WELL INTERVENTION

COURSE

HANDOUTS

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 1

WELL INTERVENTION COURSE
Course content:
1. Well Control

2. Formation Damage & Well Killing

3. Pressure Basic & Basis

4. Well Completion

5. Wellhead & Xmas Tree

6. Well Interventions

A- Snubbing

B- Coiled Tubing

C- Wireline

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 2

WELL CONTROL

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 3

IWCF PHILOSOPHY & CONCEPT
“IWCF PHILOSOPHY IS TO MAXIMISE WELL CONTROL WITHOUT
COMPROMISING SAFETY & ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARD”
3 factors govern the Success of Well Control:
1. Human
2. Equipment 3- Plans & Procedures
1. HUMAN 2. EQUIPMENT
• Fitness (Physical & Mentally) • Full Inventory
• ASK (Attitude, Skill & Knowledge) • Independent Inspection
• Team Effort • Machine Suitability
• Democratic approach • Function and/or Pressure Test
• Communications & Coordination
• Back-up & Spares
• Responsibility
• Preventive
WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS maintenance 4
 3. PLANS & PROCEDURES

• Well Plan & Consider All Aspects

• Back-up Plans & Procedures
• Procedures Tailored to Site

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 5

 BARRIER
What kind of well service disaster could happen caused by pressure?
Blow-Out

What causes Blow-Out?

Barrier failure

What is the equipment used to control a well from blow-out?

Barrier

What is barrier?
Any device, fluid or substance that prevent flow of wellbore fluids.

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 6

Barrier Classification:

1. Primary Barrier
2. Secondary Barrier
3. Tertiary Barrier

Barrier Requirement :
1. Drilling & Workover – Double Barriers Protection
2. Well Intervention – Triple Barriers Protection

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 7

WELL CONTROL THEORY
BARRIER ENVELOPES

Barrier envelope is a group of individual barrier elements.

Examples:

Stuffing Box is part of Lubricator Envelope.

Xmas Tree is part of Packer Tubing Envelope.

Casing is part of Production Casing Envelope &Etc

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 8

 WELL INTERVENTION
(Triple Barrier Protection)
Stripper
DRILLING PRIMARY BARRIER
(Double Barrier Protection) Annular BOP

BOP SECONDARY BARRIER

Annular BOP

SECONDARY BARRIER
BOP
Shear & Seal BOP TERTIARY BARRIER

Mud
PRIMARY BARRIER

Formation Fluids Formation Fluids

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 9

Well Intervention Course Handouts

 Barrier Type:

1. Mechanical Barrier

1.1Closed Type Close through out operation.

1.2Closeable Type Close when required.

2. Hydrostatic Barrier
Liquids that creates HP greater that formation pressure ( within 200-
300 psi )
( it is the primary barrier if overbalanced)

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 10

BARRIER INTEGRITY
1. MECHANICAL BARRIER

Must be “Tested From Direction of Flow”

2. MECHANICAL CLOSED BARRIER

Must be “Leak Tight”

3. MECHANICAL CLOSABLE BARRIER

API leakage criteria “400 cc/min or 900 scf/hr” only if it used as

secondary barrier NOT primary barrier.
4. HYDROSTATIC BARRIER

Must be diligently monitored for a period of time to Ensure

Thermal Expansion & Contraction Effects Have Ceased & must
be OBSERVABLE at all time.
Well Intervention Course Handouts
 STUFFING BOX

MECHANICAL versus HYDROSTATIC Dead Well

1. Mechanical Barrier
LUBRICATOR

Advantage:
▪ Eliminate formation damage Well Pressure
▪ Cost effective BOP

Disadvantage: XMAS TREE

MUD

▪ Working under pressure. TUBING

CASING

2- Hydrostatic Barrier DHSV

Advantage:
▪ Working in dead well. FORMATION FLUID

Disadvantage:
▪ High potential of formation PACKER
WL PLUG
damage. FORMATION FLUID
Well Intervention Course Handouts
WELL CONTROL THEORY
Example of Barriers:
MECHANICAL BARRIER
CLOSED TYPE CLOSABLE TYPE
Stuffing Box>>>> BOP
Grease Injection Head Annular Preventer
Stripper Xmas Tree
BHA Check Valve Subsurface Safety Valve
Wire line Plug
HYDROSTATIC BARRIER
Drilling Fluids Fresh Water
Completion Fluid Salt Water

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS

WELL CONTROL THEORY
Definition
• Overbalance Greater pressure than formation pressure
• Underbalance Less pressure than formation pressure
• Inflow Test Bleed pressure from ▲ & monitor build-up
• Positive Plug Hold pressure from ▼ & ▲
• Barrier Device, Fluid or Substance that prevent flow of hydrocarbon

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 14

FORMATION DAMAGE
&
WELL KILLING

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 15

FORMATION DAMAGE
Well Intervention most notably formation damages are;
• Pore or fracture plugging by circulating or kill fluid solids.

• Permeability reduction by circulating or kill fluid filtrate invasion.

• Permeability reduction due to insoluble precipitates formed during

acid stimulation with hydrofluoric acid.

• Sand face/cement breakdown due to acid stimulation effects.

• Clay swelling from incompatible brine or water contamination.

• Pore or perforations plugging due to bullheading with scale or debris

in the tubing.

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 16

WORKING FLUIDS

Clear brines are used to prevent formation damage providing the

following points are considered:
• Compatibility of the brine with the formation

• Weight required

• Preparation of the brine

• Cleanliness

• Health & safety aspects

• Pollution control measures

Well Intervention Course Handouts

DAMAGE PREVENTION

Clean fluids is the most essential prevention of formation damages.

1 Fluids Isolation
• If possible always isolate fluids from formation by setting a mechanical
barrier.

2 Fluids Cleanliness
• Filtration unit or Centrifuge

3 Fluids Selection
• Compatible
• Crystallization or Freezing Free fluids
• Maintain pH
• Consider Inhibitors

Well Intervention Course Handouts

 WELL KILLING

Well Intervention Well Kill Method:

1. Bullhead The most preferable method in case of emergency.

2. Forward Circulation Minimize formation damage.

3. Reverse Circulation Best planned kill method.

4. Lubricate & Bleed Last resort & under extreme case only.

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 19

Well Intervention Course Handouts

INFORMATION REQUIRED

1. Fluid Levels In Tubing

2. Wellhead Pressure Rating

3. Formation Pressure

4. Formation Fracture Pressure

4. Casing & Tubing Sizes

5. Casing & Tubing Strengths

6. Injectivity Pressure

7. Maximum Allowable Surface Pressure (MASP)

Well Intervention Course Handouts

PUMP EQUIPMENT

1. Pump MIXING
2. Surface Pump Lines TANK

3. Choke Manifold
4. Isolation Valves
5. Pressure Gauges
PUMP LINE
6. Fluid Disposal System PUMPING STORAGE
UNIT TANK
7. Mixing Tanks
8. Reserve Tanks
9. Fluid
CIRCULATING LINE
10. Chemicals

RETURN LINE DISPOSAL LINE

Well Intervention Course Handouts

 WELL KILLING
BULLHEAD
IN

Pump kill fluid thru tubing and squeeze influx into

formation , We use this method in EMERGENCY
Must apply injectivity test
Advantages: Casing
• Quick & easy methods especially in smaller tubing
• No hydrocarbons brought to surface.
Tubing

Limitations
1- Formation fracture pressure
2- Tubing burst pressure
3- Max. pressure of surface equipment
4- Formation damage SSD

Packer

Perforations
WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 22

Well Intervention Course Handouts

 WELL KILLING
FORWARD CIRCULATION IN

OUT
Pump fluid thru tubing & return thru Annulus .

