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Biology AS - Level Revision Exercises

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Biology AS - Level Revision Exercises

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shamsalmulla7

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English International School Baghdad Subject: A- Level Biology

Teacher: Ms. Nour Grade: 12

Student Name: ---------------------------- Date: September 20, 2024

AS- Level Revision Worksheet

Why Practice Makes Perfect in A-Level Biology

 Strengthen Your Foundation: Each practice exercise reinforces your
understanding of AS Biology concepts, ensuring you're well-prepared for A-
Level challenges.
 Enhance Exam Techniques: A-Level exams test your ability to apply
knowledge. Practicing regularly improves your skills in answering exam-
style questions with confidence.
 Boost Memory Retention: Independent practice promotes active learning,
helping you remember key details and concepts for the long term.
 Identify Weaknesses: Working through exercises on your own highlights
areas that need improvement, guiding your study focus.
 Develop Critical Thinking: Practice isn’t just about correct answers—it's
about understanding why those answers are correct, sharpening your critical
thinking skills.
 Refine Time Management: Regular practice under timed conditions helps
you manage exam time effectively, ensuring you complete all questions.
 Prepare for the Unexpected: Exposure to different types of questions
prepares you for any surprises on exam day.

Page 1
Q1.The diagram represents part of the human digestive system. The organs are labelled A−F.

(a) Give the letter of the organ that produces amylase.

(1)

(b) Give the letter of the organ that produces maltase.

(1)

(c) Maltose is hydrolysed by the enzyme maltase.

Explain why maltase catalyses only this reaction.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

Page 2
Q2. Alpha-1-antitrypsin is a protein that reduces the activity of enzymes that can damage lung
tissue. Cigarette smoke contains hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide reduces the activity of
alpha-1-antitrypsin. Scientists investigated the effect of different concentrations of hydrogen
peroxide on the activity of alpha-1-antitrypsin. The graph shows their results.

(a) (i) Hydrogen peroxide reacts with two amino acids in alpha-1-antitrypsin. Explain how
this reduces activity of the protein.

.............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................. (2)

(ii) Explain the results shown in the graph.

.............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................. (2)

(b) Long-term smokers are often short of breath. Use this information to explain why.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 3
Q3. The diagrams show four types of linkage, A to D, which occur in biological molecules.

(a) Name the chemical process involved in the formation of linkage B.

...................................................................................................................... (1)

(b) Give the letter of the linkage which

(i) occurs in a triglyceride molecule;

............................................................................................................. (1)

(ii) might be broken down by the enzyme amylase;

............................................................................................................. (1)

(iii) may occur in the tertiary, but not the primary structure of protein.

............................................................................................................. (1)

......................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................... (2)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 4
Q4.(a) (i) Describe the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication.

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Other than being smaller, give two ways in which prokaryotic DNA is different from
eukaryotic DNA.

1 ................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................(2)

(b) The table shows the percentage of each base in the DNA from three different organisms.

Percentage of each base in DNA

Organism
Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine

Human 30.9 19.9 29.4 19.8

Grasshopper 29.4 20.5 29.4 20.7

Virus 24.0 23.3 21.5 31.2

(i) Humans and grasshoppers have very similar percentages of each base in their DNA
but they are very different organisms. Use your knowledge of DNA structure and
function to explain how this is possible.

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................(2)

Page 5
(ii) The DNA of the virus is different from that of other organisms. Use the table above
and your knowledge of DNA to suggest what this difference is. Explain your answer.

...................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................... (2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q5.A student investigated the effect of chewing on the digestion of starch in cooked wheat. He
devised a laboratory model of starch digestion in the human gut. This is the method he used.

1. Volunteers chewed cooked wheat for a set time. The wheat had been cooked in boiling
water.
2. This chewed wheat was mixed with water, hydrochloric acid and a protein-digesting
enzyme and left at 37 °C for 30 minutes.
3. A buffer was then added to bring the pH to 6.0 and pancreatic amylase was added. This
mixture was then left at 37 °C for 120 minutes.

4. Samples of the mixture were removed at 0, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 120 minutes, and the
concentration of reducing sugar in each sample was measured.
5. Control experiments were carried out using cooked wheat that had been chopped up in a
blender, not chewed.

