Assignment on Integral Calculus

Course Code: MAT-111

Course: DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Submitted by:
Name: Muktasid Ahmed Chowdhury
ID: 251-134-025

Submitted to:
Nasrin Akter Tanya
Lecturer
Department of Software Engineering

Submission date: 25th April 2025

 Integral Calculus

(1) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐
(2) ∫ 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑛+1
(3) ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑛+1
1
(4) ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln⁡𝑥 + 𝑐
(5) ∫ sin⁡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −cos⁡𝑥 + 𝑐
(6) ∫ cos⁡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sin⁡𝑥 + 𝑐
(7) ∫ sec 2 ⁡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = tan⁡𝑥 + 𝐶
(8) ∫ cosec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −cot⁡𝑥 + 𝐶
(9) ∫ sec⁡tan⁡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sec⁡𝑥 + 𝐶
(10) ∫ cosec𝑥cot⁡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −cosec𝑥 + 𝑐

Problems:

(1) ∫ ⁡ sin2 ⁡𝑥𝑑𝑥

1 sin2 ⁡𝑥 = 1 − cos2 ⁡𝑥
2
⁡= ∫ ⁡ 2sin 𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡2sin1 ⁡𝑥 = 1 − cos⁡2𝑥
2
1
⁡= ∫ ⁡ (1 − cos⁡2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
1
⁡= {(∫ ⁡ 1𝑑𝑥) − ∫ ⁡ cos⁡2𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥}
2
1 sin⁡2𝑥
⁡= (𝑥 − )+𝑐
2 2
𝑥 sin 2𝑥
⁡= − + 𝑐⁡⁡(𝐴𝑛𝑠. )
2 4
(2) ∫ ⁡ sin 3𝑥 cos2𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥
1 2sin𝐴cosB
⁡= ∫ ⁡ 2sin3𝑥cos2𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ |⁡
2 = sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin⁡(𝐴 − 𝐵)
1 2cos𝐴sin⁡𝐵
⁡= ∫ ⁡ [sin⁡(3𝑥 + 2𝑥) + sin⁡(3𝑥 − 2𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 |⁡
2 = sin⁡
( 𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin⁡(𝐴 − 𝐵)
1
⁡= ∫ ⁡ (sin⁡5𝑥 + sin⁡𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
1
⁡= {∫ ⁡ sin5𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ⁡ sin𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥}
2
1 − cos 5𝑥 1 1
= [ − cos 𝑥] ⁡ = − cos 5𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐⁡(𝐴𝑛𝑠)
2 5 10 2
(3) Prove that ⁡∫( tan⁡𝜃 + cot⁡𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃 = −2cot2𝜃 + 𝑐

Ans:

LHS⁡= ∫ ⁡ (tan⁡𝜃 + cot⁡𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃

sin⁡𝜃 cos⁡𝜃 2
⁡= ∫ ⁡ ( + ) 𝑑𝜃
cos⁡𝜃 sin⁡𝜃
2
sin2 ⁡𝜃 + cos 2 ⁡𝜃
⁡= ∫ ⁡ ( ) 𝑑𝜃
sin⁡𝜃 ⋅ cos⁡𝜃
2
1
⁡= ∫ ⁡ ( ) 𝑑𝜃
sin⁡𝜃cos⁡𝜃
2
2
⁡= ∫ ⁡ ( ) 𝑑𝜃
2sin⁡𝜃 ⋅ cos⁡𝜃
2
1
⁡= 4 ∫ ⁡ ( ) 𝑑𝜃
sin⁡2𝜃
⁡= 4 ∫ ⁡ (cosec2𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃
cot2𝜃
⁡= 4 − + 𝑐 = −2 cot 2𝜃 + 𝐶 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆⁡(𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑)
2

Trigonometric formulae:-

1. sin⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin⁡𝐴cos⁡𝐵 + sin⁡𝐵cos⁡𝐴

