THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MAHOGANY (Swietenia macrophylla) LEAF

EXTRACT AS A NATURAL MOSQUITO KILLER

A Thesis Presented to

the Senior High School Department of

Shining Light Christian College, Inc.

In Partial fulfillment in

Earth and Life Sciences for Academic Track

Accountancy Business and Management

TRIXIE U. CUMABIG
ELLIEJAH D. ARABIT
JOHN DENVER C. FELICIANO
CHELSEA E. GARCIA
LUISA MONIQUE E. MARCAIDA

DECEMBER 2024
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers express heartfelt gratitude to each other for their

unwavering commitment and assistance throughout this study.

To their thesis adviser, MR. LEDRICK ARAGO, who gave his moral

support and recommendations throughout the process of this paper, and for

encouraging each pupil to do their bit, for sharing his expertise with them, and for

lending a helping hand;

To MS. NOREEN DERIT and MR. LOUIE JAY BOLADO, panelists, for

guiding the researchers in accomplishing their undergraduate thesis;

To the RESEARCHERS’ FAMILY, Cumabig, Arabit, Garcia, Marcaida,

Feliciano, they gave each researcher their wholehearted support,

encouragement, understanding, and knowledge in addition to training them how

to carry out the study; and

We acknowledge divine providence and guidance from LORD JESUS,

inspiring our research endeavors.

-The Researchers

ⅱ
 DEDICATION

This study is genuinely devoted to everyone who put forth the effort

necessary to complete this thesis and supported one another while they worked

on their individual tasks.

In addition, the researchers would like to thank their subject instructor, Ms,

Desa Manalo and Ms Noreen Derit with their unwavering support for his students

and constant guidance for the research team in order to improve this study.

To the researchers’ families, who supported them in every way, and to the

group’s interdependence.

Finally, the researchers would like to thank GOD ALMIGHTY for providing

them with the intelligence, commitment, strength, and bravery required to

conduct this study. All of these would be impossible without you, so we give our

utmost dedication to you.

Trixie U. Cumabig
Elliejah D. Arabit
Chelsea E. Garcia
John Denver C. Feliciano
Luisa Monique E. Marcaida

ABSTRACT

ⅲ
TITLE: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
MAHOGANY (Swietenia
macrophylia) LEAF EXTRACT AS A
NATURAL MOSQUITO KILLER

AUTHORS: TRIXIE U. CUMABIG

ELLIEJAH D. ARABIT
CHELSEA E. GARCIA
JOHN DENVER C. FELICIANO
LUISA MONIQUE E. MARCAIDA

TYPE OF DOCUMENT: Research Paper

NAME AND ADDRESS OF Shining Light Christian College, Inc.,

INSTITUTION: Binangonan, Rizal

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Swietenia

Macrophylla (mahogany) extract as a natural mosquito killer. The researchers will

create an organic mosquito killer or repellent by spraying or goading the

mosquito or to with the subjects' extracts indicated above. This research was

conducted at Shining Light Christian College Inc., from the First Semester of the

year 2024 – 2025 through the finals for 1st Semester.

This study combined the extract from Swietenia Macrophylla (mahogany)

leaves and drained first the leaves to make a bigger part, and added hot water to

give the mixture to produce mahogany mosquito extract. To find out whether

mahogany extract is more potent and durable, the researchers conducted an

experiment in which they compared an organic mosquito killer to a commercial

mosquito killer.

ⅲ
 In order to evaluate the effectiveness of Swietenia Macrophylla

(mahogany) extract as an alternative organic mosquito killer, this study employed

the experimental technique of research. Data collection for the experiment took

place between October 2024 and November 2024. According to the findings,

there was a difference between commercial and organic mosquito killer in terms

of more usable. Yet, there is a noticeable difference in terms of synthetic killer;

whereas conventional to organic mosquito killer which has an empowering more

mixed with chemicals that are harmful to human health.