(a) What reducing sugar, or sugars, would you expect to be produced during chewing?
Give a reason for your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................ (2)

(b) In this model of digestion in the human gut, what other enzyme is required for the
complete digestion of starch?

........................................................................................................................ (1)

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................ (1)

Page 6
(d) In the control experiments, cooked wheat was chopped up to copy the effect of chewing.

Suggest a more appropriate control experiment. Explain your suggestion.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................ (2)

(e) The figure below shows the student’s results.

Incubation time / minutes

Explain what these results suggest about the effect of chewing on the digestion of starch
in wheat.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Page 7
Q6.(a) Describe how you would test a sample of food for the presence of starch.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................ (2)

(b) The concentration of glucose in the blood rises after eating a meal containing
carbohydrates. The rise is slower if the carbohydrate is starch rather than sucrose.
Explain why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................ (3)

The glycaemic load (GL) of a diet is a measure of how much digestible carbohydrate it
contains. The higher the GL of a diet the more quickly it raises the blood glucose
concentration after a meal. A diet with a high GL also increases the concentration of
harmful lipids in the blood.

Scientists investigated the relationship between diets with different glycaemic loads and
the risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD) in women.

The scientists determined the glycaemic loads of the diets of a large number of women.
They then divided the women into 5 groups. Group 1 had diets with the lowest glycaemic
load and group 5 had diets with the highest glycaemic load. The scientists determined the
risk of developing CHD in each group.

The graph shows their results.

Diet group

Page 8
(c) The scientists excluded women who smoked from the study. Explain why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................ (1)

(d) (i) What do these data show about the effect that glycaemic load of the diet has on the
risk of developing CHD?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Use the information provided to explain the effect that glycaemic load of the diet has
on the risk of developing CHD.

...............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................... (2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q7.(a) Describe the structure of proteins.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................ (5)
Page 9
(b) Describe how proteins are digested in the human gut.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 15 marks)

Q8.A technician investigated the effect of temperature on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction.
At each temperature, he started the reaction using the same concentration of substrate.

The following graph shows his results.

Time after start of reaction / minutes

(a) Give two other factors the technician would have controlled.

1 ............................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................(1)

Page 10
(b) Draw a tangent on each curve to find the initial rates of reaction.
Use these values to calculate the ratio of the initial rates of reaction at 60 °C : 37 °C.
Show your working.

Ratio = .................................... 1
(2)

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) Explain the difference in the rates of reaction at 60 °C and 37 °C between 20 and 40 minutes.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 9 marks)

Q9.Starch and cellulose are two important plant polysaccharides.

The following diagram shows part of a starch molecule and part of a cellulose molecule.

Page 11
(a) Explain the difference in the structure of the starch molecule and the cellulose molecule
shown in the diagram above.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Starch molecules and cellulose molecules have different functions in plant cells. Each
molecule is adapted for its function.

Explain one way in which starch molecules are adapted for their function in plant cells.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Page 12
Q10. Sucrose is a disaccharide. It is formed from two monosaccharides P and Q. The
diagram shows the structure of molecules of sucrose and monosaccharide P.

(a)

(i) Name monosaccharide Q.

.............................................................................................................(1)

(ii) Draw the structure of a molecule of monosaccharide Q in the space above.

(1)

(b) The enzyme sucrase catalyses the breakdown of sucrose into monosaccharides. What
type of reaction is this breakdown?

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) The diagram shows apparatus used in breaking down sucrose. The
enzyme sucrase is fixed to inert beads. Sucrose solution is then passed
through the column.

Page 13
Describe a biochemical test to find out if the solution collected from the apparatus
contains

(i) the products;

.............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................. (2)

(ii) the enzyme.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q11. (a) Describe how you would use a biochemical test to show that a solution contained
protein.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

The diagram shows the structure of two amino acid molecules, tyrosine and phenylalanine.

(b) Copy from the diagram the R group in the phenylalanine molecule.

Page 14
(1)

(c) (i) In the space below, draw the chemical bond formed when these two amino acids
are joined by condensation. You need only draw the parts of the molecules shown
in the box.

(2)

(ii) Name this bond.

