Department of Science and Technology, FEST, Indus University, Karachi

Faculty of Engineering Science & Technology

INDUS UNIVERSITY, KARACHI

BSc Electrical Engineering Technology

Electrical Machines
Lab Manual
Fall 2024

Student Name:

Student ID :

Instructor Name: Engr. Zuhaib Alam

 Department of Science and Technology, FEST, Indus University, Karachi

CONTENTS

Lab List of Experiments Date Signature

No

01 To study and demonstrate the different electrical machines

parts and name plates of transformer, generator and motor

02 To find out the efficiency and voltage regulation of a single

phase step down transformer.

To study the effect of field excitation on the generation of

03 voltage by an alternator.

04 To study the effect of applied voltage on the power factor

of an induction motor at no load.

05 To draw the load characteristics of induction motor.

To draw the load characteristic curve of an alternator

06
07 To study the parallel operation of two alternators

08 To carry out no-load test of 3-phase induction motor

To perform block rotor test of 3-phase induction motor
09

To observe the effect of excitation voltage on power factor

10 and armature current of synchronous motor

To study the effect of applied voltage on power factor &

11 current drawn by 3-Ф Synchronous Motor

To observe effect of increasing load on power factor,

12 armature current and speed of synchronous motor
 Department of Science and Technology, FEST, Indus University, Karachi

Lab No: 01

Object:
To study and demonstrate the different electrical machines parts and name plates of
transformer, generator and motor.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
 AC/DC Motor
 AC/DC Generator
 Transformer
 1-Phase and 3-Phase Induction Motor
 3-Phase Synchronous Motor
 3-Phase Synchronous Generator
THEORY:
Name plate, is a sheet fixed on every electrical machine, and shows the rated parameters. Rated
parameters are the parameters on which machine perform at best efficiency. Therefore it is of
immense importance to know about the rated parameters of any machines before putting it in
operation. In addition to this, these parameters are also necessary for the further analysis like
designing any controlling circuitry for that machine. Name plate data includes voltage, current,
ambient temperature, number of poles, operating frequency, enclosure type, cooling employed,
field current and voltage (in case of doubly excited machines/generator)etc

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Check out name plate data of machines on different benches given below, installed at different
benches
1. NAME PLATE DATA OF DC MOTOR
 Department of Science and Technology, FEST, Indus University, Karachi

2. NAME PLATE DATA OF DC GENERATOR

3. NAME PLATE DATA OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

4. NAME PLATE DATA OF 1-PHASE ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

 Department of Science and Technology, FEST, Indus University, Karachi

TRANSFORMER NAMEPLATE AND DATA:

 Department of Science & Technology, FEST
EXERCISE:
Below is given the name plate of a typical induction motor and answer the following questions.

1 Frame 326T 7 Volts 460

2 Hp 50 8 Amps 61

3 Hertz 50 9 Phase 3

4 Insulation Class F 10 Duty Cont

5 Max Ambient 40 °C 11 Temp Rise 70 °C

6 RPM 1400 12 Nema Code G(5.6-6.29)

TRANSFORMER:
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another by
electromagnetic induction (transformer action). The electrical energy is always transferred
without a change in frequency, but may involve changes in magnitudes of voltage and
currents. The total VA at primary and secondary is always constant.

There are two types of transformers.

1. Core Type
2. Shell Type

EXERCISE:
Identify the following types of transformer & also label the parts.

Figure 1.1: Core Type Transformer

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Figure 1.2: Shell Type Transformer

Figure 1.3a: Part of Core Type Figure 1.3b: Part of Shell Type

Figure 1.4: Core Type

UNIVERSAL MOTOR
The universal motor is a rotating electrical machine similar to DC series motor,
designed to operate either from AD or DC source. The stator & rotor windings of
the motor are connected in series through the rotor commutator. The series motor
is designed to move large loads with high torque in applications such as crane
motor or lift hoist.
EXERCISE:
Label the parts.
 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

Figure 1.6: Universal Motor

Figure 1.7: Universal Motor

INDUCTION MOTOR
An Induction motor is a motor without rotor windings, the rotor receives electric
power by induction rather than by conduction, exactly the same way the secondary
of a 2 windings transformer receive its power from the primary.
The single-phase induction motor has no intrinsic starting torque. Starting torque
can be achieved by either one of the method.
1. Split phase windings
2. Capacitor type windings
3. Shaded pole stator
There are two types of rotor constructions.
1. Shaded cage rotor
2. Wound rotor

Figure 1.8: Induction Motor

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Figure 1.9: Rotor

Figure 1.10: Induction Motor

PMDC motor
A permanent magnet DC motor is the simple motor that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy through the interactions of the two fields. One field is produced by a
permanent magnet poles, the other field is produces by electrical current flowing in the
armature windings. These two fields result in a torque which tends to rotate the rotor.

