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CONFIDENTIA
312/2

L
GEOGRAPHY
Paper 2
2hrs 45mins

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education

MARKING
SCHEME

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SECTION A
Answer all questions in this Section

1. (a) Define Geography. (2 marks)

 Study of the distribution and interrelationship of natural and human

phenomena on the earth’s surface or
 The study of the earth as a home of man;

(b) State three areas studied under practical geography. (3 marks)

 Statistical methods;
 Maps and map work;
 Fieldwork;
 Photograph work;

2. (a) (i) What is Geothermal Power? (1 mark)

 Power derived from a super heating within the earth’s crust;

(ii) Name two sites of geothermal power in Kenya. (2 marks)

 Olkaria Naivasha;
 Bogoria;
 Menengai;
 Emburu;

(b) Apart from geothermal power, name any other two sources of energy
used in Kenya?
(2 marks)

 Solar / Sun;
 Wind;
 Wood fuel;
 Biogas;
 Petroleum;
 Water / Geothermal steam;

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3. (a) Differentiate between Land Reclamation and Land Rehabilitation.(2 marks)

 Land Reclamation is the practice by which waste land is converted into more
useful land / farmland for growing crops and keeping animals while Land
rehabilitation is the restoration of the land back to its original productive state;

(b) Use the map of Kenya to answer the question below.

Identify the irrigation schemes marked X, Y and Z and in each case the main
crop grown.
(6 marks)

X – Bunyala – Rice;
Y – Perkerra – Onions;
Z – Mwea Tebera – rice,

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4. (a) Name two proposed highways in Africa. (2 marks)

 Beira – Lobito;
 Tripoli – Capetown;
 Dakar - Lagos;
 Cairo - Dakar;
 Tripoli - Windhoek;
 Lagos – Mombasa;
 Cairo Gaborone;

(b) State three reasons for increased road network in Kenya. (3 marks)

 For faster delivery of good / people to the market;

 To create employment opportunities;
 To open more areas for business /trade;
 To make natural resources accessible for exploitation;
 Availability of funds from the government;
 To ensure equity of development in different parts of Kenya;

5. (a) Give two challenges facing population census in Kenya. (2 marks)

 It is an expensive exercise / inadequate capital;

 Possible of double counting or complete omission thus unreliable;
 People can deliberately give false information/unwilling to give information;

(b) State three efforts the Kenyan government is doing to reduce infant mortality.
(3 marks)

 Improved medical care;

 Immunization of children to control diseases;
 Introduction of free maternity care in hospitals;
 Training of traditional mid wives;
 Carrying out research on infant related diseases;
 Provision of free medical services for children;
 Giving longer maternity / paternity leaves;

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SECTION B
Answer question 6 and any two other questions in this section

6. The table below shows the value of export crops from Kenya in the year 1995.

Crop / Year 1995

Maize 224,000,000

Coffee 168,000,000

Tea 320,000,000

Horticultural 190,000,000

TOTAL 902,000,000

Use it to answer the questions below.

a.
i. Draw a divided rectangle measuring 15cm to represent the above data. (9 marks)

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ii. Statethreeadvantagesofdividedrectangles
Itiseasytodraworconstruct
Itiseasytocomparethecomponent
Itgivesaclearvisualimpression
Eachcomponentproportionaltothetotalcaneasilybesuchata

b. State four physical conditions that favour coffee growing in Kenya highlands. (4
marks)
 -Cool temperature ranging between 14oC – 26oC
 -High rainfall well distributed throughout the year between 1000 – 2030 mm p.a
 -Gently sloping landscapes
 -Deep, well drained volcanic soils
 -High altitude of about 1000 – 2300 a.s.l
 -Well sheltered against strong sunlight (Any 4 x 1 = 4 marks)

c. Describe the processing of coffee from harvesting to marketing. (6 marks)

