(Mathematics 5)
Functions of complex variables
Complex Function
Functions of complex variables
Functions of complex variables
A function w = f (z) is said to have a limit L as Z approaches a point z0 ,
written 𝐥𝐢𝐦 f (z) =L
𝒛→𝒛𝟎
If for every number ɛ > 0 there is corresponding number δ > 0 such that z ≠ z0 and
⃒ f(z)- L⃒< ɛ whenever ⃒ z – z0⃒ < δ that is, the value of f(z) are close to L for all z
Close to z0
Let 𝐥𝐢𝐦 f (z) = L1, 𝐥𝐢𝐦 g(z) L2 then
𝒛→𝒛𝟎 𝒛→𝒛𝟎
Functions of complex variables
Evaluate the following limits.
1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( z2 – 5z + 10)
𝒛→𝟏−𝒊
= ( 1 –i ) 2-5 ( 1 –i) + 10 = 5 + 3i
𝒛+𝟑 (𝒛+𝟏)
2) ℓim =
𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒛+𝟒
𝓁𝑖𝑚 𝑧+3 (𝑧−1) −𝟐𝐢+𝟑 (−𝟐𝐢−𝟏)
=
𝓁𝑖𝑚 ( 𝑧 2 −2𝑧+4) −𝟐𝐢 𝟐 −𝟐𝐢 +𝟒
𝟕−𝟒𝒊 𝟕
= = I–1
𝟒𝐢 𝟒
𝟒
=-1+ i
𝟕
Functions of complex variables
ź
Prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 does not exist
𝒛→𝟎 𝑧
Proof:
𝒙
Let z → 0 on x axis , then y = 0. hence 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =1
𝒛→𝟎 𝒙
− 𝐢𝐲
Let z → 0 on y axis, then x =0, hence𝐥𝐢𝐦 = -1,
𝒛→𝟎 𝐢𝐲
ź ź
Then f ( z) = has two limits as z → 0, Then 𝐥𝐢𝐦 does not exist
𝒛 𝒛→𝟎 𝒛
Functions of complex variables
Continuity:
A function of (z) is said to be continuous at z0 iff
(i) f (z0) exists
(ii) lim f (z) exists
𝑧→0
(iii) lim f (z) = f (z0)
𝑧→0
The function which is not continuous is called discontinuous.
Functions of complex variables
Functions of complex variables
Derives (Differentiability)
The function f (z) is differentiable at point z0 if
f 𝑧+∆𝑧 −𝑓 (𝑧) f z −𝑓 (𝑧0 )
𝐥𝐢𝐦 or 𝐥𝐢𝐦 exists.
∆𝒛→𝟎 Δ𝑧 𝒛→𝑧0 z−𝑧0
This limit is called the first derivative of f (z ) at z0 and is
𝑑𝑓
Denoted by f1 (z) or The value of this limit is unique.
𝑑𝑧 z = z0
Functions of complex variables
Theorem(4):
If f (z) is differentiable at a point z = z0, then it is
Continuous z0
Functions of complex variables
Analytic Functions:
Cauchy – Riemann Equations
A complex function is said to be analytic or regular or holomorphic at
a point z0 if it is a single valued function and differentiable z0 and at
every point in some neighborhood of z0.
A function is said to be analytic in a domain D if it is analytic at
every point in D.
A function is called an entire function if it is analytic at every point
in the z – plane.
Functions of complex variables
Caucly – Riemann Equations:
A necessary and sufficient condition that the function F(z) = u (x
, y) + iv (x,y) be analytic in a domain D is that
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗
= ( ux = vy) And
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗
= - = (uy = - vx)
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
1) f (z) = z2
2) f (z) = │z│2
3) f (z) = z e-z
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