Design of Steel Structures
(CV701-N)
Megha Bhatt
Course Content
Design of Steel Structures By Megha Bhatt 2
Introduction to Steel as a Structural Material:
General Introduction – Engineering Properties of Steel Material,
Application of Steel in Structural Design Field, Pros and Cons of Steel
over RCC in general
Design Methodology of Steel Structure – Limit State Concept of Steel
Structure, Difference in Limit State Concept between RCC and Steel,
Design Process for Steel Structure in General
Design of Steel Structures 3
Design of Members Subjected to Axial Force:
Design of tension members – Behaviour of Tension Members, Mode of
Failures, Factors Affecting the Strength of Tension Members, Design and
Checking of the Member as per IS 800: 2007
Design of compression members – Behaviour of Compression Members,
Mode of Failures, Factors Affecting the Strength of Compression
members, Design and checking of the member as per IS 800: 2007,
Lacing, Battening
Design of Steel Structures 4
Design of Flexural Members:
Behaviour of flexural members, mode of failures, factors affecting the
strength of tension members, design and checking of the member as per
IS 800: 2007 for laterally restrained and laterally unrestrained beams,
design of members subjected to combined axial force and flexure as per
IS 800: 2007, Design of Gantry Girder
Design of Steel Structures 5
Design of Connections:
Design of bolted connections – Types of bolts, bolt tightening methods,
advantages and disadvantages, behaviour of bolted connections, mode of
failures, design of bolted connections as per IS 800: 2007 for axial force
resisting, moment resisting and shear resisting connections
Design of welded connections – Advantages and Disadvantages,
Behaviour of Welded Connections, Mode of Failures, Design of Welded
Connections as per IS 800: 2007 for Axial Force Resisting, Moment
Resisting and Shear Resisting Connections
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Introduction to Special Steel Structures:
Uses, Components and Forces to be Considered for Plate Girder, Foot
Over Bridge, Pipe Rack, Transmission Tower, Chimney, Silo
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Assignment
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15 Examples from each topic
Analysis, Design and Detailing of one Industrial Truss Manually for
Gravity Loads
Analysis, Design and Detailing of Steel Frame Structure Manually for
Gravity Loads
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References
Design of Steel Structures 10
Text book & Reference Books:
1. N.Subramanian; Steel Structures, Oxford Publication
2. K. S. Sai Ram; Design of Steel Structures, Pearson
3. Arya & Ajmani; Design of Steel Structures
4. Dayaratnam; Design of Steel Structures
5. B.C.Punamia; Steel Structures, Laxmi Publication B. Web
Materials
Web Materials:
1. http://www.cdeep.iitk.ac.in/nptel
2. http://www.nptel.iitm.ac.in B. Web Materials:
Indian Code of Practice:
IS: 800 – 2007, General Construction in Steel — Code of Practice
(Third Revision)
IS: 808 and SP 6 Design of Steel Structures 11
1. Introduction to Steel as a Structural Material
General Introduction (Part 1 out of 3)
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Industrial Structure
Key Factors in Industry:
Functional
Cost Effective
Confined Time Frame
Less Effort to Construct
Sustainable
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Key Factors in Industry:
✓ Large
Use ofOpen Space
available rolled sections
Functional ✓ Not a single structure, but
✓ Effective Structural System
✓ extended
✓ Time is the
Maximum MOST
byattempt important
officestoand
reach all
Cost Effective factor in industries
administration
above units and other
✓ Optimum use of Material
✓ units
Proper such as canopies
Connection Design
Confined Time Frame ✓ Achieving
✓ Delay in a life
single day to start,
hazardous bylaws
✓ Effective Design through some
✓ Heavy
–Availability
may
likeloss around
equipment,
fire crore
of Erecting of rupees
cranes, ducts
Less Effort to Construct Composite Material
Instruction
✓ Vibration control
Sustainable ✓ Proper Methods of Erection
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Key Factors in Industry:
Functional
Cost Effective
Confined Time Frame
Less Effort to Construct
Sustainable
Role and Responsibility of Structural Engineer
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Why Steel in Industrial Structure?
