group of people. media products and contribute to character development,
People can be harassed through social media as well as creating tension or advancing.
through their mobile phone (texting and calling) and email.
d. Color has highly cultural and strong connotations. When
▪ Doxing – Doxing is when an individual or group of people studying the use of color in a media the different aspects to
distribute another person’s personal information such as be looked at are: Dominant color, Contrasting foils, and
their home address, cell phone number or place of work Color Symbolism.
onto social media or public forums without that person’s
permission to do so.

▪ Swatting – Swatting is when someone calls emergency 2. TECHNICAL CODES ➢The technical codes include
responders with claims of dangerous events taking place at sound, camera angles, types of shots and lightning. They
an address. may include for example ominous music to communicate
danger in a feature, or high-angle camera shots to create a
▪ Account hacking – Cyberbullies can hack into a victim’s feeling of power in a photograph.
social media accounts and post abusive or damaging
messages. Types of Camera Shot Sizes

▪ False profiles – Fake social media accounts can be setup ➢Extreme Wide Shot(ELS)
with the intention of damaging a person reputation.
➢Long Shot(LS)/Wide Shot

➢Medium Long Shot(MLS)

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LANGUAGES
➢Full Shot(FS)

➢Cowboy Shot

➢Medium Shot

➢Medium Close Up

➢Close Up

➢Extreme Close Up

3. WRITTEN CODES -are the formal written language used

in creating a media product. It includes the printed language
(the text visible with the media frame which is at the text
you can see within the frame) and the spoken language
which includes the dialogues and even the lyrics of the
song.
MEDIA LANGUAGES
CONVENTIONS
•These are codes, conventions, formats, symbols and
narrative structures that indicate the meaning of media •Are accepted ways of using media codes.
messages to an audience.
•Are closely connected to the audience expectations of a
MEDIA CODES AND CONVENTIONS media product.

MEDIA CODES TYPES OF CONVENTIONS

1.➢Form conventions -➢are ways in which the types of
media codes are expected to be arranged. For instance, the
title and main casts are expected to appear at the
beginning of a movie while the credits are expected to
appear at the end.

➢A number of television series usually begin with a short

recap of the previous episode and end with a preview of the
next episode

2.➢Story conventions ➢refer to the basic structures of

narratives.

➢Examples of story conventions involve: Narrative

structures, Cause and Effect, Character constructions, and
Point of view.

3.➢Genre conventions ➢refer to the common use of the

elements of narratives such as the characters, settings, or
themes in a certain type of media. ➢Genre conventions can
be formal or thematic and are usually linked to the
expectations of the audience.

➢Genre helps audiences-readers and viewers to

understand the text by merely looking at those signs that
you can recognize and interpret.

MEDIA PRODUCERS, STAKEHOLDERS AND AUDIENCE

Media producers refer to the people who initiate, plan, and

produce media texts. They need to have the skill in
assessing the media texts and a thorough understanding of
the target product; and the processes that go into creating
the products.

Stakeholders refer to people or organizations that share

the same interests or intentions. Audience, on the other
hand, is a significant element in delivering media texts. All
media texts are made with a target audience in mind.

Producers conduct an audience analysis before coming up

with a media text. Producers conduct an audience analysis
before coming up with a media text. Audience analysis is
the process of looking into the demographics (age, gender,
social status, etc.) and psychology (values, beliefs, attitude)
of the audience.

• Audience Engagement. This refers to the reaction of the

audience to the media text. Different people react in varied
ways to the same text.

• Audience Expectations. This refers to the anticipation

of the audience about the text. Producers may satisfy or
shatter the audience’s expectations.

• Audience Foreknowledge. This refers to the exact

information (not expectations) which the audience brings
about the media output

• Audience Identification. This refers to the connection

built by the media text to the audience.

• Audience Placement. This refers to the strategies

producers use to make the audience feel that the media
text is made specifically for them.

• Audience Research. This refers to the monitoring of the

audience before, during, and after the production of the
media text.