 -Ripe berries are picked by hands
 -Berries are transported to the factories
 -Berries are sorted out and weighed
 -Berries are squeezed to remove the outer cover and graded
 -They are put in troughs to ferment and are washed
 -They are put on trays for drying in the sun and turned frequently and
unwanted particles are removed / sorted out
 -The dry beans are weighed
 -Dry beans are put in bags and transported to the coffees mills
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 -Dry beans are put in machines where the inner husks are removed / peeled off
 -Dry beans are winnowed and graded
 -The dry beans are then forwarded to coffee board for marketing NB: Sequence
must be followed (6 x 1 = 6 marks)

d. List three ways in which planted coffee is taken care by farmers. (3 marks)

 Watering of young plants

 Mulching to reduce water loss
 Constant weeding
 Manure to maintain soil fertility
 Spraying with herbicides
 Pruning to regulate quality (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)

7. (a) (i) Name two types of fishing grounds in Kenya. (2 marks)

 Marine / salty water fishing grounds;

 Inland / fresh water fishing grounds.

(ii) Give two types of fishing. (2 marks)

 Pelagic fishing;
 Demersal fishing;
 Inshore fishing;

(iii) Give four reasons why marine fishing industry in East Africa is not well
developed. (4 marks)

 The warm tropical wates do not favour large scale breeding of fish species;
 The narrow continental shelf limits widespread growth of planktons for fish
chnology hamper the development of the industry;
 There is steep competition from industrialized nations which have better
equipment;
 Rough sea wave limited deep sea fishing;

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(b) Explain four ways in which marine fisheries are being conserved in Kenya.
(8 marks)
 Restock overfished areas there is breeding of fingerlings in fish farms and then
release them into the ocean for survival of fish;
 Restricting disposal of untreated waste in the sea to ensure water remains safe;
 Standardizing the size of fish nets used in fishing to ensure that only the mature
fish are caught;
 Licensing fishermen to control their number and ensure that there is no
overfishing;
 Restricting fishing tospecific season to allow for breeding and maturing of
fishing / ensuring natural generation of fish;

( c) use the map of North America below to answer questions (i) and (ii)

(i) Name one method of fishing used in the shaded area. (1 mark)

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 Purse seining;
 Drifting;
 Tawling;
 Lining / hook an dline;
 Trap method

(ii) Name ocean currents marked Q and R. (2 marks)

 Q – warm Gulf stream;

 R – cold Labrador

(d ) Explain why major fishing grounds of the world are located in the temperate
latitudes of the Northern hemisphere. (6 marks)

 The areas have cool waters that have abundant supply of plankton whichis the
main food for fish;
 The areas have extensive / wide continental shelves which allow light to
penetrate to the sea bed hence encouraging the growth of micro-organisms used
as food for fish;
 The cool waters experienced in most of the coastal areas in these latitudes
encourage thriving of numerous fish species;
 The areas experience convergence of cold and warm currents that results in
upwelling of ocean waters which bring planktons from the sea bed to the
surface;
 The cool to cold climate in these latitude help in the preservation of fish most of
the coastal areas have numerous sheltered bays which provide secure breeding
grounds for fish;
 The sheltered bays found in some coastal areas provide suitable sites for
building fishing parts / fishing landing sites;
 The land derived minerals nourish the planktons which are food for fish. The
large population in these areas provide a ready market for fish hence promoting
the fishing industry;

8.

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(i) Identify one country that is represented by the pyramid above (1mrk)

 Germany
 Sweden
 Italy

(ii) Give three characteristics of the population pyramid represented by the pyramid

.(3mrks)
 The pyramid has a narrow base meaning low birth rate.
 Bars become longer with increase in age i.e. low death rate.
 Longer bars between 20-64years suggests low dependency ratio.
 Bars wide at the top suggests high life expectancy. (3 x 1 = 3mks)

(iii) Give three disadvantages of the population structure represented by the pyramid.

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(3mrks)
 Shortage of workers.
 Increased aging population leads to a lot of money being spent on providing
services.
 Reduced domestic market for goods.
 Rural depopulation. (3 x 1 = 3mks)

(b) Define the following terms

(i) Census
 The enumeration of the entire population of an area and the compilation of
demographic, social and economic information of the population being
enumerated at a given time and place. (2mks)
(ii) Fertility
 The number of live births a woman has during reproductive penis.