Speed of Construction
Light Weight Units
Adaptability for Future Extension
Prefabrication in Workshop
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Why Steel in Industrial Structure?
Long Spans
Lower Sectional Depth
Permeant Slab Formwork
Options for Site Joint
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Why Steel in Industrial Structure?
✓ High Strength The high strength of steel per unit weight means
that structures made of steel sections weigh less
than those made of RCC
✓ High Ductility Performs good under seismic loading
✓ Uniformity The quality of steel – intensive construction is
invariably superior and most of the steel sections
are fabricated in the factories under constant
supervision
Moreover, the properties of steel do not change
appreciably with time
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Why Steel in Industrial Structure?
✓ Environmental Structural Steel is recyclable and it can readily
Friendly be disassembled at the other end of its useful life
and can be reused. During construction also
almost no air, noise and land pollution and very
less consumption of water
✓ Versatility It is possible to fasten different members together
by a simple connections, and also steel members
can be rolled into wide variety of sizes and
shapes
✓ Prefabrication Often the steel components are manufactured at
the factory under supervision, and the pre
fabrication results in the proper planning of
construction, saving in time and money, speedy
erection and better quality of finished structures
Design of Steel Structures 19
Why Steel in Industrial Structure?
✓ Permanence Steel structures that are properly maintained last
indefinitely.
Examples: Eiffel tower and railway bridge
across Firth if Forth (both built in 1890)
✓ Addition to The repair and retrofit of the steel members and
Existing their strengthening at a future date is simpler.
Structures Thus, new bays or even entire new wings, can be
added to existing steel – frame buildings
✓ Least Because of the speedy erection of a structure,
Disturbance to there is least disturbance to the traffic and
the minimize financial losses to the community and
Community business. Also almost no noise, air and land
pollution and very less consumption of water
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Why Steel in Industrial Structure?
✓ Fracture Due to its toughness and ductility, steel members
Toughness can be subjected to large deformations during
fabrication and erection without fracture thus
allowing them to bent, hammered, sheared, and
have holes punched in them without visible
damage
✓ Elasticity Steel behaves closer to design assumptions
because it follows Hooke’s law up to fairly high
stresses
Design of Steel Structures 21
Disadvantages of Steel to be used in other structures
✓ Maintenance Most steels are susceptible to corrosion, when
Cost freely exposed to air and water, and must
therefore be periodically painted.
✓ Fireproofing Steel elongates when subjected to fire also steel is
Cost an excellent heat conductor, non-fireproofed steel
members may transmit enough heat from a
burning section to non-burning sections.
✓ Susceptibility The slender compression members are subjected
to Buckling to buckling and members subjected to more
bending will have local buckling
✓ Fatigue Another undesirable property of steel is that its
strength may be reduced if it is subjected to a
large number of stress reversal or several
variations
Design ofof
Steeltensile
Structuresstress 22
Thank You
Design of Steel Structures 23
Design Factors in Industry:
Forms of Industrial Buildings
Curved
Rigid
Beam and
Lattice
Portal Arched
Spatial
Frame
– ColumnTruss
Frame Structure
Structure
Structure
Structure
Type Structure
Fire Safety
Loading
Concept Design Consideration
Floors
Service Integration
Design of Steel Structures 24
Design Factors in Industry: Three Main objectives
Forms of Industrial Buildings ✓ Ensure escape to
a safe place
✓ Safety to people
Life Safety
unable to escape
Fire Safety
✓ Protect people in
adjacent building
Loading ✓ Protecting
structure and
fabric of the
building
Concept Design Consideration Property
✓ Protecting
Protection
adjacent building
✓ Minimizing
Floors interruption of
business
✓ Limiting damage
Environmental
Service Integration to the
Protection
Design of Steel Structures environment 25
Design Factors in Industry:
Forms of Industrial Buildings
Fire Safety
Loading Common Load Additional Load
Construction
Dead Load Equipment Load
Concept Design Consideration like Crane Load