2. sin⁡(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin⁡𝐴cos⁡𝐵 − sin⁡𝐵cos⁡𝐴
3. cos⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos⁡𝐴cos⁡𝐵 − sin⁡𝐴sin⁡𝐵
4. cos⁡(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos⁡𝐴cos⁡𝐵 + sin⁡𝐴sin⁡𝐵
tan⁡𝐴+tan⁡𝐵
5. tan⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 1−tan⁡𝐴tan⁡𝐵
tan⁡𝐴−tan⁡𝐵
6. tan⁡(𝐴 − 𝐵) =
1+tan⁡𝐴tan⁡𝐵
cot⁡𝐴cot⁡𝐵−1
7. cot⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cot⁡𝐴+cot⁡𝐵
cot⁡𝐴cot⁡𝐵+1
8. cot⁡(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cot⁡𝐴−cot⁡𝐵

9. 2sin⁡𝐴cos⁡𝐵 = sin⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin⁡(𝐴 − 𝐵)

10. 2cos⁡𝐴sin⁡𝐵 = sin⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin⁡(𝐴 − 𝐵
11. 2cos⁡𝐴cos⁡𝐵 = cos⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos⁡(𝐴 − 𝐵)
12. 2sin⁡𝐴sin⁡𝐵 = cos⁡(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵)
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
13. sin⁡𝐶 + sin⁡𝐷 = 2sin⁡ 2
⋅ cos⁡2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
14. sin⁡𝐶 − sin⁡𝐷 = 2cos⁡ 2
⋅ sin⁡2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
15. cos⁡𝐶 + cos⁡𝐷 = 2cos⁡ 2
⋅ cos⁡ 2
 𝐶+𝐷 𝐷−𝐶
16. cos⁡𝐶 − cos⁡𝐷 = 2sin⁡ + sin⁡
2 2

17. sin⁡2𝐴 = 2sin⁡𝐴cos⁡𝐴

18. cos⁡𝑅𝐴 = cos2 ⁡𝐴 − sin2 ⁡𝐴/2cos2 ⁡𝐴 − 1
19. 1 + cos⁡2𝐴 = 2cos2 ⁡𝐴
20. 1 − cos⁡2𝐴 = 2sin2 ⁡𝐴
2tan⁡𝐴
21. tan⁡2𝐴 = 1−tan2 ⁡𝐴
2tan⁡𝐴
22. sin⁡2𝐴 = 1+tan2 ⁡𝐴
1−tan2 ⁡𝐴
23. cos⁡2𝐴 = 1+tan2 ⁡𝐴

cos⁡2𝑥 −2
Question: Prove that, ∫. sin2 ⁡𝑥cos2 ⁡𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin⁡2𝑥 + 𝑐

Ans.
cos⁡2𝑥
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡L. H. S = ⁡⁡ ∫ ⁡ 𝑑𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
sin2 ⁡𝑥cos 2 ⁡𝑥
cos 2 ⁡𝑥 − sin2 ⁡𝑥
⁡= ∫ ⁡ ⋅ 𝑑𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡┃cos⁡2𝜃 = cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃
sin2 ⁡𝑥cos 2 ⁡𝑥
cos2 ⁡𝑥 sin2 ⁡𝑥
⁡= ∫ ⁡ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ⁡ 𝑑𝑥
sin ⁡𝑥cos 2 ⁡𝑥 sin2 ⁡𝑥cos 2 ⁡𝑥
1 1
⁡= ∫ ⁡ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ⁡ 𝑑𝑥
sin ⁡𝑥 cos2 ⁡𝑥
⁡= ∫ ⁡ cosec 2 𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ⁡ sec 2 𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥
⁡= −cot⁡𝑥 − tan⁡𝑥 + 𝑐
Now, we will expand −cot⁡𝑥 − tan⁡𝑥
cos⁡𝑥 sin⁡𝑥
= − sin⁡𝑥 − cos⁡𝑥
− cos2 𝑥−sin2 𝑥
⁡= sin xcos 𝑥
− (cos2 𝑥+sin2 ⁡𝑥)
= sin⁡𝑥cos⁡𝑥

