SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Lecture One
 COURSE INFO.

 Course code: CP 212

 Course name: Systems Analysis and Design

Instructors
 Dr. Mustafa Mohsini
 Ms. Christina Muro
 Ms. Cecilia Mambile

Systems Analysis and Design. Introduction to SAD 2

 AIM OF THE COURSE

 To provide learners with the knowledge and

skills needed to undertake a system analysis
investigation by following a recognized
methodology.

Systems Analysis and Design. Introduction to SAD 3

GRADING SYSTEM OF THE COURSE

1st and 2nd Tests 20%?

Quizzes, Assignments, Discussion, Investigations,

Designs and Presentations  20%?

Final Exam  60%

Systems Analysis and Design. Introduction to SAD

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 TEXT BOOK OF THE COURSE

System Analysis and Design,

Ninth Edition

Authors: Gary B. Shelly, Thomas

J.
Cashman and Harry J.
Rosenblatt ,

Publisher: SHELLY CASHMAN

SEWIES.

Systems Analysis and Design. Introduction to SAD 5

 FURTHER READING BOOK

Modern Systems Analysis

and Design 8th Edition
Authors: Jeffrey A. Hoffer ,
Joey F. George, Joseph S.
Valacich

Systems Analysis and Design. Introduction to SAD 6

 LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Explain what systems are and how they are developed
 Describe the phases of the systems development life
cycle.
 Develop and evaluate system requirements.
 Work effectively in a team environment.
 Describe the role and responsibilities of the systems
analyst in the development and management of
systems.
 Explain the need for and value of a formalized step-
by-step approach to the analysis, design, and
implementation of computer information systems.

Systems Analysis and Design. Introduction to SAD 7

 LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Use tools and techniques for process and data
modeling.
 Describe the role and responsibilities of the
participants in information systems development.
 Develop a feasibility analysis of a proposed system.
 Develop and deliver a Requirements Definition
Proposal for a new system in a well-structured business
proposal.
 Explain the common ways projects fail and how to avoid
these failures.
 Implement various project management tools.

System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD 8

 BRIEF CONTENTS
PHASE 1: SYSTEMS PLANNING 1
 Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design 2
 Analyzing the Business Case 52
 Managing Systems Projects 100

PHASE 2: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS 139

 Requirements Modeling 140
 Data and Process Modeling 198
 Object Modeling 248
 Development Strategies 284

PHASE 3: SYSTEMS DESIGN 333

 Chapter 8 User Interface Design 334
 Chapter 9 Data Design 390
 Chapter 10 System Architecture 452

Systems Analysis and Design. Introduction to SAD 9

 BRIEF CONTENTS
PHASE 4: SYSTEMS IMPLEMENTATION 505
 Managing Systems Implementation 506

PHASE 5: SYSTEMS SUPPORT AND SECURITY 569

 Managing Systems Support and Security 570

THE SYSTEMS ANALYST’S TOOLKIT 629

 Toolkit Part A Communication Tools 630
 Toolkit Part B CASE Tools 648
 Toolkit Part C Financial Analysis Tools 668
 Toolkit Part D Internet Resource Tools 688

Systems Analysis and Design. Introduction to SAD 10

 INTRODUCTION
 Organizations are large systems composed of
interrelated subsystems, IT affects productivity,
quality, customer loyalty, and help makes better
decisions.

 To determine information requirements properly

and design appropriate information systems, it is of
primary importance to understand the impact of
information technology on business strategy and
success, the characteristics of system, and the
components of information systems

Systems Analysis and Design. Introduction to SAD 11

 THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

 Information Technology
 Combination of hardware and software
products and services that companies use to
manage, access, communicate, and share
information

 Information is a vital asset that must be used

effectively, updated, connected, transmitted,
analyzed, and used well

Systems Analysis and Design. Introduction to SAD 12

 THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

 The Future of IT
 IT has created a new economy, where
advances in hardware, software, networks
provide huge benefits to businesses
worldwide.

