udnastalic Ptmtial and apacilanco

Eluthastaic petntial at a
Elubnastadie lotential
Js do the wenkdent n meving a unt
peivnt dqual with
poutive chungu dem 0 to hat peint
tut
wwijom ond negligible aped. P Teat changelt+e)
V Wod

s
Wext

ic
A

ys
V- W

Vscolan quonity
Ph
L1v Jc
a
Unit2 S.I Valt
rm

botential dtownce
ha

otuntial Dihoune Elucbrestatuc

bttwn twe hoint i equal to the wwk dene in
iS

meving wnt changt Arem enu peint

pesitive Aut
ot

te anethu in the eleutic fidd with menm

Jy

Wext
wnd megligible zpeed.
@

VA-VB Wext (8A)

AV AW

Thus wwkclene i indepemdont fnom bath.

*Th wwkdenu Agaunst thu ilectrestatic Aeu
This wwmkdone B eaual e the bettntial eveyy
@
Jy
ot
iS
ha
rm
a 8a
Ph
ys
ic
O
s
 VpR= L
Fan +, V i tVve and fan '-, V i -ve.

n-
Jonmbaniion of qrath vamd'E' with
E,VA E

V e

s
ic
E=V

ys
Ph
1=1m a 7v
m
ar

Patmtial du to dipale en it a s
Sh

Potentiol at point p
-2 0
due te chcge R
i

-
ot

AB dipala
Jy

(ntt) AB 2
@

AP h t
Potuntial ot P dut o 19change BP A-0
V+ K
(-1)
Total botendial V= + V
V R
 V R Totaul hetntial V= V,t V
V Rg
+2

cs
VE 0
*Atauaterial plan o a dipelt nat betential

si
R zv6. Lie constamt]

y
Patential duu a dibale at amy boint(Fos,shast diale

Ph
1.
Potuntial at þoint P dur to
charge
fon dibole V « VR

a
P

m
Pottntial duu to change

Potential dur o dipale en cquaterial plame-

ar
Potential at þoint P duu to change t V, Ray
U Ry A Á.
t
Sh
22
V V,t V AG- olipalo
R
Ky AB 2
AP
n2+2 BN L on

A
i
ot

-G

Petential duu to chavnge A8 dibol V Ra 1 |

Jy

AB 2
V Ra
to short dipole
@

V-Rq =
2!cesO
nA BNA
o
Aso we haue - ,
 Hemte otemtial due to unilomy chargd sphuical shell
VRo 2 Lcos0
N2
a) Tuide thu ahell-
29

cs
2 nud thu shull q0
.eE o
601 V L . þcos09 dtne in moving change
thoutou ne wsnk a

si
2
inide th zhull.
a V 1 . sonstamt inuide the chull

y
Thuu pctential i
2 amd equal to s valut at fhu acyatw f

Ph
ahll
Sass V 1.
(1) T 0-o' on 180 Atial linl Hnes R

a
V t
4n. 2

m
6)Autid the shell
(u) 40- 90* quataial, Iina Patential outidle the shll is as il all change

ar
Cos 90o JConcenbated at thu centu. Thus,
V Ln>Ri
Sh
Pot ential dut to mutiple changs

Eauipotutial euwdace :
i

Thu wyat at which þotential i ame at tach

ot

point
Total betential V= R tt9
Jy

OR

watt with a onutomt voluu of þatuntial

at oll the bointu of wmhace.
@

Kevmember for -Vechange þatertal, uill be -ve.

y
 the valut Vis also constai
t constamd n

hnce equipotentialuyus au the oncuntuc tguutatemtial

sphenital hutacu. waes

cs
Fan beint tharg
-

dCIC vntnit'

si
spht us

y
Ph
egdlolc ial 'cquipedential suetatos
wuart f Lik charge-
far line change- (Unifanmly chaged we

a
m
equibotential

ar
suwillts
9-001 Ay Undes
Sh
*
wnifovmly chonged, þlane ahut Ralation betwcen Ekcbie jidd ond oterntial,-
i