............................................................................................................. (1)

(d) Tyrosine can be made in the body by hydroxylating phenylalanine. Use the diagram to
explain the meaning of hydroxylating.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Q12.Omega-3 fatty acids are also found in fish. Scientists investigated the concentration of omega-3
fatty acids from wild-caught and farmed fish. Their results are shown in the figure below.

Page 15
The bars show standard deviation; n is the sample size.

It is not possible to conclude from the data that the concentration of omega-3 fatty acids in the
farmed salmon is higher than that of the wild salmon. Use the data to explain why.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
(Total 2 marks)

Q13.(a) Some seeds contain lipids. Describe how you could use the emulsion test to show that a
seed contains lipids.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)

(b) A triglyceride is one type of lipid. The diagram shows the structure of a triglyceride
molecule.

Page 16
(i) A triglyceride molecule is formed by condensation. From how many molecules is
this triglyceride formed?

(1)

(ii) The structure of a phospholipid molecule is different from that of a triglyceride.

Describe how a phospholipid is different.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

(iii) Use the diagram to explain what is meant by an unsaturated fatty acid.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q14. (a) A student investigated the effect of pH on the activity of the enzyme
Page 17
amylase.
She set up the apparatus shown in the diagram.

The tubes were made from Visking tubing. Visking tubing is partially permeable.
She added an equal volume of amylase solution and starch to each tube.

• She added a buffer solution at pH2 to tube A.

• She added an equal volume of buffer solution at pH8 to tube B.

After 30 minutes, she measured the height of the solutions in both tubes.
She then tested the solutions in tubes A and B for the presence of reducing sugars.

Describe how the student would show that reducing sugars were present in a solution.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................ (3)

(b) After 30 minutes, the solution in tube B was higher than the solution in tube A.

(i) Explain why the solution in tube B was higher.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(3)

Page 18
(ii) The student concluded from her investigation that the optimum pH of amylase was
pH8. Is this conclusion valid? Explain your answer

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Q15.Doctors compared two tests for lactase deficiency.

Doctors investigated three groups of people. The people in all three groups were not allowed to
eat or drink for 8 hours before the test. They each then drank a solution containing 50 g of
lactose made with a radioactive form of carbon called 14C.

• Group A were the control group

• Group B were lactase deficient
• Group C had irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Both lactase deficiency and irritable bowel syndrome have similar symptoms.

The carbon dioxide breath test

In this test the doctors measured the amount of 14C in the carbon dioxide breathed out. The
doctors took measurements at intervals for 8 hours after each volunteer had drunk the lactose
solution. The following figure shows the mean results for each group.

(a) Describe the common trend shown by all the curves in the figure.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 19
(b) Explain why the doctors stopped measuring the amounts of 14C in the carbon dioxide
breathed out after 8 hours.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Carbon dioxide in the breath contained the radioactive form of carbon, 14C. Explain how
C in carbon dioxide came from 14C in glucose in the blood.
14

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) The doctors concluded that measuring the amount of 14 C in the carbon dioxide in the
breath after 3 hours was a better way of diagnosing lactase deficiency than the lactose
tolerance test. Do you agree with the doctors’ conclusion? Give the reasons for your
answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q16.Read the following passage.

Aspirin is a very useful drug. One of its uses is to reduce fever and
inflammation. Aspirin does this by preventing cells from producing
substances called prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are produced by
an enzyme-controlled pathway. Aspirin works by inhibiting one of the
enzymes in this pathway. Aspirin attaches permanently to a 5
chemical group on one of the monomers that make up the active site
of this enzyme.

The enzyme that is involved in the pathway leading to the production

of prostaglandins is also involved in the pathway leading to the
production of thromboxane. This is a substance that promotes blood 10
clotting. A small daily dose of aspirin may reduce the risk of
myocardial infarction (heart attack).

Page 20
Use information from the passage and your own knowledge to answer the following questions.

(a) Name the monomers that make up the active site of the enzyme (lines 6 – 7).

........................................................................................................................ (1)

(b) The diagram shows the pathways by which prostaglandins and thromboxane are formed.

(i) Aspirin only affects one of the enzymes in this pathway. Use information in lines 5 -
7 to explain why aspirin does not affect the other enzymes.

...............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................... (2)

(ii) Which enzyme, X, Y or Z, is inhibited by aspirin? Explain the evidence from the
passage that supports your answer.

Enzyme ................................................................................................