Disadvantages: Casing

• Large volume pumped ( Tubing + Annulus )

• High surface pressure Casing Tubing
• Influx will be beneath completion fluid

SSD

Packer
WL Plug

Perforations
WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS Oil 23

Well Intervention Course Handouts

 REVERSE CIRCULATION OUT

IN
Pump fluid thru casing & return thru tubing.

Advantages: Casing

• Small volume pumped ( Tubing)

• Low surface pressure
• Influx will not enter Annulus Tubing

• Fast and PLANNED

SSD

Packer

WL Plug

Perforations
WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 24

Well Intervention Course Handouts

 LUBRICATE & BLEED ALTERNATE
CYCLING
IN & OUT

Pump a small amount of kill fluid & bleed a small

amount of gas while keeping constant BHP until
Casing
well is dead.

* It is the alternative method of Bull Heading

SSD

SSD

Packer

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS Perforations

25

Well Intervention Course Handouts

OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES
4. Hydrates
Crystalline water structures filled with small molecules.
• Presence of free water
• Presence of light gas molecules
• Relatively high pressure
• Relatively low temperature

Removing Hydrates
• Reduce pressure
(Risk: hydrate plug slips & gas above it, the plug may blow up).
• Raise temperature
• Use inhibitor (glycol, methanol or salt).

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 26

PRESSURE & VOLUME

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 27

PRESSURE & VOLUME
Conversion Factors
1 Bar = 14.5 psi
1 Atmosphere = 14.7 psi
1 foot = 12 inch
1 meter = 3.28 feet
1 US Barrel = 5.6146 cu ft
1 US Barrel = 42 US Gallon

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 28

1 Fundamentals of Fluids & Pressure
Pressure is defined as Force per unit area exerted by fluid i.e.
Pressure = Force ÷ Area

Pressure is classified into 3:

1 Normal Pressure
- Only due to hydrostatic pressure of fluids.
2 Abnormal Pressure
- Due to formation compaction, water squeezing from
surrounding clays/shale, thermal expansion, earth
movements etc.
3 Subnormal Pressure
- Less than normal pressure due to incompact formation
(e.g. Loss circulation zones).

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 29

FUNDAMENTAL OF FLUIDS & PRESSURE

Basic laws of physics concerning fluids & gas

• Liquids are not compressible
• Gases are compressible

• Liquids & gases are both FLUIDS

• Pressure in fluid is transmitted equally in all directions.

Well Intervention Course Handouts

FRESH WATER

Fresh water weighs the same per unit volume anywhere in the world that is why
it’s called “Universal Fluid”& used as a STANDARD for comparison with
other fluid.

Fresh Water Facts:

• PG of 0.433 psi/ft • Density of 62.4 lbs/ft3

• SG of 1 • Density of 8.33 lbs/gal

• API 10º • Density of 7.48 US gal/ft3

Well Intervention Course Handouts

WATER PRESSURE GRADIENT 0.433 psi/ft
Formula:
Pressure Gradient = Force (lbs/ft3) ÷ Area (ins2)
∴ 62.4 lb/ft3 ÷ 144 ins2 = 0.433 psi/ft

Force

1 ft

1 ft 12 ins
1 ft

12 ins
Relationship between Density (ppg) & PG (psi/ft) is always the same & ∴
0.052 is used as constant for any calculation between them.

Constant of 0.052 = Force (gal/ft3) ÷ Area (ins2)

= 7.48 ÷ 144 = 0.052
Well Intervention Course Handouts
FRESH WATER DENSITY

The value is obtain by weighing substance in unit volume.

Fresh water has a density of;

• 62.4 lbs/ft3

• 8.33 ppg

• 7.48 gal/ft3

Well Intervention Course Handouts

 Hydrostatic Pressure (HP)
HP is the pressure developed by column of fluid at given TVD. “Hydro” means fluid &
“static” means stationary. ∴ HP is pressure created by stationary column of fluid.
To calculate HP in psi of any fluid simply multiply TVD in ft by PG of fluid.

E.g. Find HP in psi of fresh water at 500 ft TVD.

HP = 500 ft × 0.433 psi/ft
= 216.5 psi

To find BHA of 2 fluid column or more simply add the HP of the fluid column of the same
unit of measurement together.

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 34

PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
Gradient
To convert DENSITY into GRADIENT in psi/ft simply MULTIPLY mud density in ppg
by constant of 0.052

E.g. Convert 13.5 ppg brine into PG

13.5 ppg × 0.052 = 0.702 psi/ft

Density
To convert GRADIENT in psi/ft into DENSITY in ppg simply DIVIDE PG by constant
of 0.052

E.G Convert 0.806 psi/ft fluid into mud density

0.806 psi/ft ÷ 0.052 = 15.5 ppg

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 35

PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
Convert the following:
9.75 ppg into Pressure Gradient
Multiply Density by constant PG = 9.75 × 0.052 = 0.507 psi/ft
0.385 psi/ft into Density
Divide PG by constant Density = 0.385 ÷ 0.052 = 7.4 ppg
1.5 Specific Gravity into Pressure Gradient (psi/ft)
Multiply SG by H2O PG PG = 1.5 × 0.433 = 0.65 psi/ft
0.8 Specific Gravity into Density (ppg)
Multiply SG by H2O Density Density = 0.8 × 8.33 = 6.66 ppg

685 psi of HP into Depth (ft) when PG is 0.573 psi/ft

Divide HP by PG Depth = 685 ÷ 0.573 = 1195 ft

930 psi of HP into Density (ppg) when PG is 0.462 psi/ft

Multiply fluid SG by H2O Density SG = 0.462 ÷ 0.433 = 1.07
Density = 1.07 × 8.33 = 8.9 ppg