Figure 1.11: PMDC Motor

PROCEDURE
Practical Demonstration.
RESULT
The basic parts of motors have visualized.
 Department of Science & Technology, FEST
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Answer the following questions:
Q.1: What is the importance of nameplate?

Q.2: What do you understand by insulation class?

Q.3: How many other insulation classes also exist? Give temperature ranges as well?

Q.4: What information one can see on transformer name plate?

Q.5: Why do we use bearings in a machine?

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Q.6: Why do we use carbon brushes in a machine?

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Q.7: What are the basic differences in motors of ceiling fan and exhaust fan?
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Q.8: Why do we use split rings and slip rings in a machine?

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Q.9: Mention the difference between core and shell type transformers.
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Q.10:. Why transformers are rated in kVA ?

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Q.11: What are the typical uses of auto transformer ?

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Q. 12. What are the applications of step-up and step-down transformers?
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Q. 13. How transformers are classified according to their construction? Or

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Q. 14. Explain on the material used for core construction.

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Q15. When will a Bucholz relay operate in a transformer?

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 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

Lab 02

OBJECT:
To measure and determine the efficiency and voltage regulation of single phase
transformer

APPARATUS
1. Two Voltmeters (0 300V), (0 150V)
2. Two Ammeters (0 1A)
3. Step- down transformer
4. Variable load

THEORY
A step-down transformer transforms the high voltage at primary side
to a lower voltage at the secondary side. It works on the principle of mutual
induction i.e. the transformer secondary winding has an induced emf due to the
change in voltage across the primary winding.
The efficiency of a transformer at a particular load and p.f is
defined as the ratio between output power and input power.
= (VSIS / VPIP) × 100 %
When we increase load at the secondary terminals of a transformer,
current drawn by transformer will increase. This increase in current will cause will
increase in load dependent losses, Cu loss and leakage magnetic loss, hence causes
decrease in output voltage. The change in secondary voltage from no load to full
load with respect to no load voltage or with respect to full load voltage is called
voltage regulation.
(Voltage Regulation) VR = [(VSN VSL) / V SN] × 100 %
CONNECTIONS DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE
1. Make the connections as shown in figure.
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2. Switch on primary supply and read the no load secondary voltage.
3. Increase the load on the secondary side in steps
4. Following every step take reading.

No load secondary voltage VsN= _______ Volts

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS

S.No Vp (volts) Ip (Amperes) Vs (volts) Is (Amperes)

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CALCULATIONS:
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REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. Define voltage regulation of a transformer

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2. At which condition the efficiency of single phase transformer will be

maximum?
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3. What will happened if the primary of a transformer is conned with dc

supply?
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4. Define all day efficiency of a transformer .

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5. How does change in frequency affect the operation of a given transformer?

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6. Can the voltage regulation of a transformer go to negative? If so under

what condition?
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7. State the condition for maximum efficiency

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8. What is the condition for zero voltage regulation?

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9. What are the factors affecting voltage regulation?

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10. Define efficiency of the transformer?

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11. What is the range of efficiency of transformers?

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12. Why the range of efficiency in transformers higher than those of other
electrical machines?
 Department of Science & Technology, FEST
Lab. No.3

Object:
To study the effect of field excitation on the generation of voltage by an alternator
(open circuit magnetization curve)

Apparatus:

1. Bench 12 ES/EV or Bench 13-ES/EV

2. DC multi-range ammeter
3. AC Voltmeter
4. Frequency meter

Theory:
A.C generator (alternator), consists of two parts, namely the field system and an
armature, but unlike a dc generator, alternator has rotating field system and a stationary armature,
advantages of such system are given below. An excitation system is attached to give dc supply to
the field.
The advantages of rotating field and stationary armature are:
Rotating field can run with high speed as output voltage is dependent on its rate.
It is easy to insulate the stationary armature windings for high voltages.
It is easy to collect the high voltage from a fixed terminal.
 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

Stator is outside of the rotor (fixed in yoke), so more space is available for 3-phase
winding.

