Formula:

𝑢 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑢𝑛 du = 𝑛+1
+C, n+1

𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑢
= ln/u/+C

∫ 𝑒 𝑢 du =𝑒 𝑢 +C

𝑎𝑢
∫ 𝑎𝑢 du = 𝑙𝑛 𝑎+ C, a>0

Trigonometric Formulas:

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛udu = -cosn + C

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑑𝑢 = sinu+ C

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 udu = tan u + C

∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 udu = -cotu+ C

∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢+ C

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑑𝑢 = ln/ secu + tanu/ +C

Inverse Trigonometric Formulas:

𝑑𝑢 𝑢
1. ∫ = arcsin 𝑎+ C
√𝑎 2−𝑢2

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
2. ∫ 2 = 𝑎 arctan 𝑎 + C
𝑎2 + 𝑢

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
3. ∫ 2 = 𝑎 arcsec 𝑎 + C
𝑢 √𝑢 2 − 𝑎

I. Integration by Substitution
Ex.

𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
∫ 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥dx

Solution:

Let u = 1+ sin 3x
du = cos3x (3)

𝑑𝑢 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
=
3 3

𝑑𝑢
= cos3xdx
3
𝑑𝑢
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥𝑑𝑥 3 1 𝑑𝑢 1 1
∫ 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢
=3∫ 𝑢
= 3 ln/n/ = 3 ln/n 1+sin3x + C

II. Integration by Parts

d(uv) = udu + udu
∫ 𝑑(𝑢𝑣) = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑢
uv = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

Ex:
∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Sol:
1
Let u = lnx, du = 𝑥dx
dv = dx, v = x
1
∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥(𝑥) − ∫(𝑥) 𝑥dx
= lnx (x) dx= x lnx - x + C

III. Integration of Trigonometric Expressions of the Following forms:

A. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑚 u 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 udu

Case 1. Either m or n is odd, positive integers

(i)
Suppose m is odd
Factor out sinudu and change the remaining even power of cosin by using the identity
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 u = 1- 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 u

(ii)
Suppose n is odd
Factor out cosudu and change the remaining even power of cosine to power of sine by using
the identity 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 u = 1- 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 u

Example 1:
𝑑𝑢 1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 42x𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 2xdx = 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 u𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 u( 2 ) = 2 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 u𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 udu
1
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 ucosudu
2
1
= 2 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 u[𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢]2 cosudu
1
= 2 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 u[1-𝑠𝑖𝑛2 u] cosudu
1
= 2 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 u(1+𝑠𝑖𝑛4 u-𝑠𝑖𝑛4 u-𝑠𝑖𝑛2 u) cosudu

1
Sol: = 2 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4u(1+𝑠𝑖𝑛4 u-2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 u)cosudu
1
Let u= 2x = 2 ∫ 𝑧 4 (1+24 -2𝑧 2 )dz
𝑑𝑢 2𝑑𝑥 1
= = ∫(𝑧 4+𝑧 8 - 2𝑧 6 )dz
2 2 2
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑧5 𝑧9 𝑧7
= dx = 2[5 + -2 ]
2 9 7
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 9𝑢 2
=2[ + + 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 u]
5 9
𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 9 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 𝑢
Let z= sin n = + - +C
10 18 7
dz= cosudu

Case 2: Both m and n are even and positive integers or zero use the half angle formulas:
 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑛 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢 ∙
2𝑥 2

Example 1: ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑥𝑑𝑥

1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑥 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑥
=∫( )( )
2 2
1
= 4 ∫(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑥) (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
= 4 ∫(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 6𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠12𝑥
= 4 ∫(1 − ( ) dx
2
1 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠12𝑥
= 4 [∫ 𝑑𝑥 - ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ]
2
1 1
= 4 [ x - 2 ∫(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠12𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 4 [ x - 2 [∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠12𝑥𝑑𝑥]
1 1
= 4 [ x - 2 ( x +∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠12𝑥𝑑𝑥)
1 1 1
= 4 [ x - 2 ( x + 12 sin12x)]
1 1 1
= [x- x- sin12x]
4 2 24
1 1 1
= 4 x - 8 x - 96 sin12x
1 1
= 8 x - 96 sin12x + c.

B. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑚 𝑢 𝑠𝑒𝑐nudu
Case 1: n is an even positive integer factor out sec2udu to power of tangent using the identity sec2 =
1+tan2u
𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Example: ∫
√𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥
=∫ 1
(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)2
−1
= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥
−1
=∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑢 (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 2)𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢
−1
=∫ 2 2 (1 + 22 )𝑑𝑧
−1 3
=∫(𝑧 2 + 𝑧 2 )dz
1 5
𝑧2 𝑧2
= 1 + 5
2 2
1 5
2
=2𝑧 + 2 𝑧2
5
1 5
2
=2𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑥 + 𝑐.
5

Case 2: m is odd positive integer factor out secutanudu and change the remaining even powers of
tangent to the power of secant using the identity 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 − 1.

𝑡𝑎𝑛 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Example: ∫ 3
√𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
4 5
3
=∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 x 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −3 x secxtanxdx =5 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 x + 3secx + C
4
=∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −3 x secxtanxdx
1
=∫(𝑢2 − 1) 𝑢− 3 du
2 4
= ∫ (𝑢3 − 𝑢−3 )du
5 −1
𝑢 𝑢
3 3
= 5 − −1
3 3
5 1
3
=5 𝑢3 + 3𝑢− 3
C. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑚u 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑛 udu
cases are similar with type B.
We use the identity 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 u = 1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2u or 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2u-1
Ex.
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 10x 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 x = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 10 x𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 x 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 xdx
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 10 x (1+ cot 2x) 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢10 (1 + 𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 11 𝑢 13
= +
11 13
𝑐𝑜𝑡 11 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 13 𝑥
= + + C.
11 13

IV. Trigonometric Substitution

The Integrand contains expression of the form.
√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 , √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 , √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
A. If an expression of the form √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 occurs, make the substitution.
x = a sin θ
x
sin θ = a
√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 = a cos θ
=√𝑎2 − (𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) = √𝑎2 − 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = √𝑎2 (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)
= √𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
= a cos θ
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 2
Example: Evaluate the following using trigonometric substitutions.

1. ∫ √4 − 𝑥 2dx = ∫ √22 - 𝑥 2 dx

Let x= 2sin𝜃 = ∫ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∙ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃

dx= 2cos𝜃d𝜃 = 4 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
√22 − 𝑥 2 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 4 ∫( 2 ) 𝑑𝜃
𝑥
sin 𝜃 = = 2 ∫( 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2
𝑥
𝜃 = arcsin 2 = 2 [∫ 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃𝑑𝜃]
1
= 2 [𝜃 + 2 sin 2𝜃]
1
= 2𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃
2
𝑥 1
= 2arcsin 2 + 2 [2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐os𝜃]
𝑥 1
= 2arcsin 2 + 2 [(sin𝜃) (2cos𝜃)]
𝑥 1 𝑥
= 2arcsin 2 + 2 [ 2 (√4 − 𝑥 2 )]
𝑥 𝑥 √4−𝑥 2
= 2arcsin 2 + + C.
4

B. If an expression of the form √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 occurs, make the substitution.

X=a tanθ
√𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 =asecθ
 𝑥
Tan θ = 𝑎

2
Example:1.) ∫ 𝑥 3 √7 + 𝑥 2dx = ∫ 𝑥 3 √(√7) + 𝑥 2 dx
X=√7𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃, 𝑥 3 =√7𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 3 = 7√7𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃
dx = √7𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 θdθ
√7 + 𝑥 2 =√7secθ

=∫(7√7𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) (√7𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃)(√7𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃)dθ

=49√7 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃𝑑𝜃
=49√7 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
=49√7 ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡anθdθ
=49√7 ∫(𝑢2 − 1) 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
=49√7 ∫(𝑢4 − 𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑢5 𝑢3
=49√7 [ − ]
5 3
49√7 49√3
= 5
𝑠𝑒𝑐 5 𝜃 − 3
𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃
5 3
49√7 √7+𝑥 2 49√7 √7+𝑥 2
= 5
( ) - 3
( )
√7 √7
49√7(7+𝑥 2 )2 (√7+𝑥 2 ) 49√7 (7+𝑥 2 )(√7+𝑥 2)
= - [ ]
5 3 7√7
2
(7+𝑥 2 ) √7+𝑥 2 7
= - (7 + 𝑥 2 )√7 + 𝑥 2 + C.
5 3

x
C. If an expression of the form √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 occurs make the substitution x=a secθ =secθ = 4 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
x
=a tanθ= θ = arcsex a
𝑑𝑥 3𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 1 1 1 𝑥
Example: 1. ∫ = ∫ (3𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃)(3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) = 3 dθ= 3 𝜃 = 3 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 + 𝐶.
√𝑥 2 −𝑎
x= 3secθ
dx= 3secθtanθdθ
√𝑥 2 − 9= 3tan θ