−1
= sin⁡𝑥cos⁡𝑥

−2
=
2sin⁡𝑥cos⁡𝑥

−2 −2
= sin2𝑥 Since, -cotx – tanx + C = sin2𝑥 +C (R.H.S)
(proved)
Integration by substitution

Type-1:
1. ∫ ⁡ (𝑥 + 2)5 𝑑𝑥 Let,
=∫ 𝑧 5 𝑑𝑧⁡ z=𝑥+2
𝑧6
= +𝑐 or, dz=d𝑥
6
(𝑥+2)6
= +𝑐
6

2. ∫ ⁡ √1 + 𝑦 2⁡ 2𝑦⁡𝑑𝑦 Let,
= ∫ ⁡ √𝑧 ⋅ 𝑑𝑧 z= 1 + 𝑦 2
𝑧 1/2+1
= + 𝐶⁡ or, dz= 2ydy
1/2+1

𝑧 3/2
= +𝐶
3/2
3/2
2(1+𝑦 2 )
= +𝑐
3
Type-2:
When numerator is the derivative of the denominator

𝑓′ (𝑥)
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡∫ ⁡ 𝑑𝑥 = ln⁡|𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝑐 [If denominator differentiation is equal to
𝑓(𝑥)
numerator]

Question:

∫ ⁡ tan⁡𝑥𝑑𝑥
sin⁡𝑥
=∫ ⁡ dx
cos⁡𝑥

−sin⁡𝑥
= -∫ ⁡ dx
cos⁡𝑥

= - − ln|cos 𝑥| + C

=⁡⁡⁡ln⁡|cos⁡𝑥|−1 + 𝐶 [inverse for -ln ]

1
= ln⁡|cos⁡𝑥| + 𝐶

=ln⁡|sec⁡𝑥| + 𝐶
 3𝑥 2 +4
Ques:⁡− ∫ ⁡ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 +4𝑥+2

= ln⁡|𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 + 2| + 𝐶

2sin⁡𝑥
Ques:⁡∫ ⁡ 𝑑𝑥
5+3cos⁡𝑥

2 𝑑
− ×3sin⁡𝑥
3 (3cos⁡𝑥)
= ∫⁡ 5+3cos⁡𝑥
𝑑𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ | 𝑑𝑥
⁡= −3sin⁡𝑥
2 −3sin⁡𝑥
⁡= − 3 ∫ ⁡ 5+3cos⁡𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
⁡= − 3 ln⁡|5 + 3cos⁡𝑥| +𝐶

𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧⁡𝐛𝐲⁡𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐬⁡

𝑑𝑢
[∫ ⁡ 𝑢𝑣𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 ∫ ⁡ 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ⁡ [ ∫ ⁡ 𝑣𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥]
𝑑𝑥

◻ ∫ ⁡ 𝑥 2 sin⁡𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑
=𝑥2 ∫ ⁡ sin⁡𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ⁡ [ (𝑥2 ) ∫ ⁡ sin⁡𝑥𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

=−𝑥 2 cos⁡𝑥 − ∫ ⁡ 2𝑥 ⋅ (−cos⁡𝑥)𝑑𝑥

=−𝑥 2 cos⁡𝑥 + ∫ ⁡ 2𝑥cos⁡𝑥𝑑𝑥

d
=−𝑥 2 cos⁡𝑥 + 2𝑥 ∫ ⁡ cos⁡𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ⁡ [𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥) ∫ ⁡ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ] dx