Let the change q Meved 4em 8 to A

ot

E
ll
Jy

Nou
VAV VABWa F
Parallel blant V t e teatchasq
@

VaB= dV FXdisplatemunt
qul petential uwlatcs
 F.dicss Fdlco: 18o0 te 180(againut tof) 7Equihotntial auwlates nuwn inteuct tath
ethw beust at thu point of irtestttie
Fdl [Gs186= -J thuru wtll be two diucttens o lectrie

cs
o
ield uhich is net bomble.
d U - gEdl faE-FJ

si
Potentiol Enungy da yiem CE Chargs:
6n E -dy Cwitheut ectumal ild)

y
Ph
Ve
ign heuws dhat the pettntial dlyfeunu deou (1) tan a systim O two thanges-
m he diuctien of E.
Alse uce aM wrute |d Potevtial qradient

a
Wsk den in buunging a thange 91 , w, Fo
iechamge in hetential þer wnit ditance

m
because initially theu s ne tld, E-o
Wankdon n bringing a cha4 q

ar
Rropotie o quihetential aurfacs cto 8, W V892
Sh
1. Wank dernt W=o o any mation along amp equietonta.l Hou, Vg Kqs
wnae.
2. Thu tlecbut field i alway 1 to the cquüpotontial
i
ot

The tleric in the diuction Total wok done w W,tW,

3. 4ield peints qd
0t k
Jy

decruasing etontial.
. Th swace oa onductsn i aluways equipotential..
5. AL the points f a tonducta have ame þotentjal
@

In¬.
6. On moving wy the equifotontial
swyatu'Jook
concludarn
mse od mut ikL sphois because W U (Pctuntial enurgy) 1
Aceks ike a peint change
) tor system o thut sharqs
W=o (" Va=0)
W,-4+ Kqga
N Rq9 Net wok dens
A1

cs
W W,tW,
R-9t

si
Tectal wonk den ha3 ths wwkdlone ju tqual to the pctntial mugy i.e

y
U Vt ,9 + 9

Ph
13
otemtial unungy, ofa dipele in utmalduld:

a
Tn absBMct of elucbuit ficld, fhwu u me wonkdena Ltt am tlcric dipolt AB plated in umifanm

m
in bunging {vut Chang. aletbit kjdd at an angle 6 with hield.
* Im bunging mtend change, wok is clene dui to

r
0
fut chargt amd in buinging thid sharge wouk s
den do T amd TT both thu charges ono e en. ha
iS
Woukden ar þottntial enengy o ptom changeU
n pruwmte o cutemal fild)
In unihem tluctie ield dipole ezperionces a
ot

whm a thang is bnought at a point în pusce

cutomal ild, thu wokdenu deva i giwm by
Jy

W, V. tx?
whww thu thage, bunging Anom to A E sin
@

amd V, the pottntial at A. The Omeut owwk denu by this utvmal tadque
No wonkdova jn brunging ochange q om W ds
 6 E Snd8 also be alculateed
he tzpuien (U- -B-E) Lan
by opflyin9 the zxpressitn Hn ho changs system
E L-ter0 Jo

cs
in exdemal eld.
-E te6, -ca16,
unt.X 2a

si
his wuk dene is stuud as betntial onvgy o
the ysom 9,V.-V)-

y
HTE. X2a

Ph
by V-E.d
ELces6 Cos gl-E XUcai6)-
ten 8,90 anol 8, :0 4nE, X2L

a
-F. thu auend tem Lontunt and iniqmifuant on

m
ottntial enungy se we duop it fhun
At o vd E are 1 U(0)24lEero

ar
E Mar magative bE cos8
Bam u u t
ie kuble eguilibium 6U1
Sh
*At 180Lb and E au amti 11J
Elecbostatic conductans
V- +hE mazm bostiveJ
Conductans centain mobile thange cavues In mitals
L.t wnstable equillbriumw
i

mutal. the valent elecnons

ehectrens. In
ot

thse ane a
*At : 90
anu to move awithin the mutal but mot u
to Aeave the metal. Elecbens tallide with eách
Jy