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 36

PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
Volume
Find annular volume above packer in bbl of the following well.table represent
annular volume
Tubing: 3½”, 9.2 ppf Casing: 9⅝”, 47 ppf
Packer: 9120 ft TVD
Casing ppf ft3/Lin.ft Lin.ft/ft3 Bbl/Lin.ft Lin.ft/Bbl
9⅝” 29.30 0.3607 2.7723 0.0642 15.5763
9⅝” 36.00 0.3468 2.8835 0.0618 16.1812
9⅝” 43.50 0.3308 3.0229 0.0589 16.9779
9⅝” 47.00 0.3237 3.0892 0.0577 17.3310
9⅝” 53.50 0.3100 3.2258 0.0552 18.1159

Formula:
Bbl/ft x MD = 0.0577 x 9750
= 562.5 bbls

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 37

 Well Pressure
Well Data: Well Depth: 9150 ft MD (7900 ft TVD)
Formation PG: 0.570 psi/ft
Gas PG: 0.08 psi/ft

1 Find Well BHP: Formula: Formation PG x TVD

∴0.570 × 7900 = 4503 psi

2 Find Maximum Surface Pressure: Formula: BHP − HP

Gas HP = 0.08 × 7900 = 632 psi
∴Max Surface Pressure = 4503 − 632 = 3871 psi
3 Working Pressure for Wellhead Equipment:
2000 psi or 3000 psi or 5000 psi

4 Formula: Formation PG ÷ Constant = ppg

Find the minimum Kill Fluid Density:
∴0.570 ÷ 0.052 = 10.95 ppg

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 38

PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
Pumping
Given Data: Casing Capacity: 0.04049 bbl/ft
Tubing Displ. Cap: 0.00829 bbl/ft
Tubing Capacity : 0.01190 bbl/ft
Pump Displacement: 0.0899 bb/stroke
Tubing Shoe @: 9000 ft MD (7800 ft TVD)
1 How many strokes to displace Tubing String?
Formula: Volume (bbl) ÷ Pump Displacement
∴ Volume = Tubing Capacity × MD ∴ 0.01190 × 9000 = 107.1 bbl
∴ Convert bbl into strokes = 107.1 ÷ 0.0899 = 1191.3 strokes
2 How many strokes to displace the Entire Wellbore?
( Casing capacity – tubing displacement Capacity ) / pump displacement
( 0.04049 - 0.00829 ) x 9000 / 0.0899 = 3223 strokes

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS

 PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
14 Pumping Time
Given Data: Tubing Depth: 8750 ft MD (8125 ft TVD)
Tubing Capacity: 0.00387 bbl/ft
Annular Capacity: 0.00970 bbl/ft
Pump Rate: 1.25 bpm

1 Calculate the time to pump bottoms up.

Formula: Annular Volume (bbl) ÷ Pump Rate
Annular Volume = Annular Capacity × MD 0.00970 × 8750 = 84.88 bbl
Convert bbl into min = 84.88 ÷ 1.25 = 67.9 minutes
2 Calculate the time for complete circulation.

Tubing Capacity + Annular capacity / pump rate

( 0.00387 + 0.00970 ) x 8750 / 1.25 = 95 minutes

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 40

EXERCISE
SITHP 2100 psi
OIL WELL DATA
Depth: TVD MD 3½” Tubing
• SSD 7370’ 8120’ SICHP 0 psi
• Packer 7385’ 8135’
0.8 Gas Gravity
• End of Tubing 7405’ 8155’ in tubing
• Top Perforation 7405’ 8155’ 75 lbs/ft3 Brine
full in casing
• Bottom Perforation 7483’ 8240’ 5” Casing

NOTE:
Capacity: 39.8° API Oil
in tubing Fluid Level in tubing
• Casing 0.02426 bbl/ft @ 3500’ TVD
• Tubing Close End 0.003199 bbl/ft
• Pump Displacement 0.0905 bbl/strk
• Pump Rate 0.7065 bbl/min SSD
Packer

2688 psi
Formation
Pressure
Well Intervention Course Handouts
EXERCISE SITHP 2100 psi

3½” Tubing
1. What is the pressure differential at SSD? SICHP 0 psi
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE = TUBING HP – CASING HP or vice versa
TUBING HP = [Gas Column = (GCF × SITHP)] + [Oil Column = PG × TVD)
CASING HP = [PG × TVD) 0.8 Gas Gravity in tubing

2. Find kill fluid PG with 100 psi overbalance. 75 lbs/ft3 Brine

full in casing
PG = FORMATION PRESSURE + 100 ÷ TVD (Top of Perforation)

39.8° API Oil

3. What is the Density in ppg & SG for question 2? in tubing
DENSITY = PG ÷ CONSTANT
SG = PG ÷ WATER PG 5” Casing

SSD
4. What is the volume of kill fluid for Bullheading?
Packer
VOLUME = πr2 × MD
2688 psi
5. How long does it take to pump Forward Circulation? Formation
PUMP SPEED = (CSG VOLUME – TCE )÷ PUMPING RATE Pressure

6. How many strokes for question no. 4? NOTE:

PUMP STROKES = VOLUME ÷ PUMPING DISPLACEMENT Fluid Level in tubing
Well Intervention Course Handouts @ 3500’ TVD
WORKING SITHP 2100 psi

Question 1: PD = TUBING HP – CASING HP or vice versa 3½” Tubing

SICHP 0 psi
TUBING (Gas Column): 1.102 × 2100 = 2314 psi
TUBING (Oil Column): 141.5 ÷ (131.5 + 39.8° API) × 0.433 × 3870 = 1384 psi
∴TUBING BHP = 2314 + 1384 = 3698 psi 0.8 Gas Gravity in tubing
CASING (Fluid Column): 75 ÷ 144 × 7370 = 3839 psi
∴Pressure Differential = Casing – Tubing = 3839 – 3698 = 141 psi
75 lbs/ft3 Brine
full in casing
Question 2: PG = FP + 100 ÷ TVD (Top of Perforation)
PG = 2788 psi ÷ 7405 ft = 0.377 psi/ft 39.8° API Oil
in tubing
Question 3: DENSITY = PG ÷ CONSTANT SG = PG ÷ WATER PG
5” Casing
DENSITY = 0.377 ÷ 0.052 = 7.25 ppg
SG = 0.377 ÷ 0.433 = 0.87
SSD
Packer
Question 4: VOLUME = πr2 × MD
VOLUME = (3.14 × 0.146 ft2 × 8155 ft) ÷ 5.6146 ft3/bbl = 97 bbl 2688 psi
Formation
Question 5: PUMP SPEED = VOLUME ÷ PUMPING RATE Pressure
SPEED = (Casing Volume – Tubing Close End) ÷ Pumping Rate
= (0.02426 × 8120’) – (0.003199 × 8120’) ÷ 0.7065 bbl/min NOTE:
= (197 bbl – 26 bbl) ÷ 0.7065 Fluid Level in tubing
= 171 bbl ÷ 0.7065 bbl/min = Intervention
Well 242 min Course Handouts @ 3500’ TVD
WORKING

Question 6:
Pumping Strokes = Volume ÷ Pump Displacement
= 97 bbl ÷ 0.0905 bbl/strk
= 1072 strokes

Well Intervention Course Handouts

WELL COMPLETION
Objective:

Provide general knowledge of design philosophy, types,

functional requirements & accessories.