Procedure:

4. Make the connections as shown in figure

5. Excite the field with DC source
6. Adjust frequency of output to 50 Hz by adjusting speed of prime mover.
7. Nom increase the dc excitation current in steps.
8. Tabulate the readings after every step and draw the open circuit characteristics
(O.C.C) or no load magnetization curve.

Observation:

S. No Rotor Field Excitation Terminal

Current Voltage
( If ) ( Vt )
Amperes Volts
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Result:

Voltage increases directly for low exciting current and the curve then bends at higher
excitation indicating the effect of saturation.
 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. Define the working principle of Generator?

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2. Define Right hand rule and left hand rule?

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3. What is armature and how does it works?

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4. Enlist the parts of generator?

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 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

Lab No: 04

Object:
To study the effect of applied voltage on power factor & current drawn by 3-Фinduction
Motor

Apparatus:
1. Bench 10-ES/EV
2. Voltmeter
3. Ammeter
4. Two watt meters
5. Auto transformer

Theory:
The induction motor consists of a stator and rotor. The stator is connected to the three
phase supply & produce rotating magnetic field. So an induction motor is like a transformer with
stator forming primary and rotor forming the secondary winding with the small air gap in the
magnetic circuit. Upon increasing voltage at no load, reactive current drawn by induction motor
will increase, therefore power factor of induction motor decreases but total current drawn will
increase upon increase voltage at no load. Here power is measured by two wattmeter method. The
advantage of using two wattmeter method is, we can also measure power factor along with power
consumed. When power factor is equal to 0.5 one wattmeter will show 00 Watt but second
 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

will give some reading. When power factor is less than 0.5 one will measure the negative power
because phase angle between current & voltage is more than 90 and other in positive direction.
When power factor is more than 0.5 both will deflect in positive direction. As induction motor
draw 5 to 7 times the rated current at start so it is necessary to start it with reduced voltage by the
help of an auto transformer.

P.f = W1+W2 / (3)½ VI

Procedure:
1. Make connections according to the given circuit.
2. By increasing voltage gradually from zero to some value, start induction motor, once it
gets its steady state position stop increasing voltage
3. Note down the readings of different instruments connected.
4. Now increase the voltage in steps and after every step note down the reading.
5. Read the meters and note down the readings carefully

Observation:

S. No V(Volts) I (Amp) W1(Watts) W2(Watts) W1+W2 P. f

Result:

Power factor of induction motor at no load and at full voltage is_______

 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. Define the working principle of electric motor?

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2. Define Power Factor?

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3. What are the causes of low power factor?

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4. What are the benefits of improving power factor?

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5. Draw and define the power triangle?

 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

Lab No: 05

Object:
To draw the load characteristic curve of 3-фinduction motor.

Apparatus:
1. Bench 10-ES/EV
2. Two wattmeter
3. AC Voltmeter
4. AC Ammeter
5. DC multi-range ammeter
6. DC Voltmeters
7. Digital tachometer

0 - 10 A

+ A -

0 - .6 A
Auto (0 -1 A ) + A -
W1 CC
Transformer A +
Field Rheostat
Coupling
PC

V + Field
Winding
W2 CC Armature V
Load
- (0 - 300 V )
PC

Theory:

Induction motor is asynchronous and variable speed motor. As we know power factor of
induction motor is around 0.2 (very poor) at no load, because no use full work is done except
meeting negligible mechanical losses. As we go on increasing shaft load motor will draw more
active current component for it has to produce use full work. Hence as we increase load on
induction motor, current drawn will increase along with increase in power factor, which usually at
full load is around 0.85. Here load is DC self excited shunt generator.
 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

On increasing shaft load, net torque acting on shaft of induction motor decreases causing
decrease in speed of induction motor for developing more electromagnetic torque.
Here power is measured by two wattmeter method. The advantage of using two wattmeter
method is, we can also measure power factor along with power consumed. When power factor is
equal to 0.5 one wattmeter will show 00 Watt but second will give some reading. When power
factor is less than 0.5 one will deflect in negative direction because phase angle between current &
voltage is more than 90 where as other in positive direction. When power factor is more than 0.5
both will deflect in positive direction.

1/2
P.f = W1+W2 / (3) * VI

Procedure:
5. Make connections according to the given circuit.
6. By increasing voltage gradually from zero to rated value, start induction motor.
7. Energize field of shunt dc generator and build rated voltage across terminals of DC shunt
generator and note down required parameters of induction motor with help of connected
instruments.
8. Connect load across terminals of generator and start increasing load in small increments.
9. After every increment, note down readings of connected instruments.
10. Plot the graph between speed and load current and between power factor of induction
motor and load current.
11. Read the meters and note down the readings carefully

Observation:

S. No V(Volts) I(Amp)AC I(Amp)DC W1(Watts) W2(Watts) NRPM W1+W2

Result:

Power factor of induction motor at full load is__________ and speed at full load is_________
 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Draw Characteristic curve of induction motor?