Explanation ...........................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................... (2)

(c) Aspirin is an enzyme inhibitor. Explain how aspirin prevents substrate molecules being
converted to product molecules.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................ (2)

Page 21
Q17.Cyanide is poisonous. Cyanide binds to cytochrome oxidase, which is an enzyme in the electron
transport chain in mitochondria. This stops the movement of electrons to oxygen. As a result, ATP
cannot be made via aerobic respiration. If a person or animal is exposed to cyanide, a substance that
acts as an antidote can reduce or prevent poisoning. This substance binds to cyanide.

Scientists investigated the effect of cyanide on the rate of respiration of cells in different animal
organs and in organs from different animals. They extracted organs from animals that had just
been killed. For each animal organ they set up 3 dishes. Each dish contained:

• phosphate solution
• saline (sodium chloride) solution
• cyanide solution of known concentration.

They measured the mean amount of oxygen used by the slices of organs in one hour. Their
results are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Mean amount of oxygen used, in the absence or

presence of cyanide, per hour / arbitrary units
Trial Animal organ
10−4 mol dm−3 10−2 mol dm−3
No cyanide
cyanide cyanide

A Sheep liver 2.7 2.5 0.7

B Sheep kidney 14.1 9.9 1.9

C Ox liver 1.9 1.5 0.8

D Rat kidney 20.7 18.8 2.3

E Rat liver 10.5 10.0 1.9

Guinea pig
F 16.8 14.4 1.9
kidney

(a) Suggest how binding of cyanide to cytochrome oxidase affects the enzyme.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)

Page 22
(b) Suggest how the antidote can reduce poisoning by cyanide.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................ (1)

(c) Table 1 shows the scientists’ results for different trials. The trials could be put into groups
to allow comparisons to be made within each group.

(i) As an example of how trials could be grouped, Group 1 has been completed in
Table 2 below. Complete Table 2 to show three other possible ways that the
scientists’ trials could be grouped.

Table 2

Group Trials allowing comparisons to be made

1 A with B

(2)

(ii) What is the effect of cyanide on Group 1 trials in Table 2? Use evidence from Table
1 to support your answer.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(3)

(iii) Calculate the percentage difference in oxygen use for ‘rat liver’ (Trial E) between a
cyanide concentration of 10−4 and 10−2 mol dm−3.

Percentage difference = ................................................................

(2)
(Total 11 marks)

Page 23
Q18.The diagram shows part of a DNA molecule.

(a) (i) DNA is a polymer. What is the evidence from the diagram that DNA is a polymer?

...............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................... (1)

(ii) Name the parts of the diagram labelled C, D and E.

Part C .......................................................................

Part D .......................................................................

Part E .......................................................................

(3)

(iii) In a piece of DNA, 34% of the bases were thymine.

Complete the table to show the names and percentages of the other bases.

Name of base Percentage

Thymine 34

(2)

Page 24
(b) A polypeptide has 51 amino acids in its primary structure.

(i) What is the minimum number of DNA bases required to code for the amino acids in
this polypeptide?

(1)

(ii) The gene for this polypeptide contains more than this number of bases.

Explain why

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Q19. Mycolic acids are substances that form part of the cell wall of the bacterium that causes
tuberculosis. Mycolic acids are made from fatty acids. Isoniazid is an antibioticthat is used to
treat tuberculosis. The diagram shows how this antibiotic inhibits the production of mycolic acids
in this bacterium.

(a) Treatment with isoniazid leads to the osmotic lysis of this bacterium. Use information in
the diagram to suggest how.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................ (2)

Page 25
(b) Human cells also produce fatty acids. Isoniazid does not affect the production of these
fatty acids.

Use information in the diagram to suggest one reason why isoniazid does not affect the
production of fatty acids in human cells.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................ (1)

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Q20.Figure 1 shows one base pair of a DNA molecule.

Figure 1

(a) Name part F of each nucleotide.

........................................................................................................................ (1)

(b) Scientists determined that a sample of DNA contained 18% adenine.

What were the percentages of thymine and guanine in this sample of DNA?

Percentage of thymine

Percentage of guanine

(2)
Page 26
During replication, the two strands of a DNA molecule separate and each acts as a
template for the production of a new strand.

Figure 2 represents DNA replication.