Live Load Machine Vibration
Wind Load Erection Load
Floors Earthquake Load Temperature Load
Service Integration
Design of Steel Structures 26
Design Factors in Industry:
Space Optimization
Forms of Industrial Buildings
Aesthetics
Fire Safety Speed of Construction
Design Life
Loading
Service Integration
Concept Design Consideration Fire Safety
Access and Security
Floors Flexibility of Use
Thermal insulation
Service Integration Condensation Risk Insulation
Acoustic Insulation
Design of Steel Structures 27
Design Factors in Industry:
Forms of Industrial Buildings
Fire Safety
Loading
✓ In most cases, floors for industrial
buildings are used for vehicles or
Concept Design Consideration
heavy machinery
✓ Concentrated loads due to vehicles,
Floors machines and containers depending
on application
✓ Separate floor design for Vibratory
Service Integration equipment
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Design Factors in Industry: Compartment and Mix use
Forms of Industrial Buildings
Fire Safety
Loading
Concept Design Consideration
Floors
Service Integration
Design of Steel Structures 29
Functions of Industrial Structural System:
Providing the support for building envelope (Walls, Roofs)
Resisting Environmental forces acting on the building envelope
Support the floors, machinery and service(live) loads/actions
Supporting their own weight – Self Stable
Design of Steel Structures 30
Selection Criteria for Various Structural Systems (Forms) in
Industry:
✓ Rigid Portal Frames (Fixed base)
✓ Rigid Portal Frames (Pinned
base)
✓ Frames with Gantry (Bracket
Supported)
✓ Frames with Gantry (Column
Supported)
✓ Multi-bay Frames
✓ Multi-bay Frame + Gantry
Columns
Design of Steel Structures 31
Frame consisted of brick side To minimize the number of
walls or steel columns internal columns, that would
supporting triangular frames- otherwise obstruct the floor,
pitched at some angle, to the “Umbrella” or
support purlins and roofing. cantilevered roof truss is
Simple construction, was adopted.
economical in use of materials,
light in weight, easy to handle
and quickly erected.
The flat roof construction, to
Natural lighting to the interior of a large extent, for appliance
shed frames is provided by purpose.
windows in side walls and
roofing glazing.
Asymmetrical truss profile
To reduce the volume of
unusable roof space, that has
to be heated and the visible
Alternate system of roofing truss area of roof, for appearances
/ Beam sake, it has become common
More clear height, very common practice to construct single
for storage purpose storey building with low
pitch roof frame.
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Other Systems : Gutters, Canopy
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Types of Steel Elements:
✓ Beam
✓ Tension Member (Tie)
✓ Compression Member (Column & Strut)
✓ Torsion Member
✓ Plates
Design of Steel Structures 45
Types of Steel Structures:
✓ Building
✓ Bridges
✓ Towers
✓ Water Tanks
Design of Steel Structures 46
Work Flow
Information
Erection
of Project
Finalizing Str.
Fabrication
System
Load Shop
Calculations Drawing
Analysis Engineering
Drawing
Member Connection
Design Design
Design of Steel Structures 47
Information
of Project
Finalizing Str.
System
Design of Steel Structures 48
Load
Calculation
Common Load Additional Load
Construction
Dead Load Equipment Load
like Crane Load
Live Load Machine Vibration
Wind Load Erection Load
Earthquake Load Temperature Load
Design of Steel Structures 49
Analysis
✓ Analysis of a single story
single bay frame can be
done by manually or 2D
analysis software.
✓ In 2D frame analysis, two
different frames shall be ✓ Proper structural system is to be
analyzed for wind load in finalized as a result of the analysis
two perpendicular part.
directions separately. ✓ It may takes several time to
✓ 3D software model shall be finalize the basic system through
made for relatively large reputations.
frames with multiple loads
Design of Steel Structures 50
and load combinations.
Member Design
✓ Done as per IS-Standards i.e.
IS800-2007 / IS 800-1984
✓ Design shall comply strength and
serviceability requirements
Connection Design ✓ Engineers loves the Software to
design(?) a steel members
✓ Most Important aspect of any Steel Structure
✓ Required sufficient time to design connection – Because it is
done by manual calculation. (Very rare known software
available)
✓ Painful checks and calculations as per new code – IS 800-2007
Design of Steel Structures 51
Engineering
Drawing
✓ Describes the employer’s requirement and main details.