2. Define following in Induction Motor

1. Rotating Magnetic field

2. Frequency
3. Slip
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Lab No: 06

Object:
To draw the load characteristic curve of an Alternator.

Apparatus:
5. Bench 13-ES/EV
6. Frequency meter
7. Voltmeter
8. Ammeters
9. Digital tachometer

Stator A
Auto Transformer
Field Rheostat
0 - .6 A
0 - 600
A L
V F
o
22

Rotating
V
AC
0V

0 - 250 V Field A a
d
Rectifier

Theory:

The purpose of the experiment is to study the relationship of armature current drawn and
frequency of alternator against increase in load. As we know, increase in load will increase current
drawn and thus causes increase in load dependent losses. Hence on increasing load, voltage will
drop from rated to lower value depending upon load magnitude and its power factor of alternator.
Whereas frequency is dependent on magnitude of net torque, as counter torque increase with
increase in load because of its dependence on load current. Increase in counter torque decrease the
net torque and net result is decrease frequency of generator.
For maintaining voltage level we have to increase DC excitation and for frequency
maintenance speed of prime mover is increased.
 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

Procedure:

1. Make connections according to the given circuit.

2. Switch on prime mover, adjust output voltage of alternator by adjusting DC excitation and
for frequency, control speed of prime mover.
3. Note down reading of different instruments connected.
4. Start increasing load in steps and after every step note down readings of instruments.
5. Plot graph between output voltage and load current.
6. Plot graph between frequency and load current.
7. Read the meters and note down the readings carefully

Observation:

S.No I1(A) I2(A) I3(A) V(Volts) If(A) IL=I1+I2+I3 (A)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

REVIEW QUESTION

1. Draw and label the characteristic curve of Alternator?

 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

Lab No: 07

Object:
To synchronize 3- Ф synchronous generators (Alternators)

Apparatus:

1. Bench 13-ES/EV & Bench 14-ES/EV

2. Three A.C voltmeters
3. Frequency meters

Theory:
The operation of connecting an alternator in parallel with another alternator or with
common bus bar is known as synchronization of alternators. Nowadays common trend is to run
different generating station in parallel due many advantages we are getting like increased
reliability, increased cost effectiveness and etc. For synchronization we have to consider matching
of different parameters of generator because without matching these parameters one cannot
synchronize generators. It is never advisable to connect a stationary alternator to a line bus bar
because stator induced emf being zero, a short circuit will result. For the purpose of
synchronization of alternator, the following conditions are satisfied.
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1. The terminal voltage of the oncoming alternator must be the same as that of the bus bar.

2. The speed of the incoming alternator must be such that its frequency should be slightly greater
than bus bar frequency.

3. The phase sequence and phase angle of the alternator must be same as that of another
generator or bus bar.

Voltages of generator and bus bar are matched with the help of voltmeters, frequency
with frequency meters. In addition to this, for the purpose of phase sequence and phase angle
matching usually the bulb method is used, either dark method or light method known as Bright
Lamp method and Dark Lamp method. Another popular approach is to use synchronoscope.

Procedure:
1. Make connections according to the given circuit.
2. Start one of synchronous generators and fix its output parameters as rated one.
3. Start another synchronous generator and fix its output parameters equal to first one.
4. Before synchronizing both generators match their output parameters as discussed above.
5. Read the meters and note down the readings carefully

Observation:
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REVIEW QUESTION:

1. What is synchronization?
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2. What is difference between Induction motor and synchronous motor?

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3. Why do we use split rings and slip rings in a machine?

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 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

Lab No: 08

Object:
To carry out no load test of 3-phase induction motor

Apparatus:
1. Bench 10-ES/EV or Bench 14-ES/EV
2. Voltmeter (0-600V)
3. Ammeter (0-6A)
4. Two watt meters (0-120W)
5. Auto transformer

Circuit diagram

Theory:
For the performance analysis of induction motor, we need to have motor parameters. In
those cases where motor parameters are not readily available from the manufacture, they can be
approximated from different tests. One of them is no load test.
Purpose of this test is to find out no load losses i.e core (magnetizing reactance) and
mechanical losses for at this condition power consumed is basically because of these losses.
Balanced three phase voltages are applied to the stator terminals at the rated frequency with the
rotor uncoupled from any mechanical load. Current, voltage and power are measured at the motor
input.
 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

Procedure:
1. Make the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Disconnect the load connected, if any.
3. Start the motor by pressing yellow switch "ON" without load.
4. Note down the readings of all instruments connected.