Therefore, the researchers conclude that there is much difference in using

organic mosquito killer and commercial mosquito killer.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ⅲ
TITLE……………………………………………………………………...…………….ⅰ

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………………ⅱ

DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………… ⅲ

ABSTRACT…………….………………………………………………………………ⅳ

TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………ⅵ

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………1

Background and Purpose………………………………..…………………………...2

Review of Related Literature…………………………..……………………………..3

Theoretical Framework……………………………..…………………………………6

Conceptual Framework…………………………..…………………………………...6

Statement of the Problem……………………..………………………….…………..8

Hypothesis………………………….………………..………………………………...9

Scope and Limitation……………………………..……………………….…………..9

Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………………….10

CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

Research Design……………………………………….……………………………11

ⅲ
Setting of the Study………………………….………………………………………..12

Subject of the Study…………………………………………….…………………….13

Source of Data……………………………….………………………………………..13

Procedure of the Study…………………………….…………………………………13

Procedure of the Experiment………………………………………………………..14

BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………..15

CURRICULUM VITAE……………………………………………………………….17

ⅶ
 CHAPTER 1

This chapter includes the Introduction, Background and Purpose, Foreign

and Local Literature, Theoretical Framework, Statement of the Problem,

Hypothesis, Scope and Delimitation, and Definition of Terms used.

Introduction

Mosquitoes are dangerous insects that spread diseases like malaria and

dengue, posing serious health risks worldwide, particularly in tropical and

subtropical regions. Their ability to transmit life-threatening pathogens makes

them one of the most dangerous pests, the growing prevalence of mosquito-

borne diseases has prompted widespread efforts to control mosquito

populations. Traditional methods to control mosquitoes often rely on chemical

insecticides, which can harm the environment and lead to resistance in

mosquitoes, making these methods less effective over time. The increasing

resistance of mosquitoes to synthetic insecticides has necessitated the search

for alternative, sustainable, and environmentally friendly solutions.

Due to these concerns, there is a growing need for natural and safer

alternatives. One promising option is the use of plant-based insecticides.

Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) is a tropical tree that may have natural

properties that can help kill mosquitoes. This thesis explores the effectiveness of

Swietenia macrophylla extract as a natural mosquito killer. The goal is to find out

whether extracting water (H2O) and mahogany leaf can offer a safer, more

1
eco-friendly solution for controlling mosquito populations, without harming the

environment or other species.

Background and Purpose

Mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue and malaria continue to be

major health threats. Mosquitoes also are a persistent nuisance in many

households, and traditional methods of pest control often involve the use of

chemical pesticides. However, these pesticides can pose health risks to humans

and have negative environmental impact. This has led to a growing interest in

exploring natural and homemade alternatives to help eliminate mosquitoes.

One such alternative involves extracting the mahogany leaf that (contains

anthraquinones and anthrones) with mixture of water (H20) proponents of this

method suggest that the combination of the two substances can act as an

effective mosquito repellent. Water is believed to help the mahogany leaf extract

the anthraquinones and anthrones that are potentially harming them.

The primary purpose of this research is to determine whether this

homemade mixture is indeed effective in eliminating mosquitoes from homes,

and if it can provide a reliable solution to this common household pest problem.

Assess the safety and environmental impact of this natural pest control method

ensuring it does not pose risks to human health or ecological balance.

Contribute to the body of knowledge regarding natural pest control,

providing valuable information for homeowners seeking safer, eco-friendly

alternatives to manage common household pests such as mosquitoes.

2
In summary this research serves to explore the potential of a homemade mixture

of water, mahogany leaf in helping communities to lessen the bad effects of

mosquitoes in their home.

Foreign and Local Literature

Foreign Literature

According to the World Health Organization (2021), Malaria and other

vector-borne diseases, including dengue and Zika, affect millions globally. More

than 400 000 people a year die from malaria alone. If proven safe, effective and

affordable, genetically modified vector mosquitoes could be a valuable new tool

to fight these diseases and eliminate their enormous health, social and economic

burden.

This study contributes to existing research on natural mosquito control

alternatives, focusing on Swietenia macrophylla (mahogany leaves). Building

upon previous studies conducted globally, this investigation explores the efficacy

of locally sourced ingredients for mosquito control.

