1. Test the hypothesis that men smoke more than women at the 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 level.
Hypotheses
Ho: 𝜇ms ≤ 𝜇ws
Ha: 𝜇ms > 𝜇ws
Assumptions
1. The data was collected randomly.
2. The data are normal by the Central Limit Theorem because the sample size 164, which is greater
than 30.
> length(Student_data_BUS$Smk)
[1] 164
Conclusion & Interpretation
With a p-value of 0.2027 and an alpha of 0.10, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and have insufficient
evidence to support our alternative hypothesis which states that the men smoke more than women.
2. Provide and interpret a 95% confidence interval for the difference in hours worked per week for
those who consume caffeine and those who don’t.
> subset(Student_data_BUS, Caf == "1", select = HRs.per.week)
> hpwc <- subset(Student_data_BUS, Caf == "1", select = HRs.per.week)
> subset(Student_data_BUS, Caf == "2", select = HRs.per.week)
> hpwnc <- subset(Student_data_BUS, Caf == "2", select = HRs.per.week)
Conclusion & Interpretation
We are 95% confident that the true average difference in hours worked per week for those who
consume caffeine and those who don’t consume caffeine is between -1.175459 and 1.421252.
3. Provide and interpret a 97% confidence interval for the difference in average reaction time
between men and women.
> subset(Student_data_BUS, Sex == 1, select = Rct)
> rctm <- subset(Student_data_BUS, Sex == 1, select = Rct)
> subset(Student_data_BUS, Sex == 2, select = Rct)
> rctf <- subset(Student_data_BUS, Sex == 2, select = Rct)
Conclusion & Interpretation
We are 97% confident that the true difference in average reaction time between men and women is
between -29.780369 and -3.028244.
4. Test the hypothesis that smokers have a lower average pulse rate than non-smokers.
Hypotheses
Ho: 𝜇sp ≥ 𝜇nsp
Ha: 𝜇sp < 𝜇nsp
Assumptions
1. The data was collected randomly.
2. The data are normal by the Central Limit Theorem because the sample size 164, which is greater
than 30.
> length(Student_data_BUS$Smk)
[1] 164
Grader Feedback:
Normal assumption: There are 24 smokers and 140 nonsmokers. The nonsmoker sample satisfies the
CLT and is considered Normal. The smoker sample has a P-value of 0.0001 on the Shapiro Test, so the
Normal assumption is not met, and we must be wary of our results.
Code
Conclusion & Interpretation
With a p-value of 0.7914 and an alpha of 0.05, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and have insufficient
evidence to support our alternative hypothesis which states that smokers have a lower average pulse
rate than non-smokers.
5. Provide and interpret a 90% confidence interval for the difference in proportion of men who
consume caffeine vs. women who consume caffeine.
Conclusion & Interpretation
We are 90% confident that the true difference in proportion of men who consume caffeine vs. women
who consume caffeine is between -0.18253732 and 0.05693924.
6. Test the hypothesis that women have a lower starting salary than men.
Hypotheses
H0: 𝜇𝑤𝑠 ≥ 𝜇𝑚𝑠
Ha: 𝜇𝑤𝑠 < 𝜇𝑚𝑠
Assumptions
1. The data was collected randomly.
2. The data are normal by the Central Limit Theorem because the sample size 164, which is greater
than 30.
> length(Student_data_BUS$Sex)
[1] 164
Grader Feedback:
Normal: There are 76 men and 88 women; both groups are ≥ 30, so the data is normal by the CLT.
Code
Conclusion & Interpretation
With a p-value of 2.2e-16 and an alpha of 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis and have sufficient
evidence to support our alternative hypothesis which states that women have a lower starting salary
than men.