Observations:

S. No Voltage Current Power

Result:

Magnitude of no-load losses = watts

Magnitude of magnetization reactance = Ω

REVIEW QUESTION
1. What is the purpose of doing no load test of induction motor?

2. Draw the power loss diagram of induction motor?

 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

Lab No: 09

Object:
To perform blocked rotor test of 3-phase induction motor.

Apparatus:
1. Bench 10-ES/EV or Bench 14-ES/EV
2. Voltmeter (0-600V)
3. Ammeter (0-6A)
4. Two watt meters (0-120W)
5. Auto transformer

Circuit diagram

Theory:
For the performance analysis of induction motor, we need to have motor parameters. In
those cases where motor parameters are not readily available from the manufacture, they can be
approximated from different tests. One of them is blocked rotor test. This test is similar to short
circuit test of transformer.
Purpose of this test is to determine load dependant losses and stator & rotor reactance &
rotor resistance. The rotor is blocked to prevent rotation and balanced voltages are applied to the
stator terminals at rated frequency. Applied voltage is gradually increased till rated current is
 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

achieved. Current, voltage and power are measured at the motor input and from this data motor
parameters are calculated.

Procedure:
1. Make the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Disconnect the load connected, if any.
3. Keep rotor of induction motor pressed, so that it cannot rotate even upon energization.
4. Keep yellow switch "ON" and start increasing voltage slowly till rated current is achieved.

5. Note down the readings of all instruments connected.

Observations:

S. No Voltage Current Power

Result:

Magnitude of load losses = watts

Magnitude of stator & rotor reactance = Ω
Magnitude of stator & rotor resistance = Ω
 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

Lab No: 10

Object:
To observe the effect of excitation voltage on power factor and armature current of
synchronous motor

Apparatus:

1. Bench 14-ES/EV
2. DC multi-range ammeter
3. DC multi-range ammeter
4. Voltmeters
5. Multi range watt meters

Theory:
Synchronous motors are doubly excited motors i.e. 3- ΦAC supply is given to stator also
called armature and DC supply is connected to rotor circuit also known as DC excitation. Owing
to rotating DC magnetic field, emf is induced in armature that induced emf is called excitation
voltage. It means, on per phase basis synchronous motor has two ac sources in armature and we
know flow of reactive power is dependent on magnitude of voltage level. Therefore, if we are
increasing DC excitation, excitation voltage will increase so this source will deliver more reactive
power than previous one.
 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

According to this, there are three operating modes of synchronous motor

1) Under excitation state: In this mode reactive power required for operation of synchronous
motor is drawn from 3- Φ AC supply, mostly. Hence current drawn by synchronous motor
in this mode is higher.
2) Normal excitation state: In this operating mode, reactive power required by synchronous
motor is delivered totally by excitation voltage. Therefore current drawn by synchronous
motor is minimum.
3) Over Excitation state: In this operating mode, reactive power delivered by excitation
voltage source is not just sufficient for synchronous motor’s operation but it also supply to
network connected. So the armature current, in this mode is also on higher side.

Procedure:

1. Make connections according to the given circuit.

2. Switch on supply of synchronous motor by pressing yellow switch.
3. Once motor starts running on synchronous speed, start increasing DC excitation in steps.
4. After every step note down reading of instruments connected.

Observation:

S. No VAC I AC W1 W2 V DC I DC P.F

Result;
 Department of Science & Technology, FEST
REVIEW QUESTIONS

What is the effect on speed if the load is increased on a 3 phase synchronous motor?

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What is normal excitation?

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What is under excitation?