As by stated MPDI Article (2023), The bark of S. mahagoni is used as a spice

and in spirits, while its leaf are employed for the treatment of malaria, diabetic

complications, autoimmune disorders, viral infections, eating disorders, and

hypertension. The therapeutic properties of plants are attributed to their

secondary metabolites, which can be used to produce natural antibiotics. The

3
 The Meliaceae family contains various chemical compounds, including

triterpenoids (limonoids), which are more abundant in this family than in others.

Over 300 limonoids have been extracted from this family, including seven from

the extract of S. mahogany leaves. Different species of Swietenia contain in their

various parts phenolic compounds, triterpenoids (limonoids), flavonoids,

swiemahogins.

It is mentioned by Bangladesh Journals Online (2022). The Effect of hot

water leaf extract of Swietenia mahagoni against the Culex quinquefasciatus and

Aedes aegypti larvae, Mosquito larvae control is essential to prevent mosquito

borne diseases such as dengue. Plant extract has the larvicidal properties with

less toxicity to other living creatures and no resistance compared to synthetic

chemical pesticides. Effect of hot water leaf extract of a forest tree species

(Swietenia mahagoni). The present investigation revealed the possible utilization

of hot water leaf extract of Swietenia mahagoni to control mosquito borne

disease. Further study is needed to know the active ingredients of the leaf extract

of the experimented plant.

A study by World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (2024). These

diseases spread through mosquito bites, making it crucial to prevent these bites

to control their impact. One effective and safe approach is use of mosquito

repellents derived from medicinal plants. Using mosquito repellent is a crucial to

prevent

4
bites from these pests. Repellents are available in various forms, including

synthetic chemicals, essential oils, and natural plant extract. While chemical

repellents provide strong protection, they can also be harmful.

Local Literature

According to the Environment Pest Control (2024), Mosquitoes are most

active during dawn and dusk though some species, like Aedes mosquitoes, may

bite during the day. They are attracted to their hosts by various cues, including

body heat, carbon dioxide, and body odors. Additionally, stagnant water serves

as breeding grounds for mosquitoes, with females laying eggs in water bodies

such as ponds, puddles, and containers.Efforts to control mosquito populations

often involve measures such as eliminating breeding sites, using insecticides,

and implementing mosquito repellents. Despite their small size, mosquitoes have

a significant impact on human health and well-being, making them a focus of

public health initiatives worldwide, particularly in tropical regions like Southeast

Asia.

This study was aimed at the International Journal of Biology Pharmacy

and Allied Sciences (2018). Additionally, most part of the mahogany tree leaves

can be used for controlling and killing insects and pests like mosquitoes,

cockroaches, flies, moths, beetles, termites, and ants which may be harmful to

people and can also destroy some of the plants and trees and their surroundings.

Termites belong to the group of insects (Isoptera)consisting of 2,600 species and

5
281 general and it can be found in a vast range of terrestrial environments all

over the world.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored in theory from Convento et al. (2019) according to

them it emphasizes the potential of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) leaf

extract as a natural insecticide based on its bioactive compounds. Key

components like limonoids, phenolics, and flavonoids contribute to its antifeedant

and toxic effects on pests, such as the Asian corn borer. The framework supports

the extract's role in integrated pest management by linking its chemical

properties to observed pest control efficacy.

Conceptual Framework

The Conceptual Framework explains the theories and concepts related to

the effectiveness of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) leaf extract as a natural

mosquito killer. It helps the researchers identify and define the key elements of

the study.

This framework provides an overview of the topic, helping to focus the

research on relevant aspects, such as the impact of the extract on mosquitoes,

the appropriate concentrations to use, and the environmental factors influencing

its effectiveness. By serving as a guide, the conceptual framework ensures that

the study remains within its scope and limitations while addressing gaps in

knowledge about natural mosquito control methods.