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 45

WELL COMPLETION
WC is the “hardware” of the outflow system & final stage of a drilled well.

The design philosophy of WC is to “Maximize Profitability”.

– by maximizing well hydrocarbon recovery.
– by considering the full hydrocarbon resource life cycle.

Quality concepts for WC is;

“A Quality Well is a well which contributes, over its life cycle, maximum
monetary value, without compromising safety & environmental standards”

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 46

 WELL COMPLETION TYPE
1. PRODUCER
2. INJECTOR
3. KILL

The well is either Vertically & Horizontally completed.

• Open Hole Completion

• Uncemented Liner Completion

• Gravel Pack / WWS Completion

• Tubingless Completion

• Cemented & Perforated Completion

• Single String or Multiple String Completion

• Convectional or Monobore Completion
WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 47
WELL COMPLETION

1. Conventional Completion
2. Mono-bore Completion
“Completion with fullbore access across the payzone without diameter
restrictions”.

CONVENTIONAL Same tubing ID Mono-bore

WRSV Use full bore slimline tubing run SSSV

TRSV
SSD Omit, use CT well servicing
Minimize annular “waste” (swedge ▼or run Liner)
SPM Omit or use slimline SPM

Bottle Neck ▪▪ No Restriction

◦◦◦◦
Use TCP or CT run guns
WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 48
3. PRODUCING ZONES – SINGLE
Single Single Single
Single
Selective Selective Commingle
Completion
Interval Interval

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 49

3. PRODUCING ZONES – MULTIPLE
Multiple Multiple
Multiple Concentric
Commingle Selective
Completion Completion
Completion Completion

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 50

 WELL COMPLETION

Well Completion design is dictated by the type of well to be completed.

1. Producer

2. Injector

3. Kill

The 3 considerations of designing well completions are;

1. Inflow system

2. Outflow system

3. Number of zones to be produced

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 51

WELL COMPLETION
It is the hardware of the outflow system.

There many different types & functions of downhole accessories installed in a

the outflow system depending on the type of a well.

It is essentially important to understand these accessories prior doing Well

Intervention operations.

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 52

TUBING
Medium to convey well fluids from wellbore to surface or vise versa.
• Prevent well effluents expose to casing.
• API & Premium connections
API: Tapered thread & rely on thread compound to effect seal
Premium: Metal-to-Metal seal
• Tubing = Tubular range from 2⅜” to 4½”
• Casing = Tubular range from >5”

Tubing selection governed by:

• Well peak production rate
• Well depth
• Use of WL tools
• Pressure & temperature
• Annulus differential pressure etc

Well Intervention Course Handouts

 Tubing Hanger

WELL COMPLETION Control Line

Flow Coupling
COMPLETION ACCESSORY: SCSSV Landing Nipple
1 Anchoring Device
• Landing Nipples Top No-Go Nipple

2 Circulation Device
• SSD SPM
• SPM
Top No-Go Nipple
3 Isolation Device
• Packer SSD
Top Packer
• Tubing Seal Assembly, PBR
4 Anti-Erosion Device SSD

• Blast Joint
Producing Zone 2 Blast Joint
• Flow Coupling
5 Others Btm Packer
• WLEG Bottom No-Go Nipple
• Perforated Joint Perforated Joint
WL Entry Guide
• Control Line
Producing Zone 1
• Tubing Hanger
WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 54
PRODUCER COMPLETION SCHEMATIC
LANDING NIPPLE
Short tubular with 3 features to accommodate retrievable FCD;
• Shoulder
XN NIPPLE
• Polished Seal Bores
• Profiles or locking Grooves

Types of Landing Nipple: SV NIPPLE

• Non-Selective Nipple
• Selective Nipple
• Ported Nipple
• Safety Valve Nipple
Non-Selective Type:
• Smallest ID in tubing string.
• Bottom most nipple
• Only one installed in tubing X NIPPLE
Selective Type;
• Full bore PORTED
NIPPLE
• Several nipples of same size installed
Well Intervention Course Handouts
DHSV
1. PASSV ( Pressure Activated Subsurface control Safety Valve )
- Ambient pressure
- Differential pressure
2- SCSSV ( Surface Control Subsurface Safety Valve )
- WRSV
- TRSV
All works by Pressure
Two closure mechanism
• Ball type
• Flapper type

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 56

 SCSSSV Control Line
WRSV Set In SVLN
TRSV Nipple Profile
WRSV

SVLN Lock-Out
Lock
Mandrel Mechanism

Packing
Profile

Packing
Piston
CL Port
Piston
Flow Tube
Seal Bore
Spring
Spring
Flow Tube

Flapper Flapper

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 57

Well Intervention Course Handouts

SLIDING SIDE DOOR
Designed to provide communication for:
• Circulation for under-balanced fluid
• Killing purposes
• Provide selective zone productions Profile
Seal Bore
Features:
• Nipple profiles
• Polished seal bores
• Inner sleeve with packings.
Equalizing Ports
• Equalizing ports.
Flow Ports
SSD Type:
• Jar up to open
• Jar down to open
• Larger flow ports
Bottom Sea Bores
Can be install several number in one tubing string

Well Intervention Course Handouts

SIDE POCKET MANDREL
Originally designed for gas lift system but it also
used for communication device.
Feature: “BK-2” LATCH
• Full tubing bore
• Orientating sleeve GLV DV
• Discriminator
• 1” or 1½” valve receptacle

Valve Type:
• Dummy Valve (DV)
• Gas Lift Valve (GLV)
• Chemical Injection Valve (CIV)
• Circulation Valve (CV)
• Differential Dump Kill Valve DDKV)
• Equalizing Valve (EV)
All valve utilize Latch to lock Well
in pocket.
Intervention Course Handouts
WELL COMPLETION
3. ISOLATION DEVICE

PRODUCTION PACKER
3.1Permanent Packer Hold-Down Buttons
• Integral casing part & run independently.
• Tubing run with connector & seal elements.
• Remove by milling.
• Electrically WL or hydraullically set.

