Module Name: STEEL AND
TIMBER STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
Module Code: CET 06106
LECTURE 01: INTRODUCTION
YAGMI
BASIC CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
• Civil engineering design establishes the overall concept
for the structure.
• Civil engineering structural concerns with structural
analysis to ensure that the proposed structure and its
materials will withstand the expected loads and forces.
• The principle of structure is to design and maintain a
state of equilibrium, resisting external loads without
moving.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
Structural design
• Is a process to achieve optimum dimensions of elements of
structure to satisfy strength and stiffness for its intended use and
life, structural design does not evolve into a unique solution.
• In principle, the structural design concept involves four basic
considerations: 1. structural (technical) 2. functional 3. aesthetic
(architectural) 4. financial
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
structural design process:
The process starts from deciding structural configuration on the basis
of planning and function requirements, estimation of various types of
external forces the structure is likely to be subjected to during its
lifetime, analysing the structure for all possible and odd combinations
of forces to arrive for design action, selection of section dimensions to
satisfy strength of material as well as safe functioning conforming to
relevant codal provisions.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
• Steel advantages over RCC
1. minimum weight 5. Minimum construction time
2. more ductility and predictability 6. Re-use of structure as easy
for dismantling
3. reliability in behaviour of structure
7. Material can be recycled
4. more resilience for dynamic loads
• 1-4 are more important with respect to design of
structures required to withstand earthquakes.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
Steel disadvantages
• susceptibility to corrosion
• loss of strength at elevated temperature
• residual stresses
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR MILD STEEL UNDER
UNIAXIAL TENSION
• The prime characteristics of mild steel are its ductility and tenacity.
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
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GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
The design of structural steel elements may be based on one or
more of the following three design theories:
1. Elastic or working stress design
2. Plastic or limit design
3. Limit state design
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GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
1. Elastic or working stress design
Is based on the elastic theory where in structures are analyzed elastically
for the worst combination of working (service) loads and members are
proportioned such that the allowable or permissible stresses stipulated by
the code of practice are not exceeded.
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GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
2. Plastic or limit design
• Lies beyond the elastic limit due to ductility of the material, this
enables the structure to support higher loads than that predicted by
the elastic method.
• This additional strength is generally termed as reserve strength and
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forms the basis of plastic design method.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
03. Limit state design
• In the limit state design method, the structure is designed to withstand all
loads likely to act on it throughout its life without exceeding acceptable
limit for the safety and serviceability requirements.
• These acceptable requirements for the safety and serviceability before
failure occurs are called limit states.
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03. Limit state design
• The objective of design is to achieve a structure that will not become unfit
for use in its service life; and shall not collapse under accidental loads
such as explosions or impact or consequences due to human error to an
extent not originally expected to occur.
• In general, the structure shall be designed on the basis of the most
critical limit state and shall be checked for other limit states.
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The limits states includes two basic requirements:
(a) Ultimate limit state
when the ultimate limit states are exceeded, the whole structure or part of it
collapses.
(b) Serviceability limit state
the serviceability limit states, when exceeded, make the structure or part of it unfit
for normal use but do not indicate that a collapse has occurred. 16
The limits states for which steelwork are to be designed include two basic
requirements:
(a) Ultimate limit state
i. Strength (including general yielding, rupture, buckling and transformation
into a mechanism)
ii. Stability against overturning and sway
iii. Fracture due to fatigue
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iv. Brittle fracture.
The limits states for which steelwork are to be designed include two
basic requirements:
(b) Serviceability limit state
i. Deflection
ii. Vibration (for example, wind-induced oscillation)
iii. Repairable damage due to fatigue
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iv. Corrosion and durability.
LIMIT STATE DESIGN
why the limit state design concept?
• Enhanced capacity at plastic stage is not taken into consideration in working
stress method of design ; this leads to uneconomical design, during process of
yielding , the section of structure can sustain additional load till it turns into
the fully plastic stage by yielding over the entire section.
• The safety factors which are used in limit state design are called partial safety
factors and are arrived at on the basis of the theory of probabilistic variation
and statistical data. 19
PHILOSOPHY OF LIMIT STATE DESIGN
• The use of ductility and plasticity is the main theme of this approach.
• The structural steel components are relatively thin sections and are
easy to buckle due to either axial compression, bending compression
of diagonal compression due to shear or any combination of these.
• local buckling (cross-section buckling) e.g column flange or column
web
• overall buckling (global/general buckling) 20
COMMON SECTIONS USED IN STRUCTURAL
STEEL
i. HOT-ROLLED SECTIONS
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COMMON SECTIONS USED IN STRUCTURAL STEEL (CONT…)
ii. COLD FORMED SECTIONS
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COMMON SECTIONS USED IN STRUCTURAL
STEEL (CONT…)
iii. BUILT-UP SECTIONS
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COMMON SECTIONS USED IN STRUCTURAL STEEL (CONT…)
iv. TENSION MEMBERS
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COMMON SECTIONS USED IN STRUCTURAL STEEL (CONT…)
v. COMPRESSION MEMBERS.
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COMMON SECTIONS USED IN STRUCTURAL STEEL (CONT…)
vi. BENDING (FLEXURAL) MEMBERS
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YAGMI