6
 Input Process Output

Natural mosquito Preparation of

repellent materials

Mixture of tea tree Mixing Holder

oil (Melaleuca
alternifolia) and Pouring a mixture of
scented candles tea tree oil and on a
THE EFFECTIVENESS
clean candle holder
OF TEA TREE OIL
Clean Jar (Melaleuca Alternifolia)
Measuring SCENTED CANDLES
(complete) AS AN ALTERNATIVE
When the wax has MOSQUITO
In a closed space melted pour the tree REPELLENT
with 5 mosquitoes oil extract
A- with scented
mosquito repellent Three rounds of tea
tree oil every 10
minutes and 10
minutes with the
commercial
mosquito repellent

Figur

Conceptual Model of the Study on the Effectiveness of Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca
Alternifolia) as an alternartive mosquito repellent

9
Statement of the Problem

Many mosquito repellents on the market contain harmful chemicals that

can cause health problems, especially respiratory issues. To find a safer

alternative, this study explores the use of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) leaf

extract as a natural mosquito killer.

The study will compare the effectiveness of Mahogany leaf extract to

commercial insecticides and evaluate its safety for humans, pets, and the

environment

The researchers aim to answer the following questions:

1. How effective is Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) leaf extract in killing

mosquitoes compared to commercial insecticides?

2. What are the potential human and environmental effects of using

mahogany extract for mosquito control?

Hypothesis

● The leaf extract of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) is an effective

natural mosquito killer, demonstrating significant mosquito mortality compared to

chemical mosquito killer.

● Mahogany leaf extract contains compounds that exhibit significant

insecticidal activity.

● The use of mahogany leaf extract is a viable, cost-effective, and

environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic insecticides.

Scope and Limitation

10
 The researchers mainly focus on the effectiveness of Mahogany (Swietenia

macrophylla) Extract as a Natural Mosquito killer with the use of Mahogany

(Swietenia macrophylla) as an alternative mosquito killer. This research identifies

the usage of material and how it is effective for what we are researching. The

research focuses on the effectiveness of the materials that the research is going

to use. Also, the researchers are only focusing on killing/eliminating mosquitoes

using the said ingredients to prevent dengue.

Definition of Terms

To understand more about the study, the following terms are operationally

well-defined.

Commercial Insecticides - Chemical-based products widely used for killing

mosquitoes.

Efficacy - The ability of Swietenia macrophylla leaf extract to kill or repel

mosquitoes under various conditions.

Exposure Duration - The length of time mosquitoes are in contact with the

mahogany extract

Extract Concentration - The strength or potency of the mahogany leaf extract,

which may influence its effectiveness as an insecticide or repellent.

Mortality Rate - number of larvae die

Mosquito Larvae - The aquatic, immature stage of mosquitoes, which are highly

susceptible to insecticides and repellent

10
Pathogens - A pathogen is usually defined as a microorganism that causes, or

can cause, disease.

Resistance - The ability of mosquitoes to develop immunity to certain

compounds, a concern addressed by testing the effectiveness of mahogany

extract.

10
 CHAPTER 2

Research Methodology

The research methodology of this thesis is explanatory, detailing the

methods, processes, and techniques used to evaluate the effectiveness of

mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) leaf extract as a natural mosquito killer. This

methodology provides insight into why and how the study was conducted,

establishing the reliability of the findings. The following methodologies were used

for accurate results:

Research Design

This investigation examines the efficacy of a mahogany leaves, and water

mixture as a natural mosquito killer, employing an Explanatory research design.

The study presents a comprehensive overview of observations garnered during

the experiment, followed by an in-depth analysis of the collected data. Through

this research, previously overlooked aspects are identified, and valuable insights

are provided to contribute to the advancement of the field. The findings and

insights yielded by this study serve as a foundation for future researchers,

informing and guiding subsequent investigations

11
Setting of the Study

The study was conducted in Catleya 1st Rosal St. Barangay Mambog

Binangonan, Rizal. Binangonan’s major historical landmark is the 200-year-old

Santa Ursula Parish, located at the heart of the town. According to the records of

Huerta Cavada , Binangonan, originally a visita of Morong, was separated and

became an independent parish in 1621. Another version stated, however, that

Binangonan was separated from Morong in 1737. This was selected due to its

accessibility and proximity to stores where the necessary materials and

ingredients for the study could be easily purchased. This made it a convenient

and practical location to conduct the experiment.