3.2Retrievable Packer Elements

• Integral part of tubing & run on production tubing.
• Hydraulically or Mechanically set.
Slips
3.3Inflatable Packer
• Well Intervention applications

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 60

 PRODUCTION PACKER
“RDH” RETRIEVABLE PACKER
Designed to provide seal between casing & tubing. It allows
reservoir fluid to be contained within the tubing up to
surface facility. This isolates production casing from being
exposed to reservoir pressure & corrosion from well
effluents or injection fluids.
Feature:
“DB” PERMANENT PACKER
• Hardened Slips
• Packing Elements

Production Packer Type:

• Permanent Packer
• Retrievable Packer
• Single Packer
• Dual Packer
• Triple Packer

Packers are WL or Tubing set

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS
“RH” RETRIEVABLE PACKER 61

Well Intervention Course Handouts

 PRODUCTION PACKER ACCESSORIES
Designed to seal between tubing & packer.
Locator Tubing Seal:
• Equipped with series of external seals providing
effective seal between tubing & packer bore.
Incorporate No-Go shoulder & connected on
the bottom of tubing. No-Go Shoulder

Seal Bore Extension:

• Connected on the bottom of permanent packer
to accommodate greater tubing movement.
Anchor Tubing Assemblies:
• Anchoring & unlatch feature with insufficient
tubing weight stay in place & connected on the Anchor Slips
bottom of tubing.
Polished Bore Receptacles (PBR)
• Attached on top of Permanent Packer to accept Seals
seal assemblies.

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 62

Well Intervention Course Handouts

FLOW COUPLING & BLAST JOINT
Flow Coupling FLOW COUPLING
Designed to withstand internal
corrosion caused by flow
turbulence.
• Short tubular with SS heavy wall.
• Installed DS FCD which caused
turbulence e.g. Nipple, SSD, SCSSV.
• High velocity & high pressures
wells installed both US & DS.

Blast Joint
Designed to withstand external
abrasive action from formation
fluids.
• Medium length (20’) with SS
heavy-wall.
• Installed opposite perforations
(non-gravel pack completion).

Well Intervention Course Handouts BLAST JOINT

WELL COMPLETION
5. OTHERS

5.1Wireline Entry Guide (WLEG)

• Bottom most tubing accessories.
• Provide easy access for BHA into tubing.

5.2Perforated Joint
• Eliminate flow restrictions.
• Provide true downhole flow readings.

5.3Control Line
• Transport hydraulic fluid to SCSSV
• Continuous length & securely clamped on
tubing wall.

5.4Tubing Hanger
• Set in THS , suspend tubing weight & provide
sealing.
• BPV Receptacle
WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 64
 PERFORATED JOINT

Designed to provide true temperature / pressure flow

readings & prevent vibrations to gauges installed in
high velocities flowing production tubing.

Installed above gauge hanger landing nipple.

Tubing pup joint perforated with greater flow areas than

tubing.

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 65

Well Intervention Course Handouts

WELL COMPLETION
6
COMPLETION ACCESSORY DEPTH RATIONALIZATION 1

1 DHSV 2
• HP of control line fluid
• Earth crater depth
3
2 Landing Nipple
• Below kick off point for deviation. 2
• Check well integrity 4
• Hanging depth for FCD. 5

4
3 SPM
• Hydrostatic head of hydrocarbon & communication
6
4 SSD
5
• Depth of required communication
2
5 Packer
• Determined by reservoir depths.

6 Anti-Erosion Device
• Determined by reservoirs
WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS
& flow characteristics 66
 WELLHEAD
&
XMAS TREE
Objective:

Provide general knowledge of types, functional requirements

& accessories.

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 67

 Chapter 4

Wellhead

Provides the following functions:

 Anchor & connections for each individual casing

 Pressure isolation of individual casing
 Connection for Xmas tree
 Connections for completion string
 Isolation of production annulus
 Access to annulus for pressure monitoring and/or pumping.

Types of Wellheads:
 Compact Wellhead (sub-sea)
 Conventional Wellhead

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 68

 Production casing

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 69

Chapter 4

Type of Casing
1. Conductor Pipe
2. Surface Casing
3. Intermediate Casing
4. Production Casing
5. Liner

1 CONDUCTOR PIPE
 Prevents unconsolidated formations being eroded.
 Provides flow path for drilling fluids.
 Cemented in pre-drilled hole or pile driven.
 Sizes ranging from 16” – 36” OD.
 Depth varies from surface to 40’ – 400’.

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 70

Chapter 4

Surface Casing

 Protection in case of blowout & Acts as

wellhead foundation.

 Isolates shallow consolidated & fresh water

formations.

 Cemented along its whole length.

 Sizes ranging from 13 3/8” – 20” OD.

 Setting depth up to 2000’ below surface.

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 71

Chapter 4

Intermediate Casing
 Seals off problem zones, loss circulation
zones, high pressure gas pockets & soft
formations encountered.

 Protects production casing from corrosive

fluids.

 Cemented up to surface casing shoe.

 Sizes ranging from 7” – 13 3/8” OD.

 Depth depends on total well depth &

conditions encountered, shallow wells not
necessary to set this.

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 72

Chapter 4

Production Casing
 Set above or through producing formations.

 Isolates reservoir from other fluid bearing

formations.

 Cemented from intermediate casing shoe

to its bottom.

 Sizes ranging from 5” – 9 5/8” OD.

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 73

 12
43 Conductor
ProductionPipe
Intermediate
Surface casing
Casing
Casing
Liner
• Prevents unconsolidated formations being eroded.
••• Seals
Protection
Set above
off problem
Shortened in
orcasing
case
throughzones,
ofhangs
blowout
producing
loss
from &circulation
Acts
formations.
bottom asof
zones,
wellhead high
previous foundation.
pressure
casing gas producing
pockets & soft
• Provides flow path through
for drilling fluids.
•• formations
formations.
Isolates shallowencountered.
reservoirconsolidated
from other fluid bearing
Isolates & fresh water
• formations.
Cementedproduction
Protects
formations. in pre-drilled hole from
casing or pilecorrosive
driven.
• Used when geological & pressure
fluids.
conditions make it hazardous to penetrate
•• Sizes ranging
Cemented
Cemented
the producing
from
along 16”
its – 30”
whole
from intermediate OD.
length.
casing
the shoe
hole to
• Cemented up toformation without
surface casing shoe.
its bottom.
being protected by casing.
• Sizes
Depth ranging
varies fromfrom 13 3/8”
surface – 20”
to 40’ OD.
– 400’.
• Sizes ranging from 7” – 13 3/8” OD.
•• Cemented
Sizes
Setting depthalong
ranging toits1
from
up 5”length.
– 9 5below
500’ / ” OD.surface.
• Depth depends on total well8 depth &
conditions encountered, shallow wells not
• Cost effective
necessary to set this.
Well Intervention Course Handouts
WELLHEAD & XMAS TREE
COMPACT WELLHEAD

It’s positioned on the seabed. During drilling sub-sea BOP is installed above it.

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 75

WELLHEAD & XMAS TREE
CONVENTIONAL WELLHEAD

It’s a built up of modules. During drilling BOP is installed

above it & it must be removed each time a new module
to be installed & replaced the BOP on top of it before
commence drilling.