 Globalization and the increasing internet

users around the world, give IT budgets
high priority, to reach new markets, to build
and manage distributed companies and to
reduce costs
Systems Analysis and Design. Introduction to SAD 13
 INFORMATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS

 Systems Analysis and Design is the process people use to create

information systems

SA&D

Systems Analysis and Design. Introduction to SAD 14

1
 HARDWARE COMPONENT
 Hardware consists of everything in the
physical layer of the information system.
 For example, hardware can include
servers, workstations, networks,
telecommunications equipment, fiber-
optic cables, mobile devices, scanners,
digital capture devices, and other
technology-based infrastructure.
 Hardware purchasers today face a wide
array of technology choices and
decisions. In 1965, Gordon Moore, a
cofounder of Intel, predicted that the
number of transistors on an integrated
circuit would double about every 24
months. His concept, called Moore’s Law,
has remained valid for more than 50
years. Fortunately, as hardware
became more powerful, it also became
much less expensive.

Systems Analysis and Design. Introduction to SAD 15

 SOFTWARE COMPONENT

 Software refers to the programs

 Application software includes
that control the hardware and
produce the desired information horizontal and vertical systems.
or results. Software consists of  A horizontal system is a system,
system software and application such as an inventory or payroll
software.
application, that can be adapted
 System software manages the for use in many different types of
hardware components, which can companies.
include a single workstation or a
global network with many  A vertical system is designed to
thousands of clients. meet the unique requirements of
a specific business or industry,
 Application software consists of
programs that support day-to-day such as a Web-based retailer, or
business functions and provide a medical practice,
users with the information they
require.

Systems Analysis and Design. Introduction to SAD 16

 DATA COMPONENT
 Data is the raw material that
an information system
transforms into useful
information. An information
system can store data in
various locations, called
tables. By linking the tables,
the system can extract
specific information.
 Example: the following figure
shows a a payroll system that
stores data in four separate
tables. Notice that the linked
tables work together to
supply

Systems Analysis and Design. Introduction to SAD 17

 PROCESS COMPONENT

 Processes describe the tasks and business

functions that users, managers, and IT staff
members perform to achieve specific results.
 Processes are the building blocks of an
information system because they represent
actual day-to-day business operations.

Systems Analysis and Design. Introduction to SAD 18

 PEOPLE COMPONENT
 People who have an interest in an information
system are called stakeholders.

 Stakeholders include the management group

responsible for the system, the users (sometimes
called end users) inside and outside the company
who will interact with the system, and IT staff
members, such as systems analysts, programmers,
and network administrators who develop and
support the system.

Systems Analysis and Design. Introduction to SAD 19

 SA & D CONCEPTS
 What is Systems Analysis and Design (SAD)?

 Systems Analysis: understanding and specifying in detail what

an information system should do

 System Design: specifying in detail how the parts of an

information system should be implemented

Why is it important?
 Success of information systems depends on good SAD

 Widely used in industry - proven techniques

Systems Analysis and Design. Introduction to SAD 20

WHO DEVELOPS INFORMATION SYSTEMS?

 The company must begin by outlining its

business needs and identifying possible IT
solutions.
 Typically, this important work is performed
by systems analysts and other IT
professionals.

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 SYSTEM ANALYST AND DESIGNER

 Systems Analyst: Is a key person analyzing

business, depending on organization function,
requirements, identifying opportunities for
improvement, solving problems, and designing
information systems to implement these ideas.

 System Designer: is the one who is responsible

to design the user requirements for the
proposed system are translates into user
interface, data structures and algorithm design.

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF SYSTEM

 Input : Data that get into the system for processing

 Output: The results/information gain after processing
 Components: Parts that makes the system.
 Boundary: The line that separates the system from it’s
environment.
 Environment: Everything external to a system that
interacts with a system.
 Purpose: Goal of the system.

Systems Analysis and Design. Introduction to SAD 23

Systems Development Tools and
Techniques
 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

 There are several tools and techniques to build

information systems, to choose the appropriate one to
build your system, you must study them first and knows
their uses.
 Methodology is an approach, a method or a technique
for developing information systems. The methodology
defines a method and a way of developing an
information system, guiding planners in the desired
working method.

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 SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

 Systems analysts must know how to use a

variety of techniques such as modeling,
prototyping, and computer-aided systems
engineering tools to plan, design, and
implement information systems.

 Systems analysts work with these tools in a

team environment, where input from users,
managers, and IT staff contributes to the
system design.

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 SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT TOOLS AND
TECHNIQUES
 Modeling
 Modeling produces a graphical representation of a concept or
process that system developers can analyze, test, and modify.
Modeling used to describe and simplify an information system:
 Business model or Requirements model
 Describes the information that a system must provide.
 Data model
 Describes the data structure and design.
 Object model
 Describes objects, which combine data and processes.
 Network model
 Describes the design and protocols of telecommunication links
 Process model
 Describes the logic that programmers use to write code
modules
 Modeling techniques, including data flow diagrams and
entity relationship diagrams, and unified modeling language
diagrams.