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Subject of the Study

The subject of the study is Swietenia macrophylla, commonly known as

mahogany. Mahogany is a tropical hardwood tree valued for its durable wood

and medicinal properties. The study specifically focuses on the leaves of the

mahogany tree, which are believed to contain bioactive compounds with potential

insecticidal and repellent properties. These leaves were collected and used to

create an extract to test its effectiveness as a natural mosquito control agent.

Source of Data

The researchers used a variety of research methods, such as reading

scientific articles and accessing data from reliable websites, to gather information

for the study. Regarding the topic of Swietenia macrophylla as a natural mosquito

killer, the researchers reviewed numerous web pages and scholarly publications.

As a result, they were able to gain a deeper understanding of the bioactive

compounds in mahogany leaves and their potential effectiveness against

mosquitoes.

Procedure of the study

The researchers commenced the overall research by first looking through

the internet and some articles, websites that contain information about the

ingredients that are going to be used in the experiment. Mainly about the

ingredients and how effective Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) leaf and Water

(H20) . By extracting the two ingredients we can know what the effect is on the

13
mosquitoes. They will be the overall product that is being researched on. The

researchers also studied the articles that may prove the experiment. Also taking

advice on the researchers' advisors and adults that have an experience with

home care.

Procedure of the Experiment

The researchers experiment started by collecting 10pcs of Mahogany leaf

into a blender and adding 200 ml of water and mixing it for 5 minutes. Second,

the researcher collects the mixture into a cheesecloth and squeezes it until the

researcher gets all the extract from the mahogany leaf and transfers it into a

spray bottle.

The researchers got a container for our experiment and the researchers

put the mosquitoes there to be sprayed by the mixture made by the researchers

that created it. The researchers took five mosquitoes and put them in a small

container and sprayed them three times with the mixture so that the researcher

could see what could happen in the first 3 minutes.

In the second set, the researchers sprayed five times for 5 minutes. For

the third round, the researchers did it again for 10 minutes and 6 sprays. For the

fourth try the researchers did the same procedure again.

The researchers sprayed the mosquitoes again for 12 to 13 minutes. As

the researchers expected, the mosquitoes are weakened but the mixture isn't

able to kill them. It's good though to see that our mosquito killer was indeed

effective to weaken the mosquitoes.

14
BIBLIOGRAPHY

15
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Environet Pest Control (2024):

Lei.MosquitoesArchives.https://environet.com.ph/blog/category/mosquitoes

Hasan MN, Akter T, Junayed M, Ahmad S. Effect of hot water leaf extract of
Swietenia mahagoni against the Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti
larvae. Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2022;8(2):94-102.
doi:10.3329/ajmbr.v8i2.59513

Internationally Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Allied Sciences (2018):

CRUZ, P. G., NUÑEZ, R., ANULACION, C., GREGORIO, N., INIWAN, K.,
NOLASCO, E., ... & WAING, K. INSECTICIDAL PROPERTY AND
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF.
https://ijbpas.com/pdf/2018/August/MS_IJBPAS_2018_4504.pdf

Khamis et.al. (2023). Swietenia mahagoni Leaves Extract: Antifungal,

Insecticidal, and Phytochemical Analysis. Separations, 10(5), 301.
https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10

Moghadamtousi et.al. (2013).

Biological Activities and Phytochemicals of Swietenia macrophylla King.
Molecules, 18(9), 10465–10483.https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules180910465

Petitdemange C, Wauquier N, Rey J, Hervier B, Leroy E, Vieillard V.

Control of acute dengue virus infection by natural killer cells. Frontiers in
Immunology. 2014;5. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00209

Rodan et.al.(1992). Mahogany Conservation:status and policy initiatives.

