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 Surveying is the art and sciences of determining of the

relative position of different points or stations on the
surface of the surface of the earth by measuring the
horizontal and vertical distances, angle, and taking in
details of this points and by preparing map or plan for
the suitable scale.
 Leveling is the branch of surveying which deals with
the measurement of the relative highest of different
points on or below the surface of the earth.
 Surveying include measurements of distance and
angles in horizontal and vertical plane and leveling is
the measurements of highest in vertical plane.
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 Chain, tape, compass, level and theodolite are instruments
use for surveying. Surveying fixes the relative position of
different points and station on the surface of the earth.
 It also includes measurement of area and volumes.
 Basic aim of surveying is to prepare a map or plan to
some scale. It is carried out to fix alignment of road,
railway and canal.
 It is also useful in selecting the site for the construction of
structure.
 Electronics total station and Global Positioning System
(GPS) are the modern electronic digital instruments for
the surveying work.
 Remote sensing and Geographical Information System
(GIS) are adopted for Surveying and planning of many
civil engineering projects. 3
 The object of surveying is to prepare a map or plan to
show relative position of points or the object on the
surface of the earth.
 The map or plan is draw to some suitable scale. It shows
the boundaries of districts, state and countries too.
 It is also include details of different engineering features
such as building, roads, railways, dams, canals etc.

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 The surveying may be used for following purposes:
 To prepare a topographical map which shows hills, valleys, rivers, forests,
villages, towns etc.
 To prepare a cadastral map which shows the boundaries of fields, plots,
houses and other properties.
 To prepare an engineering map which shows the position of engineering
works such as buildings, roads, railways, dams, canals.
 To prepare a contour map to know the topography of the area to find
out the best possible site for roads, railways, bridges, reservoirs, canals,
etc.
 Surveying is also used to prepare military map, geological map,
archaeological map etc.
 For setting out work and transferring details from the map on the
ground. 5
 We know that the shape of surface of earth is spherical.
 Thus, the surface is obviously curved. Surveying is
primarily divided into two types considering the
curvature of earth’s surface.

i. Plan Surveying
ii. Geodetic surveying

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Different between plan surveying and geodetic surveying

NO. Plan surveying Geodetic surveying

1. The earth surface is considered as The earth surface is considered as a
a plane surface. curved surface
2. The curvature of earth surface is The curvature of earth surface is
ignored. taken in account.
3. Line joining any two points is Line joining any two points is
considered to be straight. considered to be curve.
4. The triangle formed by any three The triangle formed by any three
points is considered as a plane points is considered as a spherical
triangle. triangle.
5. The angle of triangle is The angle of triangle is considered as
considered as plane angle. spherical angle.
6. Carried out for a small area Carried out for a large area >250km2
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<250km2
Two basic principles of surveying
i. Always work from the whole to the part
ii. To locate a new station by at least two measurement form
fixed reference points.

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Always work from the whole to the part
i. In extensive surveys, the entire area to be surveyed is first
divided into large triangles which are surveyed with the
greatest accuracy. The large triangles are then subdivided
into small triangles which are surveyed with less accuracy.

i. The object of this system of working is to prevent the

accumulation of errors. If there is any error in the
measurement of any side of a triangle. it will not affect the
whole work. The error can always be detected and
eliminated Out. if we work from the part to the whole, the
minor errors in measurement arc magnified in the process
of expansion of survey and a stage comes when these errors
become absolutely uncontrollable
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To locate a new station by at least two measurement
form fixed reference points
According to the second principle the points are located by
linear or angular measurement or by both in surveying. If two
control points are established first, then a new station can be
located by linear measurement. Let A & B are control. points,
a new point C can be established. Following are the methods
of locating point C from such reference points A & B.
 Taking linear measurement from A and B for C.
 Taking linear measurement of perpendicular from D to C.
 Taking one linear measurement from B and one angular
measurement as ABC
 Taking two angular measurement at A & B as angles CAB and
ABC.
 Taking one angle at B as ABC and one linear measurement
from A as AC. 12
D

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 After the stations are marked, they should be located by
tie measurements essentially from two and preferably
from three permanent and well-defined objects in the
vicinity of the station. These measurements should be
taken precisely and recorded in the field-book by means
of a sketch called a reference sketch or location sketch as
shown in fig.
 Reference sketches are necessary to recover the positions
of stations in case they are displaced or lost or required at
a future date. The referenced stations can be easily
restored by swinging arcs with reference points as centers
and the respective measurements as radii. The
intersection of arcs is the required position of the station-
mark.
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 Classification of Surveying

Based on Instrument Based on Methods Based on Purposes Based on nature of field

Chain Survey Geological

Triangulation Land survey
Survey

Compass Survey
Hydrographic
Traversing Mine Survey
survey
Chain and Compass
Surveying
Archaeological Astronomic
Survey survey
Plane Table Survey

Military Survey Aerial survey

Theodolite Survey

Tachometry Survey

Leveling Survey

Photogrammetric Survey

EDM Survey 17
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a. Chain Survey
b. Compass Survey
c. Chain and Compass Surveying
d. Plane Table Survey
e. Theodolite Survey
f. Tacheometry Survey
g. Leveling Survey
h. Photogrammetric Survey
i. EDM Survey

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1. Chain or tape 4. Ranging rods 7. Plumb bob
2. Arrows 5. Offset rods
3. Cross staff 6. Pegs

Depending upon the length of the chain, these are divide into
following types,
1. Metric chains
2. Steel band or Band chain
3. Gunter’s chain or surveyor’s chain
4. Engineer’s chain
5. Revenue chain
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Metric chains:-
 Metric chains are made in lengths 20 m
and 30 m.
 Tallies are fixed at every 5 m length
 Brass rings are provided at every one meter
length except where tallies are attached.
 20 m chain has 100 links and 30 m chain
has 150 links.
 Length of one link is 20 cm.

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 Steel Band or Band Chain
 Steel bands are preferred than chains as they are more
accurate and easy to use. The disadvantages are they get
broken down easily, and it's difficult to service in the field. The
length of the tape is 20 and 30 m, 12 to 16 mm wide and 0.3
to 0.6 mm thick. They are numbered at every meter. Brass
studs divide them at every 20 cm.

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or Gunter’s chain

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Levelling

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