D. Integral Involving Quadratic functions 𝑎𝑥 2 +bx+c.

(2𝑥−3)𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥−3)𝑑𝑥
Example: 1. ∫ 𝑥 2+2𝑥+2 = ∫ (𝑥+1)2+1
[2(𝑦−1)−3] 𝑑𝑦
=∫ 𝑦 2 +1
(2𝑦−2−3)
=∫ dy
𝑦 2 +1
(2𝑦−5)
=∫ dy
𝑦 2 +1
2𝑦𝑑𝑦 5𝑑𝑦
=∫ -∫
𝑦 2 +1 𝑦 2 +1
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
=∫ - 5 ∫ 𝑦 2+1
𝑧
−𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
=∫ -∫
√𝑧 √4−𝑦 2
−1
𝑦
=− ∫ 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
1
−𝑧 2 𝑦
= 1 - arcsin 2
2
1
𝑥−2
= -2(4-(x-2)2)2 arcsin 2
1
𝑥−2
=-2(4-(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4)2 - arcsin 2
1
𝑥−2
= -2( 4-𝑥 2 + 4x-4)2- arcsin
2
𝑥−2
= -2√−𝑥 + 4 − 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 +C
2
Let y= x+1
 dy= dx
x= y-1

Let 2 = 𝑦 2 + 1
Dz= 2ydy

V. Integration of Rational Functions

Method of Partial Functions

𝑃(𝑥)
𝑄(𝑥)

Problem: How to integrate expression of the form

𝑃(𝑥)
∫ 𝑂(𝑥)

If the degree of P is larger or equal to the degree of Q, apply long division first and inregrate
𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
the expression quotient + 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 by any other method of Integration.
The decomposition of rational function into sum of simpler expression is known as the method of
partial functions.
Theorem: Every polynomial (with real coefficient ) can be decomposed into a product of linear and
quadratic factors has real coefficient.
Example: Write the ff. as a product of linear and quadratic expression expressions.
1. Q(x) = 𝑥 3 - x = x(𝑥 2 -1) = x(x-1) (x+1)
2. P(x) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 - 2 = (x-1) (𝑥 2 + 2x+2)

Case 1: Factors of Q(x) are all linear, and were to repeated. That is Q(x) = (𝑎1 x+𝑏2 ) - (𝑎2 x𝑏2 )
with no two of factors are identical.
In this case we write.
𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴1 𝐴 𝐴𝑛
= + 𝐴 2 + +𝑎𝑛 𝑥 +𝑏𝑛, where 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , An are constants to be determined.
𝑄(𝑥) 𝑎 𝑥+𝑏
1 1 2 𝑥+ 𝑏2

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥+3
Ex. 1 find ∫ 𝑥 3− 𝑥 dx
Sol:
Q(x) = 𝑥 3 - x- x(x-1) (x+1)
𝑥 𝑥 2 2+ 3 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
[ 3 = 1 + 2 3 ] x(x-1) (x+1)
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑥− 1 𝑥+1
X(x+1) (x+1)

𝑥 2 +2x+3 = 𝐴1 (x-1) (x+1) + 𝐴2 x (x+1) + 𝐴3 x (x-1)

= 𝐴1 (𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝐴2 ( 𝑥 2 + 𝑥) 𝐴3 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥)
= 𝐴1 𝑥 2 − 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 𝑥 2 + 𝐴2 x+ 𝐴3 𝑥 2 - 𝐴3 x
= ( 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 ) 𝑥 2 + ( 𝐴2 - 𝐴3 )x - 𝐴1
𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 = 1 - eq.1
𝐴2 - 𝐴3 = 2 - eq.2
-𝐴1 = 3 = 𝐴1 = -3
Substitute 𝐴1 = -3 to Eq. 1
𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 - 1
-3 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 = 1
𝐴2 + 𝐴3 = 4 Eq. 3
Solve 𝐴2 by Eq. 2 + Eq. 3
𝐴 2 - 𝐴3 = 2
+ 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 = 4

2𝐴2 6
=
2 2
𝐴2 =3
 Substitute 𝐴2 = 3 to Eq. 2
𝐴2 - 𝐴3 = -1
𝐴3 -1

𝑥 2+3 −3 3 1
= ∫ 𝑥 3−𝑥dx = ∫[ 𝑥 + 𝑥−1 + 𝑥+1]dx
−3 3𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=∫ dx + ∫ +∫
𝑥 𝑥−1 𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −3 ∫ 𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑥−1 + ∫ 𝑥+1
= -3ln /n /x /+3ln / x-1 + ln/ x+1 / +C.

