ADDITIONAL
CONCEPTS FOR
GEOLOGY - CE 203
Prepared by: Engr. Benshe Diroy
3/27/2023 1
S T RU C T U R E O F T H E E A RT H
• MOHOROVICIC DISCONTINUITY
• REPPETTI DISCONTINUITY
• GUTTENBERG DISCONTINUITY
• LEHMANN DISCONTINUITY
M O H O RO V I C I C D I S C O N T I N U I T Y
• A SIGNIFICANT BOUNDARY WITHIN THE
EARTH'S STRUCTURE, separating THE CRUST
FROM THE MANTLE.
• ALSO PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN PLATE
TECTONICS AS THE MOVEMENT OF THE
PLATES IS INFLUENCED BY THEIR
INTERACTION WITH THE UNDERLYING
MANTLE.
REPPETTI DISCONTINUIT Y
• DIVIDES THE MANTLE INTO THE LOWER AND
UPPER MANTLE
• PASSING THROUGH THIS DISCONTINUITY,
SEISMIC WAVES INCREASE THEIR SPEED
• LOWER MANTLE IS HOTTER AND LIQUEFIED
WHILE THE UPPER IS COOLER AND PASTY
G U T T E N B E RG D I S C O N T I N U I T Y
• MAJOR BOUNDARY WITHIN THE EARTH'S
STRUCTURE, separating THE MANTLE FROM
THE CORE
• THE DISCONTINUITY IS CHARACTERIZED BY A
RAPID INCREASE IN SEISMIC WAVE VELOCITY
LEHMANN DISCONTINUIT Y
• A BOUNDARY THAT SEPERATES THE LIQUID
OUTER CORE FROM THE SOLID INNER CORE
• THE BOUNDARY IS THOUGHT TO BE A RESULT
OF THE CHANGE IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
BETWEEN THE LIQUID AND SOLID PORTIONS
OF THE CORE
MINERALS
Minerals are the main building blocks of rock. A mineral
exists as a solid under normal earth conditions. It is a
naturally occurring and is an inorganic substance. Minerals
have distinct fixed chemical makeup. Minerals also have a
specific atomic structures.
COLOR
• most obvious property, but also the least diagnostic since
a lot of minerals share the same color.
C L E AVAG E A N D F R AC T U R E
• it is a property of mineral that is determined by
the strength of the bonds.
M I N E R A L S F O R M AT I O N
• Minerals are formed naturally by geological processes.
• It can be formed in two ways: Crystallization of Magna or
Crystallization of Materials dissolve in water
M AG M A
minerals are formed in this
way when hot magma from
within the earth rises to
the surface and cools. It then
crystallized to form minerals.
3/27/2023 13
D I S S O LV E
M ATE RI A LS I N
WAT E R
the mineral formed in this
way mainly occurs in salty
waters such as ocean water.
The formation happens when
salt water evaporates, leaving
behind Na and Cl atoms.
These atoms are then blend
together to form a mineral
called Halite, which is
basically salt.
3/27/2023 Sample Footer Text 14
M E TA M O R P H I S M
• The word metamorphism is taken from the Greek word
“change of form”
• the transformation of existing rock to new types of rock in
a process
• rocks are subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot
mineral-rich fluids or, more commonly, some combination
of these factors.
P RO P E RT I E S O F RO C K S
• STRUCTURE
• TEXTURE
• STRENGTH
• DURABILITY
• WEATHERING
• SEASONING
• POROSITY AND ABSORPTION
• WORKABILITY
STRATIFIED UNTRATIFIED FOLIATED ROCKS
ROCKS ROCKS • consist of layered
• have crystalline structures
• composed of granularity • developed when
several layers subjected to
• uniform structure
• enough exposure to
• separated by throughout
heat and
bedding planes. • their bodies • pressure.
• used for columns, • deal from • similar to stratified
foundation works in rocks,
slabs, and
• construction • however, they only
• floorings projects. split up to
• • • specific directions.