✓ Usually they give
✓ Alignment
✓ Levels
✓ Clearance
✓ Member Sizes
✓ Showing Steel work in Assembled Form
✓ Engineers usually givesDesign
all connection
of Steel Structuressizes, bolts, welds 52
Engineering
Drawing
Design of Steel Structures 53
Shop
Drawing
✓ Drawing prepared by steelwork contractor / Fabricator
✓ Shows each and every component of a member in full details for
fabrication
✓ Requirement from Client/Contractor : Shop drawing to be sent to the
Engineer for final approval
✓ Contractors are responsible for any errors and omissions
✓ At present, CAD softwares like TEKLA are capable enough to
generate the 3-D model with each and every connection and provide
shop drawings Design of Steel Structures 54
Shop
Drawing
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Shop
Drawing
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Fabrication
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Erection
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Erection
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Erection
Design of Steel Structures 60
Fabrication and Erection:
According to the design of various members of a structure, the various
required sections are procured and are fabricated at site.
Tolerance for the fabrication of steel structures should confirm to IS 7215.
The various activities in the fabrication shop includes the following:
✓ Exact cutting of length by sawing, shearing, cropping, thermal cutting,
or machining, based on the fabrication drawing of the structure
✓ Straightening of members
✓ Cambering of beams
✓ Drilling or punching of holes
✓ Welding of plates or members
✓ Machining of butt joints, caps and bases
✓ Surface preparation, such as shot blasting
✓ Painting or galvanizing after pickling in acids
✓ Marking
✓ Shop assembly and erection
✓ Inspection and testing
✓ Packing Design of Steel Structures 61
Fabrication and Erection:
The numbered parts are then transported to the site and the structure is
erected following the erection tolerance as specified in IS 12843. The
normal tolerances after erection are given in Table 33 of IS 800
The straightness tolerance incorporated in the design rules are given in
Table 34 of IS 800. when the actual curvature exceeds these values, the
effect of additional curvature on the design calculations should be
reviewed. A tension member should not deviate from its correct position by
more than 3mm
After the structure is erected, the specified protective treatment should be
applied on the surfaces of the steel members and joints.
No painting should normally be used on the contact surfaces in the friction
connections.
More guidelines for the fabrication and erection of steel structures are
given in section 17 of IS 800: 2007.
Some recommendations for steel work tenders and contracts are also given
in Annex G of the code.
Design of Steel Structures 62
Errors that Leads to Failure:
To err is human but the consequences of an error in structural design can
lead to loss of life and damage to property. Hence it is necessary to
appreciate where errors can occur.
The common errors tat can occur in the planning, and design phase are
due to the following: [Martin and Purkiss 1992, and Subramaniam 1984, 1989]
✓ Ignorance of the physical behaviour of the structure under load, which
leads to errors in basic assumptions used in theoretical analysis
✓ Errors in selecting and estimating the loads, especially the erection
forces
✓ Numerical errors in calculations – these could be eliminated by proof
– checking of calculation is often neglected
✓ Lack of consideration for certain effects such as fatigue, brittle
fracture, residual stresses, etc.
✓ Insufficient allowance for temperature strains, tolerance, etc.
✓ Insufficient information about new materials, method of analysis and
design, detailing, erection procedures, etc.
Design of Steel Structures 63
✓ Using the wrong grade of steel or wrong types of electrodes for
welding
✓ Using wrong weight of section
✓ Errors in fabrication (holes not matching, oversized holes, lack of fit,
improper welding, welding distortions etc.)
✓ Errors due to improper quality control
✓ Overloading due to change of occupancy
✓ Loading which is not expected during the design stage (an earthquake
of greater magnitude, flood, tsunami, etc.)
✓ Alteration of the structural system (removal of the flange to provide
service ducts, addition of heavy partitions, balconies, etc.)
✓ Poor maintenance
Design of Steel Structures 64
Thank You
Design of Steel Structures 65