Case 2. The factors of Q(x) are all linear and some are repeated suppose that
(ax+b) occurs as a factor of Q(x) corresponding to this factor there will be the sum of f fractions.
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
+ + + ……+ Ap
𝑎𝑥+𝑏 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)2 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)3
(ax+𝑏)𝑝
Where 𝐴1, 𝐴2 , …..Ap are constant to be determined.

𝑥+5
Example 1: find ∫ 𝑥 3+ 3𝑥 + 2 dx

Sol:
Q(x) = 𝑥 3 - 3x+2
+
𝑝 1, 2 + +
r= 𝑞 = +− +
−
= −1 , −2
1
−
1 0 -3 2
1 1 −2
1 1 −2 0

𝑥 3 - 3x + 2 = ( x-1) (𝑥 2 + x- 2)
= ( x- 1) ( x-1) ( x+ 2)

𝑥+5 1 2 𝐴 3 𝐴 𝐴
[(𝑥−1) (𝑥−1) (𝑥+2) = (𝑥−1) + (𝑥−1) + (𝑥+2) ] (x-1) (x-1) (x+2)

x+5 = 𝐴1 (x-1 ) ( x- 1 ) + 𝐴2 (x-1) (x+2) + 𝐴3 (x+2)

= 𝐴1 (𝑥 2 -2x+1) +𝐴2 (𝑥 2 𝑥 − 2) + 𝐴3 (x+2)
= 𝐴1 𝑥 2- 2𝐴1 x𝐴1 + 𝐴2 𝑥 2+ 𝐴2 x - 2𝐴2 + 𝐴2 x + 2 𝐴3
= ( 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 ) 𝑥 2 + (-2𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 ) x + (𝐴1 -2𝐴2 +2 𝐴3 )
𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 0 Eq. 1
-2𝐴1 + 𝐴3 + 𝐴3 = 1 Eq.2
𝐴1 -2𝐴2 2𝐴3 = 5 Eq. 3

Eliminate 𝐴3 by -2[Eq. 2] + Eq. 3

-2[-2𝐴1 + 𝐴2 +𝐴3 =1 ]
4 𝐴1 ,-2𝐴2 , -2𝐴3 = -2
+ 𝐴1 −2𝐴2 −2𝐴3 = 5
+ 𝐴1 -2𝐴2 + 2𝐴3 = 5 5𝐴 −4𝐴 =3 𝐸𝑞.4
1 2

Eliminate 𝐴2 by 4[Eq.1] + Eq. 4

4 [ 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 0]
4𝐴1 + 4𝐴2 = 0
5𝐴1 -4𝐴2 = 3 5𝐴1 - 4𝐴2 = 3
1
9𝐴1 =3 𝐴1 = 3
Substitute 𝐴1 to Eq. 1
𝐴1 +𝐴2 = 0
1
+ 𝐴2 = 0
3
𝐴2 =− 1
3
Substitute 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 to Eq. 2

1 1
-2 (3) -3 + 𝐴3 = 1
-1 + 𝐴3 = 1
𝐴3 = 2
1
𝑥+5 3 1 2
∫ 𝑥 3−3𝑥+2 = ∫[ 𝑥+2 +- 3 + (𝑥−1)2] dx
𝑥−1
1 1 2
= -3 ln/ x+2/ -3 ln / x-1/ - 𝑥+1 + C.

Case 3: The factors of Q(x) are linear and quadratic and if the quadratic factors are unrepeated .
Q(x) = (x-𝑎1 ) (x-𝑎2 ) (𝑎1 𝑥 2 + bx+ 𝑐1 ) (𝑎2 𝑥 2+𝑏2 x+𝑐2 ), then
𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 + 𝐴4 𝐴 𝑥+𝐴6
= 1 + 𝑥−𝑎2 + 𝑎 𝑥32+𝑏𝑥+𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑥 25+𝑏 𝑥+𝑐
𝑄(𝑥) 𝑥−𝑎 1 2 1 2 2 2

3𝑥 2 + 𝑥−2
Example: find ∫ 𝑥 3− 𝑥 2+ 𝑥−1