CIV3294: STRUCTURAL DESIGN

INTRODUCTION TO STEEL STRUCTURES DESIGN

LECTURER:
ASSOC. PROF. AMIN HEIDARPOUR

PREPARED BY:
ASSOC. PROF. AMIN HEIDARPOUR
DR CHUA YIE SUE
OUTLINE

 Limit state design method

 Simple beam theory
 Section properties

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Steel Structure

 A Steel Structure may include:

– Structural members
– Connections
– Fasteners

 All these act together to resist imposed loads and transfer them to
the foundation;

 The main objective of structural design is to

Design a structure capable of remaining fit throughout the design life

 A proper design will minimize costly maintenance of steel structures.

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Examples of Steel Structures

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Jewel, Singapore

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China 57-storey Mini Sky City tower built in 19 days using steel

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Steel modular building

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Temporary Structures

Sentul, KL Novena, SG
4 injured 1 killed, 1 injured

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Member Behaviour

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Limit State Design Method

 Definition: State of a loaded structure on the verge of failure

 Types of failures:

– Members (local or global failure)

– Overturning instability
– Excessive deformations

 No practical way of determining exact point of limit state

 Possible in research laboratory in controlled environment
 As such, designer can only deal with nominal limit states as determined
by application of relevant limit state Standards

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Standards and codes of practice

 The designer must follow standards to determine nominal imposed

actions, setting load factors and serviceability limits

 Relevant steelwork standards

o AS1170 – dead and live load and load combinations, wind loads, snow
loads, earthquake loads
o AS4100 – steel structures includes resistance factors, materials,
methods of analysis, strength and serviceability design of members and
connections, fatigue, durability, fire resistance
o AS4600 – cold-formed steel structures
o AS/NZS 1554 – welding code
o AS/NZS 3678 – hot-rolled plates
o AS/NZS 3679 – hot-rolled bars and sections and welded I sections

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Cold roll forming (video)

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 Coil accumulator Coil welder Uncoiler

Edge miller

Squeeze High frequency

Weld trim Forming rolls
rolls induction welder

Shaping Non-destructive Rotary cut off machine Final inspection

rolls testing samples for
mechanical testing

Dispatch
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Hot-rolled plates (video)

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Uncoiler Coil welder Coil accumulator

Edge miller

High frequency Squeeze

Forming rolls induction welder Weld trim
rolls

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 Non-destructive
Rotary cut off machine testing

Furnace Shaping
rolls

Final inspection samples for

mechanical testing

Dispatch

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Limit State Design Method

 Identify limit state capacity

– Loads, pressures, displacements, strains, etc

 Check and satisfy:

– Design action effect ≤ Design capacity or resistance

Ed ≤ ᶲRu

where Ed = internal action (axial force, shear force, bending moment)

combinations of G, Q, W]

* Ed is a function of applied design actions and structural framing

characteristics (geometry, stiffness, linkage)

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Relationship Between Action Effects & Resistance/Capacity

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Combination of Actions

Ed ≤ ᶲRu
 Design actions generally do not act in a singular manner but in a
combination of each other
 Examples of some typical action combinations (see AS1170.0)
– 1.2G + 1.5Q
– 1.2G + 1.5ψlQ
– 1.2G + 1.5ψsQ + Wu

 Ultimate limit state (ULS) – Strength

 Serviceability limit state (SLS) – Deflections; Vibration; Corrosion;
Connection slippage
 Other limit states – Stability; Fatigue; Fire; Earthquake, brittle
fracture

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Limit states for steel structures

 Strength – resistance against yielding, fracture or collapse under static

loading
 Stability – resistance against overturning, sliding
 Serviceability – Limit of satisfactory service performance (deflections,
sway, vibration, etc)
 Fatigue – Resistance against premature fatigue-induced fracture
 Fire – Resistance against premature collapse in a fire event
 Earthquake – Endurance against low-cycle, high-strain seismic loads
 Durability – Resistance against loss of material by corrosion or abrasion

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Ultimate limit state (strength)

 Design action effect ≤ ᶲ Nominal capacity

Ed ≤ ᶲRu

 Capacity Ru depends on
- Section types (e.g. I-section, CHS, RHS, Channel)
- Section dimensions (e.g. width, depth, thickness)
- Member Length
- Material Properties (yield stress, ultimate strength)

 Capacity reduction factor (ᶲ) for steel structures ranges from 0.6 to 0.9

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 Table 3.4: AS 4100 ‐ 2020

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Serviceability Limit State (comfort)

 Deflections, sway and slopes need to be limited to avoid public

concern about
– appearance
– safety
– comfort

δ≤∆
where ∆ = deflection limit

 Clause 3.5.3 (AS4100 -2020) provides deflection limits for SLS.

 What controls deflection ?
– Length of member, and section dimension
– Boundary conditions
– Loading
– Young’s modulus

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 Source: Appendix B, AS4100 - 2020

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OUTLINE

 Limit state design method

 Simple beam theory
 Section properties

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Simple Bending Theory

 Bending stress, 𝜎

Neutral axis (NA)

 Maximum stress, 𝜎 𝑓 (yield stress) when 𝑦

 Yield moment, 𝑀 𝑓 𝑓 𝑍
(Z = elastic section modulus)

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Second Moment of Inertia (I) & Elastic Section Modulus (Z)

 Rectangular sections
b
𝑏𝑑
𝐼
d 12

 General sections – Parallel Axis Theorem Z’ Z’

𝐼 𝐼 𝐴 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 shift
N.A.

 For rectangular sections, elastic section modulus

𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑
𝑍 12
𝑑 6
2

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Second Moment of Inertia (I) & Elastic Section Modulus (Z)

 Solid circle sections with a diameter of D

𝜋𝐷 D
𝐼
64

 For solid circle sections, elastic section modulus

𝜋𝐷 𝜋𝐷
𝑍 64
𝐷 32
2

What about circular hollow sections?

Do
t

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Plastic Section Modulus (S)

 Core of section becomes yielded progressively

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Plastic Section Modulus (S)

 Stress distribution and resultant forces:

 Equilibrium: 𝐶 𝑇 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓

 The plastic moment, 𝑀 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚 𝑇 𝐶

 For rectangular sections, plastic section modulus, S

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Plastic Section Modulus (S)

 For solid circle section with a diameter of D

 For circular sections, plastic section modulus, S

DERIVE THIS!

What about circular hollow sections?

Do
t

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Shape Factor

 Definition
– “The shape factor of a member cross
section can be defined as the ratio of the
plastic moment, Mp to yield moment, My”

𝑀 𝑓𝑆 𝑆
𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐾
𝑀 𝑓𝑍 𝑍
where S = plastic section modulus

 So, for rectangular section, the shape factor equal 1.5. Why?
𝑆 𝑏𝑑 4
1.5
𝑍 𝑏𝑑
6

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Shape factor

 Rectangular section 1.5

 I-section 1.15
 Circular solid section 1.7

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