Features:

1 Starter Spool (Conductor Pipe)

2 Surface Casing Head
3 Surface Casing Hanger
4 Production Casing Head
5 Production Casing Hanger
6 Tubing Head
7 Tubing Hanger

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 76

WELLHEAD & XMAS TREE
XMAS TREE
Surface valves manifold to control flow of well fluids & access for well
intervention activities.
Features:
1 LMV
Manual, NOT working valve optimum conditions.
2 UMV
Hyd/Pneu. Valve & some can cut
wire.
3 FWV
Permits passage of well fluids to CV.
4 CHOKE VALVE (CV)
Restrict, control or regulate flow of well fluids.
5 KWV
Permits entry of kill fluids into tubing or equalize.
6 SV/CV WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 77
Permits entry of well interventions.
XMAS TREE TYPE
1 Solid Block or Mono Block
• Contains fewer components (for high
pressure wells) Tree Cap
Tubing Hanger with
double plugs SV SV
2 Composite Block 1st MV 2nd MV CV
AV WV KWV KWV
• Valves are located on separate block WV
& joined by API flange.
KV

3 Horizontal Xmas Tree UMV

UMV Wellhead
• New concept used for sub-sea
completion. LMV
LMV

Well Intervention Course Handouts

Solid block X-tree

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 79

Dual solid block tree

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 80

WELLHEAD & XMAS TREE

Wellhead Connection Types;

 Screwed type (low press <1 000psi).
 API Flanged type (high press <5 000psi).
 API Flanged type are mostly used by OPCO –
because it’s less susceptible & easier oriented.

Example of API Flange specification:

9⅛” – 5000 psi API Flange.

9⅛” is the ID of the flange & 5000 psi is the

working pressure.

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 81

WELL INTERVENTION

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 82

 WELL INTERVENTION
IWCF Definition:

Well Intervention is a well service operation conducted on live wells.

(Pressure Control) – 3 Barriers
No guarantee that Well Intervention may succeed to achieve the objectives.

&

Workover is a well service operation conducted on dead wells.

High potential damage to the formation if kill fluids is not properly calculated.
(Well Control) – 2 Barriers

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 83

WELL INTERVENTION
Reasons for Well Intervention:

1. Remove flow obstructions e.g. sand bridge, wax, asphaltene, scale,

paraffin, hydrates etc.
2. Eliminate excessive water or gas production.
3. Repair mechanical failure of completion accessories.
4. Well Stimulation for production enhancement (acid wash, matrix
acidizing and fracturing).
5. Increase production by bring other productive zones on-stream.
6. Maintain control of oil, gas and water production from various zones or
layers in stratified reservoirs.
7. Monitor reservoir characteristics by obtaining reservoir pressure,
temperature, electrical & chemical properties.
8. Isolating zones or wells.
9. Etc. WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 84
WELL INTERVENTION
Well Mechanical Failure:

Some well conduit failures can be repaired by Well Intervention techniques.

However Workover technique is required, if the failure is serious & required

to pull tubing such as;
• TRSV failure or leak.
• Casing, Tubing & Packer leak.
• Casing, Tubing collapse.
• Serious Cement failure.
• Failure or insufficient system for artificial hydrocarbon recovery.
• Recovery of fish which is unable to be recovered by conventional method.

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 85

WELL SERVICE & MAINTENANCE
WELL SERVICE & MAINTENANCE

ROUTINE MONITORING WELLHEAD SERVICING EMERGENCY

WELL INTERVENTIONS WORKOVERS

WELL COILED RE WELL

WIRELINE SNUBBING REPAIRS CAPPING
TESTING TUBING COMPLETE KILL

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 86

WELL INTERVENTION
METHOD
1. Snubbing
• Tripping pipe into well against pressure.
2. Coiled Tubing
• Technique using continuous thin-walled tube into
pressurized well by means of a mechanically driven belt.

3. Wireline
• Convey tools using wire or cable.
WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS
 COILED TUBING

Objective:

Provide general knowledge of CT operations, CT equipments

& its functional requirements, operational parameters & well
control requirements.

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 88

 COILED TUBING SERVICES
Coiled Tubing provides a broad spectrum of well interventions services that
substantially reduce costs for many work over, remedial & specialized drilling
operations formerly requiring a rig.

Common CT size range from 1”-1¾” due to current economical changes & CT
advance technology larger size range from 2”-3½”.

It can be easily transported, rigged – up &unrigged in a shortest period of time,

Offshore - 3 hrs & Onshore 1½ hrs)

Currently max working depth 25K ft @ 250 ft/min.

CT is cheaper & quicker alternative to perform downhole
works compare to conventional methods.

Well Intervention Course

Handouts
CT APPLICATIONS
LIMITATIONS:

1. Wellbore Cleanouts • Life Limits – primarily bending

stresses.
2. Cementing
• Pressure & Tension Limits –
3. Stimulation Monitor & record tension &
compression at various pressures.
4. Sand Control
• Diameter & Overall Limits –
5. Nitrogen Injection Record usage, physical conditions &
dimensions.
6. CT Fishing
• Helicoidal Buckling affect
7. CT Wired Service horizontal well.
8. CT Completion

9. CT Drilling

Well Intervention Course Handouts

WELLBORE CLEANOUTS
Cleaning for;
• Formation sands or fines
• Produced proppant (fracturing operations)
• Workover debris

Primary reasons for performing wellbore cleanouts are to restore production

capability of the well & permit free passage of wireline tools.

Fill can be removed chemically or mechanically. Majority of cases, fill is removed

by circulating fluid through CT while slowly penetrating the fill with a nozzle
or jetting sub. Where consolidated fill exists, assistance of a downhole motor
or impact hammer/impact drill may be required.

Due to complex hydraulics, fill removal is generally more difficult in highly

deviated and horizontal wellbore.

Well Intervention Course Handouts

CEMENTING
CT may be used for squeeze cement & set cement plugs in wellbore.

Squeeze cement is used to change production or injection profiles of a well &

involves squeezing a specially designed cement slurry into existing
perforations to seal them off.

Reasons for setting cement plugs in wells are various include kick-off plugs,
which are used as a base to mill a window in well tubular & abandonment
of plugs, which are used to seal off sections or an entire wellbore at the
end of its useful life. Kick-off plugs are often set as part of CT drilling
operations.