J.tnut wwk clev z0n8.

thor and meve Jamdomly in difteunt diuctien
alecbrie fidd. In extenal hield
in abunc o om
@

dhey douit agaivut ht diutien o lecbuc ield

Thu impdamt usults ugacuing iht electiostatics nut chaage onelasud. by the watu.
endutou au -
On the iostd auwuhate f o

cs
1 Inmdu a LOnducta, ticcbautatic ild i ze- Acconcing to baws' lu
Tn the statit atuatien, dhe Venall zlouw oq the

si
change zv0 , 20 sltdic ild imul t h
Lencuutan mut be zee. deuc dd s

y
not zee, hu wvumt will flow which is

Ph
mct powible n th tatic situatic. e9-o Net ahavuge insid the tonducten
s zue.
2 At the Muatt o a thaged cenductan Ahe

a
eltctrastatic ield mut be vanmal to the swyace i sontant theugheut he
4.
Elctnastatie futbmtial

m
at eweuy beirt- Volume o thu tndutan and has the me valu
In ihe sttit situation E ahauld han ne tongemtial n ita Mwane

ar
Cewbernt Thes elecbrotatic field at ths suuate We enouw
a
chawngud conelactavn muust be narmal
Sh
ESi dV -Ed E-o VonV

J6 tatic cend
but E=o insicl he tondutan, them
E Cos0o
i

dV 0
ot

CC38
V: cwwtant
Jy

J.e bottntial will be thu smu at the wlace

O wll as whele of thu intoua of the cerduc
ntouan oh cencuctan am have n
3. The a
@

the deetrostatie ten

R On a clssud hurhat,
cld i 2e1o. Ss nom biaus' Aauw thuu } no
5. Electnic 4ild at thu Aulatc cl change twnducton hielding
lectrostatic The field inaids the cavity
, whuu SUhast shange donsaity &cnducting btdy is aluvays zte
Thi Rnbun auetbostatic hidlding.

cs
lonsidur a thaged enduttar ovugular shabe
Acc. to bauss thioum

si
E.d 0,b

y
Ph
67 Eds ccs0
E0
Lhwu no thage blated nuide thu (avity J
G1tgd [ao-J1 hanged.covducls

a
cenducting matorials (inulatou)
Dielecbues- The men-

m
but cls = du and q rd , thn au called ditlectiu.
Eds od

ar
9-0U gius , m u a , wal
E.
Sh
to
Veekon feAm
Pelar Nen-belar
-:E1 o
i

hu sufoce
ot

non- zeus
Each mauule hai
Polan duuecbiu
-
Jy

f a n o , E i nenwal to fh swyae tuluwand cipelc mMomnt Centse of mas

*fan <o,E I made o polan 9nualuuuks LoM tve and -ve

mal to tht suwyate Lucand
@

chage dees not concicle).

H U , NHs , H,0, C0a,ctc ..
 Each molcuule hou nut (6 In extemal uld
Ne-belardiduutnès--5
z U s clihole nmoment.

o non pelan meluulu 4coM

te
It ismade

cs
ovd ve change (oncides) (
a02, Na, (0, ste .

si
without rvtemal dectrue fjeld
Pelar clitecbiie (a)

y
Petaruhien d diltutrics Tt thu pros of Inducivg

Ph
equal ond oppeuite changes en the hue chhosite face
0
otht. tuc_in eidemal eld

a
dijpale mouuts ane not zeo

m
Indiidual

6) toth field-

r
-)
ha 11 plats with ophosite charge
e) Pnut t0
iS

Pelarisatien Vectan: Net dipole memunt pe unit

ot

voluwne is talled polaruation vectøn.