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 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

Lab No: 11

Object:
To study the effect of applied voltage on power factor & current drawn by 3-Ф
Synchronous Motor

Apparatus:
1. Bench 11-ES/EV
2. Voltmeter
3. Ammeter
4. Two wattmeters
5. Auto transformer

Theory:
The synchronous motor is a doubly excited motor, the stator is connected to the three
phase supply & produce rotating magnetic field whereas rotor is given across DC excitation. Upon
increasing 3-ф ac voltage to stator at no load keeping dc excitation constant, reactive current
drawn by synchronous motor will increase as no use full work is produced at no load condition
except meeting the mechanical losses. Therefore power factor of synchronous motor decreases but
total current drawn will increase upon increase voltage at no load. Here power is measured by two
wattmeter method. The advantage of using two wattmeter method is, we can also measure power
factor along with power consumed. When power factor is equal to 0.5 one
 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

wattmeter will show 00 power but second will give reading. When power factor is less than 0.5
one will measure the negative power because phase angle between current & voltage is more than
90 and other in positive direction. When power factor is more than 0.5 both will measure positive
power. As synchronous motor draw 5 to 7 times the rated current at start so it is necessary to start
it with reduced voltage by the help of an auto transformer.

P.f = W1+W2 / (3)½ VI

Procedure:
1. Make connections according to the given circuit.
2. By increasing voltage gradually from zero to some value, start synchronous motor, once it
gets its steady state position stop increasing voltage
3. Give dc excitation as soon as motor reaches near to synchronous speed.
4. Note down the readings of different instruments connected.
5. Now increase the voltage in steps and after every step note down the reading.
6. Read the meters and note down the readings carefully

Observation:

S. No V(Volts)AC I (Amp)AC W1(Watts) W2(Watts) W1+W2 P. f

Result:

Power factor of induction motor at no load and at full voltage is_______

 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Q#01: what is difference b/w squirrel cage and wound rotor?

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Q#02: How rotation of 3-phase asynchronous motor is reversed?

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Q#03: How rotation of 1-phase asynchronous motor is reversed?

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 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

Lab No: 12

Object:
To observe effect of increasing load on power factor, armature current and
speed of synchronous motor.

Apparatus:
1. Bench 11-ES/EV
2. Two wattmeters
3. AC Voltmeter
4. AC Ammeter
5. DC multi-range ammeter
6. DC Voltmeters
7. Digital tachometer

Theory:

Synchronous motor is doubly excited and constant speed motor. As we know power factor
of synchronous motor is very poor at no load and at under excitation state, because no use full
work is done except meeting negligible mechanical losses. As we go on increasing shaft load on
synchronous motor, motor will draw more active current component for it has to produce usefull
work. Hence as we increase load on synchronous motor, current drawn will increase along with
increase in power factor, keeping excitation voltage constant.
 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

Here load is DC self excited shunt generator. As we know generator has counter torque
which opposes input mechanical power given by synchronous motor and counter torque is
dependant load current. As generator deliver more current on increasing load, hence will develop
more counter torque, thus more load will be reflected on synchronous motor.

On increasing load, net torque acting on shaft of synchronous motor decrease causing
momentary decrease in speed of synchronous motor for increasing load angle. As load angle
increases, synchronous motor will regain its synchronous speed. Therefore speed of synchronous
motor will remain same at all load conditions.

Here power is measured by two wattmeter method. The advantage of using two wattmeter
method is, we can also measure power factor along with power consumed. When power factor is
equal to 0.5 one wattmeter will show 00 power but second will give reading. When power factor is
less than 0.5 one will measured the negative power because phase angle between current &
voltage is more than 90 and other in positive direction. When power factor is more than 0.5 both
will measure positive power.

1/2
P.f = W1+W2 / (3) * VI

Procedure:
1. Make connections according to the given circuit.
2. By increasing voltage gradually from zero to rated value, start synchronous motor.
3. Give dc excitation as soon as motor reaches near to synchronous speed.
4. Energize field of shunt dc generator and build rated voltage across terminals of DC shunt
generator and note down required parameters of synchronous motor with help of
connected instruments.
5. Connect load across terminals of generator and start increasing load in small increments.
6. After every increment, note down readings of connected instruments.
7. Plot the graph between armature current and load current o dc generator and between
power factor of induction motor and load current of dc generator.
8. Read the meters and note down the readings carefully
 Department of Science & Technology, FEST

Observation:

S.No V(Volts) I (Amp)Ac I (Amp)Dc W1 (Watts) W2(Watts) N RPM W1+W2

Result:

1. Power factor of synchronous motor at full load is_________

2. Speed of synchronous motor at full load is______________

3. Armature current of synchronous motor at full load is_____________

 Department of Science & Technology, FEST
REVIEW QUESTIONS
What Will Happen If The Direction Of Current At The Terminals Of A D.c Motor Is
Reversed?
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What Happens When A D.c Motor Is Connected Across An A.c Supply?

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Mention The Methods For Starting An Induction Motor?

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