(c) Identify three types of Internal Migration. (3 marks)

 Rural to Urban
 Urban to Rural
 Rural to Rural
 Urban to Urban

(d) Explain how the following influences population increase in Kenya (6 marks)

(i) Early marriage

(2mrks)
 People who marry early are likely to get more children because they have a long
period during which they can get children.

(ii) Improved medical facilities.

(2mrks)
 Both the child and mother and the general population have better chances of
survival because of availability of medical facilities to control and curve
diseases.

(iii) Cultural beliefs.

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(2mrks)
 Some cultures encourage large families
 The tendency of people to prefer male children may lead to those not getting
children to have large families.

(e) Give five reasons for carrying out population census. (5mrks)
 Census data show composition of population in terms of sex, age and regional
distribution.
 It provides information on mortality and fertility which is important for
provision for basis facilities.
 Helps the government to do economic planning;
 Helps the government in making decisions on the division of new
administration areas.
 To know the total population in a country;

9. (a) (i) Differentiate between balance of trade and balance of payment.(2 marks)

 Balance of trade is the difference in value between the visible imports and
exports while balance of payment is the difference in value between both visible
and invisible and invisible exports and imports of a country;

(ii) State any three types of trade. (3 marks)

 Internal trade;
 Regional trade;
 International trade;

(b ) (i) Explain how the following factors influences internal trade in Kenya.

 National Language (2 marks)

 The use of English and Kiswahili as National language has improved

communication between different people thus has ensured trade.

 Cultural differences (2 marks)

 Cultural differences leads to distinctive specialization in production of goods

hence high quality which enhances trade;

 Transport network (2 marks)

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 Improvement in Kenya roads / rails / airlines has ensured faster delivery of
goods and services to the market thus easing trade;

(c ) Describe any three forms of policies the government may use to determine trade
in Kenya. (6 marks)

 Quotas – specified quantities of goods, which must not be exceeded during

importation or exportation limits the value of imports and exports of Kenya.
 Tariffs – taxes levied on imported articles restricts importation of particular
commodities thus protecting the Kenyan industries that produce the same
commodities;
 Subsidies – the government may subsidize a particular organization that
produce certain goods to increase production and volume of trade;
 Hoarding – withholding goods meant for export by the government so as to
increase their price at once;
 Total ban – banning of trade of certain commodities imported so as to protect
the domestic industries;

(d ) Explain four reasons why Kenya import wheat and sugar yet she is a producer of
the same. (8 marks)

 Low production of commodities occasioned by pests and diseases make it

necessary to import so as to meet high demand;
 Crop failure due to prolonged drought necessitates importation;
 High quality of wheat produced in Canada is imported so as to improve the low
quality in Kenya;
 The Kenyan sugar is sold at a higher price than imported sugar hence Kenyans
import earning profit;
 Trade liberation which allows for importation of the cane;

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10. (a) State two ways in which minerals occur. (2 marks)
 Beds and seams
 Lodes and veins
 Alluvial deposits
 Weathering products

(b) ( i) Name two Methods of underground mining (2 marks)

 Drift/ adit
 Solution
 Drilling

(ii) Describe Shaft method of mining (5 marks)

 vertical shaft is sunk into the earths crust to reach the layer with the mineral
 horizontal tunnels are dug from the vertical shaft roof supported by beams top
prevent collapsing
 mineral bearing rock is blasted loose by explosives
 transported by light railway / convey or belt
 ore his brought to the surface using a lift ( cage) that moves up and down the
shaft sequence must be followed

c) Explain four Benefits of mining soda ash from lake magadi. (8 marks)
 has led to the growth of magadi township ( urbanization )
 led to development of social amenities such as hospitals which have benefited
the maasai communities
 stimulated the development of transport lines e.g. the 110 km tarmac road and
railway line form Konza to magadi
 provides employment to many Kenyans including the nomadic maasai hence
improving their living standards
 led top development of industries by providing raw materials e.g. glass
industries export of soda ash , the country earns foreign exchange

d) Explain four adverse effects of gold mining to the environment of S. Africa

(8 marks)
 dereliction of land destroying biodiversity;
 pollution of air water and land endangering life;
 disruption or lowering of water table leading to shortage of water;
 instability of basement rocks causing cracks / earth tremors;
 waste of agriculture land leading to food shortage;

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