Jy

Nen-Pelan dilaubuit - (a) wthout ertemal ield

Veluume
@

S I mit c/m2
I t isvtan quontity (din" aleng nt dpele menwumt
ncdinidual hnonents ane za
Bueptiouliy (X«) Enet Ect -Eim
OCE.E LC-p
put Ent: E.

cs
E,ain/UVac
6,E k ret mediim

si
i allud. slucbie scebtibUihy
k
(r-) K Drebobtcaomsta

It witu and scalan quantity

y
Ph
KE
Rebtien blu ducbic suueptibüity X and. diilectris
Lonstamt K k
K + Xe

a
i k1

m
Elacbit idd inside he dueluctrics
*Fan mutas K-o

r
+
6

Opuace
ha
charge costy
* Fan an/ Vac. k: 1

*Fan waten k: &

+Fan miakk6
iS
due to þelarsatpn
-
a system o tws
Tobacitan: A capactar
ot

Lodutau uhanated by an inulaten.

Eet E, A chpacitan s chwgd by a battoy and
Jy

the tws cenductans gtt qual anol apboite

Ein tp
@

thange.
The beteeen the fws concluctou A parall blate
Crallul Blate Cabaciton (PPC):
petential dilferunt
V= V- aba ten sonisb two harullel Lencuuting thn
plates uparattd by a mall Oustante

cs
Elecbrical capacitamee: Whun teme changu i qivem
Jo a concuston it gom sem
þeturtial.

si
and 9, OCV

y
induuction.
Perinciple- Buinciple o PPC tlecbastatic

Ph
dt tapaitonce of a charged cenduutarn i invuud
enductan nuan it.
wtuu c i kalled electnical tapacitante &n oy bunging an unthargd
Lapacty c the Lenductn. ymbol

a
variabla2 Ton a i a d
I i dehnd as the change uguiud to raie ixed

m
the botmtial, thneugh tahauitance panallil plate tabacitance.
ere umit Let d the ditamet blur twv platu e cabacitan

ar
SI umit ot Farod (F). lut+ ' thu Awtace chage denuities
and aru
thun small unita a dhe plats
Sh
1uf l0F Inf loF ,
IPF lor 2F Neu E Linside thu plats J

Fan tapacitan C_9, J

the 4rablh - but E=dU =V
i
ot

GV =mz
m=c (alope)
tano=C
V LE
Jy
@

7 oluays e
C

dc. d
 C AE E, dielectu
nuw q A , then slah
d
C AC
d E pemittivity C ny

cs
udium
C AC
but we kneus E = k¬.
d

si
CCA fem Iand (2)
C

y
C=KA£,[d

Ph
Co A C.d
*C debuncs and size o tho plads
upen ahafhe C -k
nd alue n thu matvial Hillcl blw the

a
plats C kC
C1F d : Imm btLems k times whun

m
then
,
icapacitanct o capacitsn
A Cd_ IXIX lo"s
llo km lhd wth diclucbi

ar
e.86X lo 1 2

Cauvaus the midáum

oninuiting
J.eside opladeio km which aheucs mutal (k=o,t:0
1 faraa ICabacitan fillud ith
Sh
JVy ig unit .
h thicknuss T L
thun duuti slab
Elut o dilbttic en cahacitune Aan IL:
illad bys thu pladu.
i

SaxI uhon dlillutnit slab hiad. completely thu

ot

E diclutie
spaLt betuswn he platu oa abauiton
V (d-4)+E. t -()
Jy

We knouw that E.
hor anc LVEVitVaand V-EdJ +|
C AE. -0) Apace
@

hee , s fon iutdilicbrics

Lond v hor
Neu or mucium efdiudue onstond t
but E: E, then d-
 V: E(d )4 E, t u) 7 : d , thin