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 SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT TOOLS AND
TECHNIQUES

 Computer-Aided Systems Engineering

(CASE) Tools

 Also called computer-aided software

engineering, is a technique that uses powerful
software, called CASE tools, to help systems
analysts develop and maintain information
systems.
 Framework for systems development and
support a wide variety of design methodologies

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METHODOLOGIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT
OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

 Structured Analysis
 Object-oriented (O-O) analysis
 Joint Application Development (JAD) and
Rapid Application Development (RAD)
 Prototyping model
 The waterfall model
 Rational Unified Process Model

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 METHODOLOGIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT
OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
 Structured Analysis
 “Structured analysis is a set of techniques and graphical tools that
allow the analyst to develop a new kind of system specification that
are easily understandable to the user. Analysts work primarily with
their wits, pencil and paper.” [Kendall 1996]
 Uses a set of process models to describe a system graphically
 The availability of CASE tools in the 1990s enabled analysts to
develop and modify the graphical SASD models.

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METHODOLOGIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT
OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

 Object-oriented (O-O) analysis

 O-O analysis combines data & processes into things

called objects
 O-O analysis uses object models to represent data
and behavior, and to show how objects affect other
objects
 By describing the objects (data) and methods
(processes) needed to support business operation, a
system developer can design reusable components
that allow faster system implementation and
decreased development cost

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 METHODOLOGIES IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION
SYSTEMS

Object-oriented (O-O) analysis

The PERSON class includes INSTRUCTOR and STUDENT

objects, which have their own properties and inherited
properties.
System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD 32
 PROTOTYPING MODEL
Prototyping
 Prototyping tests system concepts and provide an opportunity
to examine input, output, and user interface before final
decisions are made.
 Early working version of an information system

Pros Cons
Speeds up the development process
significantly Important decisions might be made
too early, before business or IT
Users interact with Prototype issues are thoroughly understood
very quickly
Initial Design decisions may be
Users can identify needed changes poor
and refine real requirements

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 THE WATERFALL MODEL

The waterfall model is consistent with other engineering process models and
documentation is produced at each phase. This makes the process visible so
managers can monitor progress against the development plan.
System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD 34
 METHODOLOGIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Joint Application Development

 JAD – The basic idea behind JAD is to bring structure
to the requirements determination phase of analysis
and to the reviews that occur as a part of design.
 Team based fact finding
 Users, Managers and Analysts work together for
several days
 System requirements are reviewed
 Structured meetings

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 METHODOLOGIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
INFORMATION SYSTEMS

 Rapid Application Development (RAD)

 RAD – created to radically decrease the time needed to
design and implement information systems.
 RAD relies on extensive user involvement.
 Incorporate special techniques and tools:
 CASE tools
 JAD sessions
 Fourth generation/visualization programming languages
 Code generators
 PowerBuilder is a powerful program development RAD tool

System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD 36

Methodologies in the development of
information systems
RUP MODEL

Phases of RUP:
1. Inception : Establish the business case for the system.
2. Elaboration : Develop an understanding of the problem domain and the
system architecture.
3. Construction : System design, programming and testing.
4. Transition: Deploy the system in its operating environment.

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 METHODOLOGIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
INFORMATION SYSTEMS

 There are many other methods

 Selecting a methodology is not simple, as no
one methodology is always best.
 Many organizations have their own
standards.

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 LECTURE SUMMARY

 IT refers to the combination of hardware, software, and

telecommunications systems that support business

 IT supports business operations, improves productivity, and helps

managers makes decisions.

 System analysis and design is the process of developing

information systems that transform data into useful information

 Traditionally, companies either developed in-house applications or

purchased software packages from vendors.

 Today the choice is much more complex, but it is always important

for companies to plan the system carefully before considering
implementation options.

Systems Analysis and Design. Introduction to SAD 39

 LECTURE SUMMARY

 In this lecture we have

 Discussed the various systems development methods,
tools, and techniques
 Distinguished between structured analysis and
object-oriented methodology

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 HOMEWORK
APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Investigating projects

 Contact at least three people at the university

or a nearby company who use information
systems. List the systems, the position titles of
the users, and the business functions that the
systems support. If possible ask about the
methodology used to develop the system.

Systems Analysis and Design. Introduction to SAD 41