EnvironmentalConservation,19(4),331–338.https://doi.org/10.1017/
s037689290003145

World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (2024):

Singh, S., Anand, A., Gupta, N., Patel, K., Nishad, M., & Bind, A. (2024). AN
OVERVIEW OF HERBAL PLANT’S ABILITY TO REPEL MOSQUITOS.
https://wjpr.s3.apsouth1.amazonaws.com/article_issue/
ccf9a28372f3f721b2015472ceb42944.pdf

16
CURRICULUM

VITAE

17
TRIXIE UMALI CUMABIG

PROFILE

AGE: 16 yrs old

DATE OF BIRTH: March 20 2008

BIRTHPLACE: Jala-Jala Rizal

ADDRESS: J, sumulong St. Saudi Village Lunsad Binangonan Rizal

CIVIL STATUS: Single

CITIZENSHIP: Filipino

RELIGION: Catholic

CONTACT INFORMATION

EMAIL: [email protected]

CONTACT NO. : 0981-754-3924

SOCIAL MEDIA ACCOUNT:

● Facebook : Trixie Cumabig

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Primary: Lunsad Elementary School S.Y 2014-2019

Secondary: Margarito A. Duavit Integrated School S.Y 2020-2024

Shining Light Christian College Inc. S,Y 2024-2025

18
ELLIEJAH DURAN ARABIT

PROFILE

AGE: 16 yrs old

DATE OF BIRTH: May 02, 2008

BIRTHPLACE: Mambog Binangonan Rizal

ADDRESS: Catleya 1st Rosal St Mambog Binangonan Rizal.

CIVIL STATUS: Single

CITIZENSHIP: Filipino

RELIGION: Catholic

CONTACT INFORMATION

EMAIL: [email protected]

CONTACT NO. : 0938-847-8617

SOCIAL MEDIA ACCOUNT:

● Facebook : Elliejah Arabit

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

PRIMARY: Casimiro A Ynares Sr Elementary School S.Y 2014-2019

SECONDARY: Mahabang Parang National High School S.Y 2020-2024

Shining Light Christian College Inc. S,Y 2024-2025

19
CHELSEA E GARCIA

PROFILE

AGE: 16 yrs old

DATE OF BIRTH: May 24 2008

BIRTHPLACE: Iba, Zambales

ADDRESS: P.burgos St. Lunsad Binangonan Rizal

CIVIL STATUS: Single

CITIZENSHIP: Filipino

RELIGION: Born Again Christian

CONTACT INFORMATION

EMAIL: [email protected]

CONTACT NO. : 0996-742-2730

SOCIAL MEDIA ACCOUNT:

● Facebook : Chelsea Garcia

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

PRIMARY: Lunsad Elementary School S.Y 2014-2019

SECONDARY: Margarito A. Duavit Integrated School S.Y 2020-2024

Shining Light Christian College Inc. S,Y 2024-2025

JOHN DENVER CALANZA FELICIANO

20
PROFILE

AGE: 16 yrs old

DATE OF BIRTH: September 29, 2008

BIRTHPLACE: Cainta Rizal

ADDRESS: Br, Tatala, MountainVille Binangonan Rizal

CIVIL STATUS: Single

CITIZENSHIP: Filipino

RELIGION: Christian

CONTACT INFORMATION

EMAIL: [email protected]

CONTACT NO. : 0981-736-0951

SOCIAL MEDIA ACCOUNT:

● Facebook : John Denver Feliciano

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

PRIMARY: Tatala Elementary School S.Y 2014-2019

SECONDARY: Mahabang Parang National High School S.Y 2020-2024

Shining Light Christian College Inc. S,Y 2024-2025

21
LUISA MONIQUE ENCINAS MARCAIDA

PROFILE

AGE: 17 yrs old

DATE OF BIRTH: January 24, 2007

BIRTHPLACE: Ciudad Del Sol, Brgy. Sta. Ana, Taytay Rizal

ADDRESS: 78 Aralar St. Pila Pila, Binangonan Rizal

CIVIL STATUS: Single

CITIZENSHIP: Filipino

RELIGION: Catholic

CONTACT INFORMATION

EMAIL : [email protected]

CONTACT NO. : 0906-647-3921

SOCIAL MEDIA ACCOUNT:

● Facebook : Lia Marcaida

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

PRIMARY: Cresdaville Elementary School

SECONDARY: Margarito A. Duavit Integrated School

Shining Light Christian College Inc.

22