Figure 2

(c) Name the enzyme shown in Figure 2.

........................................................................................................................ (1)

The arrows in Figure 2 show the directions in which each new DNA strand is being
produced.

(d) Use Figure 1, Figure 2 and your knowledge of enzyme action to explain why the arrows
point in opposite directions.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................ (4)
(Total 8 marks)

Q21.(a) DNA helicase is important in DNA replication. Explain why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................ (2)

Page 27
Scientists investigating DNA replication grew bacteria for several generations in a nutrient
solution containing a heavy form of nitrogen (15N). They obtained DNA from a sample of
these bacteria.

The scientists then transferred the bacteria to a nutrient solution containing a light form of
nitrogen (14N). The bacteria were allowed to grow and divide twice. After each division,
DNA was obtained from a sample of bacteria.

The DNA from each sample of bacteria was suspended in a solution in separate tubes.
These were spun in a centrifuge at the same speed and for the same time. The diagram
shows the scientists’ results.

(b) The table shows the types of DNA molecule that could be present in samples 1 to 3.
Use your knowledge of semi-conservative replication to complete the table with a tick if
the DNA molecule is present in the sample.

(3)

Page 28
(c) Cytarabine is a drug used to treat certain cancers. It prevents DNA replication. The
diagram shows the structures of cytarabine and the DNA base cytosine.

(i) Use information in the diagram to suggest how cytarabine prevents DNA replication.

...............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................... (2)

(ii) Cytarabine has a greater effect on cancer cells than on healthy cells. Explain why.

...............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................... (1)

Page 29

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Biology AS - Level Revision Exercises

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Biology AS - Level Revision Exercises

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English International School Baghdad Subject: A- Level Biology

Teacher: Ms. Nour Grade: 12

AS- Level Revision Worksheet

Why Practice Makes Perfect in A-Level Biology

(a) Give the letter of the organ that produces amylase.

(b) Give the letter of the organ that produces maltase.

(c) Maltose is hydrolysed by the enzyme maltase.

Explain why maltase catalyses only this reaction.

(ii) Explain the results shown in the graph.

(a) Name the chemical process involved in the formation of linkage B.

(b) Give the letter of the linkage which

(i) occurs in a triglyceride molecule;

(ii) might be broken down by the enzyme amylase;

Percentage of each base in DNA

Human 30.9 19.9 29.4 19.8

Grasshopper 29.4 20.5 29.4 20.7

Virus 24.0 23.3 21.5 31.2

Suggest a more appropriate control experiment. Explain your suggestion.

(e) The figure below shows the student’s results.

Incubation time / minutes

The graph shows their results.

Q7.(a) Describe the structure of proteins.

The following graph shows his results.

Time after start of reaction / minutes

Q9.Starch and cellulose are two important plant polysaccharides.

(i) Name monosaccharide Q.

(ii) Draw the structure of a molecule of monosaccharide Q in the space above.

(i) the products;

(ii) the enzyme.

(ii) Name this bond.

(ii) The structure of a phospholipid molecule is different from that of a triglyceride.

• She added a buffer solution at pH2 to tube A.

• She added an equal volume of buffer solution at pH8 to tube B.

(i) Explain why the solution in tube B was higher.

Q15.Doctors compared two tests for lactase deficiency.

• Group A were the control group

The carbon dioxide breath test

Q16.Read the following passage.

The enzyme that is involved in the pathway leading to the production

Mean amount of oxygen used, in the absence or

A Sheep liver 2.7 2.5 0.7

B Sheep kidney 14.1 9.9 1.9

C Ox liver 1.9 1.5 0.8

D Rat kidney 20.7 18.8 2.3

E Rat liver 10.5 10.0 1.9

Group Trials allowing comparisons to be made

Percentage difference = ................................................................

(ii) Name the parts of the diagram labelled C, D and E.

(iii) In a piece of DNA, 34% of the bases were thymine.

Name of base Percentage

Q20.Figure 1 shows one base pair of a DNA molecule.

(a) Name part F of each nucleotide.

(b) Scientists determined that a sample of DNA contained 18% adenine.

Figure 2 represents DNA replication.

(c) Name the enzyme shown in Figure 2.

Q21.(a) DNA helicase is important in DNA replication. Explain why.

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