VE.[d-4)+t C2kC
K

cs
NeuW c *Aptnniral sahacltan. 0n bds tug cencentuc

si
aphoical hell e dilleunt radiuw abacitene
C

y
CAn aphurial cahncita
E.t)+

Ph
utE thun C
AE

a
C

m
on C Ce
AG. E

CAE
ar Combinatien cabaitatu:
Sh
d-4)+t )Seues mbiraticn-

i
i

Cy
ot

spucial cass
d t V
Jy

Ln wuu constavtand
@

Cn C kA, VVyttV

C kC. Ca
 fon n idontical supatidan
C C3 CenYC
Enungy )
Enurgy stoud in a tapacitar (Electrortalic

cs
thu
fan uO capatites wcR i dere by the battuy in bianh uvung
thangu da, 4em enu plate

si
C4C2 to msthun I.e

y
f o thuc capacitos dU= dw Vdla :

071 ol UVda

Ph
C CCC

fon n idntical apociters catacitncet U ['v]

a
m
anulul swnbiratien

ar
2e
In 11 tombiratien Vi untunt ond
utqC
Sh
U-(Cu) LcU
2
2C
i.t LCV2
i
ot

put CV q
V
Jy

V
By V gouaph ennqy stoud
9 9t4t93
@

hu aua wnd Va a-aph ie.

CV CV+ C, V + CV
0
 U 1Xbase X hught
9
2C
Enctoy dovsdy tnoqy stoud, în a cabacitar pen
unit Vowm.

s
Cemen Petential

ic
whn tuwe Capaciteru

ys
c dthewnt Cabacitonte
and chargad to diownt hotentials aru tennectd
Ph
in panalll by a lous
tenducting wiu, charge flowa
a
em a Capaciten to highe pctemtial do lewer
rm

cential ulit Fotential both bccomu equal.

ha

This equal hottmtial is kneun u emmèn

petemtiad
iS
ot

Tatal charqt bn both

Jy
@

CV, t+ GV V2 R
Let V the tommen dential
tvtal thage V
Ater shaung
CV CV
CrtCz) V
me chonge is tonsowed V
 CV,t CV, : (CHC V
C+Cv+CGV*+GGV,-GYAGU, +206V,
CV+CVN C+C2
CIt C2
L C,G (V?4 V,-2V,V,

cs
Ci+C2
Ds Enogy en 2hanung thange-
U-U GG (V,-V,)

si
Whun tuwo chwnged cabacttaru ane commded w
paralel, ne charge s lost. But 8eme wngy
Honce Ut >U aluays

y
J lost en haung dhu changes. his las auman thu RHS s dluou boitive
thw a los d evwrgy hon changtcd

Ph
ppzars as hiat Las d.t alwa
Cupacifeu au tennicted doguthur.
Eltostatic peterdial enongy a two capacitar
bofou arwurg

a
U U,4 U LOsenAY uhun a (apaciten chaged
A

m
Behou chawnqing iht capaciton
LGV,2t LGV,2 [U: CV2
2
ngy battey by W= Va
Ato shawung pettmtial a
6 ngy altor ahaung
both
ar
Capacitan buemisV U,9
Sh
U LGV +LGV Akter charging the enuqy ccapacitan
'Lcv
Cc,HC) CV, +GV,)" f(cu)v
i

CtC
ot

2
(Ct) C,V, 10,V.) - ev]
C,4C)
Jy

L GV, 1,V, )2
(CtC U-0 l,Vlas a nnay So1.)
@

Jes enungy = U = U =C,V,4 GY)-L(GV+GV)

21

U44CG,+ G4)(c4G)-(cu,i )
C+C
 is Conme cteol Enea Denait
{Iu) Petemial dilfeumccAs battey Expsestion fo
V emans onstanl Je bnou
V- Ve

cs
U=ev

put C Ato and V=Ed A Ase plates

yw Ha

si
d d distauce
iv) Cabacitamte: we ge lalos

y
By -ACEA)

Ph
val.- Ad
Kq VE V) Vblure o plates

V O

a
KCo donsiky Cu)
£nengs donsiky

m
é b =

Hence, C by kimes OA
Val

( nvgy sBoud
ar staned in
cabacitay beu unit
velume
Sh
a

By U= CV2 *Enegy
danai f tho coparifer
s callod eoqy
i
ot
Jy

Enungy 1 by ms.
@