Well Intervention Course Handouts

STIMULATION
Treatment designed to restore or increase formation natural permeability.
• Fracturing Stimulation
• Matrix Acidizing Stimulation
Fracturing Stimulation using CT can be done in multi-layered reservoirs & can
isolate individual zones in a reservoir.
In Matrix Stimulation treatments fluid (usually acid) is injected in area around
wellbore to remove damage at a pressure below Pressureff to allow
hydrocarbon to flow freely towards wellbore.
Formation damage appears for various reasons during drilling, workover, &
production of a well & has negative effect on oil & gas production.
Damage can be due to;
• Formation fines
• Natural swelling of clay minerals in formation
• Formation of scale or deposition of heavy hydrocarbons
• Drilling mud, damage
• Bacteria.
Well Intervention Course Handouts
SAND CONTROL
Treatments designed to minimize sand production from a well. Through-tubing
sand control can be performed with CT & consists of one of the following
methods;
• Sand Consolidation
• Gravel Packing
• Placement of Screen
Sand Consolidation is achieved by injecting special treatment fluid (resins) in the
near-wellbore formation. The resins glue the sand particles together &
consolidate the formation.
Gravel Packing is a method placing some wire-mesh screens in wellbore across
sand producing formation & filling the gap between screen & borehole
wall with gravel pack sand of a certain size. This barriers prevent formation
sand from entering wellbore & being produced.
Placing screens in a wellbore is similar to gravel packing but without gravel pack
sand on the outside of the screens. The screens themselves form a barrier
for the sand.

Well Intervention Course Handouts

NITROGEN INJECTION
Reasons for using nitrogen in wellbore include;
• Well or nitrogen kick-off
• Use of foam for fill cleanouts
• Use of foam as a diverter for matrix acidizing.

After performing drilling & workover operations on a well, the well is usually
dead because of the HP inside the wellbore exceeds the pressure in the
formation.
Nitrogen circulation through CT is the most common method of initiating
production. This technique is relatively simple, flexible & causes no
disposal or operational difficulties to surface production equipment. Flow
is induced by aerating the fluid column in the well to reduce the
hydrostatic pressure. When this pressure is reduced below the pressure of
reservoir, the well begins to flow.

Well Intervention Course Handouts

CT FISHING
CT fishing is to remove stuck or lost objects from a wellbore.
Advantages of CT fishing:
• CT is considerably stronger than slickline or braided line.
• The rigidity of CT helps to access highly deviated & horizontal sections of a well
that cannot be reached using slickline.
• Fluids pumped through CT can improve access to the fish.

There are many methods & tools that may be used in CT fishing operations. Each
fishing job is unique & may require tools & techniques to be modified or
adapted to suit the application. Details of the fish, wellbore tubular, well
condition & surface equipment need to be taken into consideration.

Well Intervention Course Handouts

CT WIRED SERVICE
Coiled tubing can be used to accomplish traditional wired services such as
logging, perforating, or DSP. Because of its flexibility and strength, coiled
tubing is used in both deviated and horizontal wells, as well as in vertical
ones.

Well Intervention Course Handouts

CT COMPLETIONS
CT completions utilize CT string as a permanent wellbore completion. The CT
string is run into the well using standard CT equipment. Once the planned
depth is reached, the CT string is cut at surface & hung off in the wellhead.
The CT string may remain in the well for several years & can be retrieved
when necessary using CT equipment again.

All of the downhole equipment is in the CT, making completion of wells quicker
& more efficient than conventional methods. CT also installs artificial lift
equipment & performs remedial work upon a well.

Well Intervention Course Handouts

CT DRILLING
CT can be used to drill new hole or to re-enter an abandoned hole. CT is
capable of actually drilling new hole (not simply milling out, as in fishing
operations). The drilling is accomplished either with the completion
removed or through tubing. CT drilling can be performed overbalanced or
under-balanced.

Well Intervention Course Handouts

CT EQUIPMENT
Regardless of working environment CT unit will include the following 4
main components:
1. Control Cabin 1 5

2. Power Pack 6

3. CT Reel 3 2

4. Goose Neck 7

5. Injector Head 8

6. Strippers
7. BOP
8. Kill Line
XMAS TREE
9. BHA

WELLHEAD

Well Intervention Course Handouts

CONTROL CABIN
Various configuration & design:
• Independent or truck mounted unit
• Elevated Location - to provide full view of all activities.

Instrument & Control System:

• Primary control: Weight Indicator, Circulating & Wellhead Pressure
• Secondary control: Depth/Speed, Stripper Pressure & Chain Tensioner
• Support control: Engine RPM, Drive System, Air & BOP Pressures
Standby pumps as back-up to operate PCE in maintaining maximum well
security in the event of major equipment failure.
Gauges are located at operator’s eye level.

Well Intervention Course Handouts

Well Intervention Course Handouts
POWER PACK
Prime mover usually diesel engine that provides power to hydraulic circuits in
CT Unit.
• Driving an array of hydraulic pumps supplying each system or circuit with the
required pressure & flow rate.
• Operate independently of exterior power or air supplies once started.
• Includes accumulators providing backup hydraulic energy to key components in
the event of an emergency

Power Pack Main Components:

• Engine
• Hydraulic Pumps
• Pressure Control Valves
• Hydraulic Reservoir
• Accumulators
• Filters & Strainers
• Heat Exchangers
• Hydraulic Fluid
• Safety Devices.

Well Intervention Course Handouts

 CT REEL
Primary function is store & protect CT. (25k ft of 1”, 1¼”, 1½”, 1¾”, 2” & 2⅜” CT)
Component: (RIH & POOH Speed: 250 ft/min
• Reel motor Maintain proper tension, Reel & IH.
• Level wind assembly Ensures close, even & efficient spooling onto reel.
• Reel swivel Allows fluid to pumped while CT rotating.
• Lubrication system Application of inhibitor or protective coating.
• Mechanical counter Back-up depth measurement system,
• Crash frame Protect CT during handling & transporting.
RIGHT ANGLE DRIVE (Floor Mounted Motor) DIRECT DRIVE (Axle Mounted Motor)

Supplementary Hydraulic System

Crash Frame

Chain Drive

Reel Motor
Well Intervention Course Handouts
 Level Wind Assembly
CT REEL
CT REEL TOP VIEW CT REEL SIDE VIEW

Reel Swivel

Level Wind Chain Drive

Assembly
Reel Motor

REEL SWIVEL
LEVEL WIND Grease Nipple
ASSEMBLY
Chevron Packing

Bearing Assy.

Mounting Flange

Connection
Well Intervention Course Handouts
COILED TUBING
• Raw long flat metal strips rolled & folded into long spiral tube &
welded.

• The individual length is welded together to form continuous length.

• Alloy grade ‘A606’ is the common material use for ductility & combat
bending stresses.

• Limitations – Bending Stresses, Internal Pressure Pump & Axial

(tension).

Well Intervention Course Handouts

CT HISTORY
COILED TUBING
CONSTRUCTION
90s QUALITY TUBING
1965 – REPUBLIC 90s SOUTHWESTERN
TUBING 90s MANNESMAN QT-70 QT-700

Strip length

Welded strips are rolled & 250 ft 1700 ft

1000 ft Course Handouts 3500 ft
formed into continuous CT. Well Intervention
CT MANUFACTURING PROCESS

ACCUMULATOR

STRIP HI QUALITY
PREPARATION WELD

TUBING FORMING HEAT

ANNEALING SIZING INSPECTION
ROLLERS TREATMENT

Welding Loop External Bead

Removal

Forming Rollers
Welding Loop

Metal Strips

Well Intervention Course Handouts

 GOOSE NECK
It guides CT from horizontal to vertical position as it leaves the reel to enter the
top of IH. Profiled rollers the Goose Neck support the CT as it is bent over the
Goose Neck arc.