=−𝑥 2 cos⁡𝑥 + 2𝑥sin⁡𝑥 − ∫ ⁡ 2sin⁡𝑥 dx

=−𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

(Ans.)
 2
• ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let,

𝑥2 = 𝑧
⇒ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧
2
Let, 𝐼 = ∫ ⁡ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 2
= ∫ ⁡ 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1
⁡= ∫ ⁡ 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
2
1
⁡= 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝐶
2
1 2
⁡= 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
2
Now, ∫ ⁡ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
⁡= ∫ ⁡ 𝑥 2 ⋅ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑 2 2
⁡= 𝑥 2 ∫ ⁡ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ⁡ [ (𝑥 ) ∫ ⁡ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2
⁡= 𝑥 2 𝐼 − ∫ ⁡ [(𝑥 ) ⋅ 𝐼] 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 2 1 2
⁡= 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − ∫ ⁡ [2𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 2 2
= 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − ∫ ⁡ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
⁡= 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝐼 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2 2
1 𝑥2 2
⁡= 𝑒 (𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶 (Ans)
2
 Area of a region
𝜋
1. Find the area between 𝑦 = sec 2 ⁡𝑥 and 𝑦 = sin⁡𝑥 from 0 to 4 .
Solution:

𝑓(𝑥) = sec 2 ⁡𝑥

Step-1

𝑔(𝑥) = sin⁡𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = sec 2 ⁡𝑥 − sin⁡𝑥

Step-2 Integration
𝜋/4
𝐼⁡= ∫ (sec 2 ⁡𝑥 − sin⁡𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋/4
⁡= [tan⁡𝑥 + cos⁡cos⁡𝑥]0
𝜋 𝜋
⁡= tan⁡ + cos⁡ − tan⁡0 − cos⁡0
4 4
1
⁡= ⋅ (Ans. )
√2
Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabola 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥 2 and the line 𝑦 = −𝑥.

Solution:
Step-1 2 − 𝑥 2 = −𝑥

5) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0
𝑥 = −1,2

Step - 2

𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)⁡= 2 − 𝑥 2 − (−𝑥)

⁡= 2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥
Step -3
Area,

2 2
2
𝑥3 𝑥2
𝐴 = ∫ (2 − 𝑥 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [2𝑥 − + ]
−1 3 2
−1
3 2
2 2
𝑆 [2 × 2 − + ]−
3 2
(−1)3 (−1)2
[(−1) ⋅ 2 − + ]
3 2
= 9/2
 • Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabola 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 and the straight
Solution: 4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4 = 0.

Step-1: 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 /8
4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4 = 0
⇒ 4 ⋅ 𝑦 2 /8𝑧 − 𝑦 − 4 = 0
𝑦2
⇒ −𝑦−4 = 0
2
𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 8
⇒ =0
2
⁡⇒ 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 8 = 0
⇒ 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 − 4𝑦 − 8 = 0
⇒ 𝑦(𝑦 + 2) − 4(𝑦 + 2) = 0
⁡⇒ (𝑦 + 2)(y − 4) = 0
⁡⇒ 𝑦 + 2 = 0, 𝑦−4=0
⁡⇒ 𝑦 = −2⁡𝑦 = 4

Step − 2:
𝑦 2 = 8𝑥
𝑦2
𝑓(𝑥) ⇒ 𝑥 =
8
4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4 = 0
𝑔(𝑥) ⇒ 4𝑥 = 𝑦 + 4
𝑦+4
⁡⇒ 𝑥 =
4
𝑦2 𝑦 + 4
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = −
8 4
Step − 3 :
4
𝑦2 𝑦 + 4
Area, 𝐴 = ∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑦
−2 8 4
4
1 1
d = ∫ { 𝑦 2 − (𝑦 + 4)} 𝑑𝑦
−2 8 4
4 4
1 𝑦3 1 𝑦2
⁡= [ ] − [ + 4𝑦]
8 3 −2 4 2 −2
72 1
⁡= − [8 + 16 − 2 + 8]
24 4

15 9
⁡= 3 − ⁡⁡ = − sq⁡unit. (Ans. )
2 2