The gooseneck can have a radius as small as 48” or as large as 120” depending
upon the size of the CT. Larger gooseneck sizes (radii) are used to minimize the
fatigue of the CT string. The recommended gooseneck radii and their relative
sizes are shown below.

API RECOMMENDATIONS
CT Size Radius
1¼”
48” – 72”
1½”
Profiled Rollers
1¾”
72” – 96”
2”
2⅜”
90” – 120”
2⅞ CT GOOSE NECK
3½” 96” – 120”
Well Intervention Course Handouts
 INJECTOR HEAD Lifting Bail

Goose Neck
IH essentially consists of hydraulic motors (1)
connected to chains (2) that move the CT. The
motors actually turn the chains through a set of Swivel
timing gears to synchronize the movement of both
chains.
1

The IH basically consists of two separate frames.

• Inner frame attached to base with a hinge (3) & an
electronic load cell (4)
2

• Outer frame consists of crash frame attached to the

same base by rigid connections. The gooseneck is
attached to the outer frame to avoid interference
with the load cell readings.

4 3

Stripper Mounting
Well Intervention Course Handouts
 INJECTOR HEAD
Main motor (1) drives the chain with Idler Sprocket (2) 1
& Tension Sprocket (3).
The chains are assembled using roller chain
components & specially designed gripper blocks.
The inside chain tensioners or skates (4), provide 4
force for the chains to grip CT. The skates are 5
linked with hydraulic cylinders (5). To reduce 3
vibrations to hydraulic cylinders there are shock
absorbing accumulators (6) mounted on the
injector head. 6

Link Pin 2
Split Pin Link Plate

Cam Roller

Gripper Block

Well Intervention Course Handouts

STRIPPER
Pressure containment device
• Installed above BOP & below IH.
• Dual assembly used for extreme well conditions.
• Hydraulic activation from Control Cabin.
• Can be redressed during operation with pressure isolated
1. Conventional Stripper
2. Tandem Stripper
3. Side Door Stripper
4. Radial Stripper

Well Intervention Course Handouts

 CONVENTIONAL STRIPPER
Upper Brass
• Hydraulic pressure applied through Pack Port Locking Pin Bushing
moves Piston & Lower Bushing ▲ & energize
stripping element against Non Extrusion Non-
Extrusion
Ring. De-energize is achieved through Ring
RETRACT PORT
Retract Port.
Stripping
Element
• Well pressure will further energize stripper
element.
Energizer

• Stripper components are split into two &

make possible to be redressed during Lower
PACK PORT
Brass
operation from top of Stripper within IH Bushing
frame provided the well pressure is isolated.
Piston
• Redressing period 45 min – 1 hr.

Well Intervention Course Handouts

SIDE DOOR STRIPPER
Coiled Tubing
Upper Brass
Bushing

• Easy & safer access for seals inspection.

PACK PORT
• Extended Upper Bushing improve guides & Piston
minimizing seals wear.
Non-
• Hydraulic pressure applied through Pack Port Extrusion
moves Piston, Upper Brass Bushing & Non- Ring
Extrusion Ring ▼ thus energize the element. Element
Retractable
Door
• Well pressure does not help to energize the
element.

Lower
• 5 – 10 min redressing period. Brass
Bushing

Well Intervention Course Handouts

TANDEM STRIPPER
Quick Union
Connection

• Used in conjunction with fixed Stripper.

• Similar in principle with Side Door Stripper

• Back up Stripper system.

• Allow operation to continue without delay.

• Primary Stripper should be redressed at

the earliest practical opportunity.

Well Intervention Course Handouts

RADIAL STRIPPER
• Easy & safer access for Seals inspection.

• Generally used for high pressure well.

• 45 min period redress

Upper Guide Element

Indicator

Piston
Lower Guide
Ram Body

Well Intervention Course Handouts

BLOW OUT PREVENTER
Secure CT & isolate well pressure during normal, unusual or emergency
operating situations.
• Only holds pressure from above.
BOP type:
• Ram BOP Ram Inserts:
* Blind, Slip, Shear, Pipe & Variable Rams.
• Annular BOP

CT BOP Features:
• Side Kill Port
• Equalizing Valve
Function & pressure test is mandatory before use
CT BOP available in COMBI, TRIPLE & QUAD BOP unit.

Well Intervention Course Handouts

CT COMBI, TRIPLE & QUAD BOP
Solid block BOP
• Less height, weight & potential leakage.

Ram Configuration:
1 Combi BOP
• Slip or Blind Ram
• Pipe Ram
2 Triple BOP
• Blind Ram
• Shear or Slip
• Pipe Ram
3 Quad BOP
• Blind Ram
• Shear Ram
• Slip Ram
• Pipe Ram
Well Intervention Course Handouts
QUAD BOP
Solid block equipped with 4 sets of rams.
It’s a Secondary Barrier in well control system.
1. Blind Ram - Seal when no CT in place.

2. Shear Ram - Cut through CT but no seal.

3. Slip Ram - Hold full CT weight without damage & no seal.

CAUTION: It might induce & premature crack on CT.
4. Pipe Ram - Close & seal around CT when in place.

• Pressure Sensor

• Side Kill Port

• Equalizing Valve

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 119

COMBI BOP
Solid block equipped with 2 sets of rams.
It’s a Secondary Barrier in well control system.

1. Blind /shear ram

2. Slip / Pipe Ram

• Pressure Sensor

• Equalizing Valve

• Side Kill Port

Advantage:
Less Height
Less procedure steps
WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 120
 SINGLE RAM BOP
Generally use for;
• Shear & Seal BOP
• Variable BOP
• Spacer Spool
Shear & Seal BOP serve as tertiary barrier.
Position immediately above Xmas Tree. Upper Blade Ram
Lower Blade Ram Assembly
Assembly

Top Seal Top Seal

Anti Extrusion Block Ram Body

Ram Body

Tee-Seal
Locking Screw Upper Shear Blade
Lower Shear Blade Well Intervention Course Handouts
SHEAR & SEAL ACTUATOR

Well Intervention Course Handouts

SHEAR & SEAL RAM OPERATION

Well Intervention Course Handouts

 ANNULAR TYPE BOP
• Seal with tubing or without tubing.
Head
• Can be used for stripping
• Use for deployment of long BHA
Element

Cross-Section

Piston

Body

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 124

Well Intervention Course Handouts

 ANNULAR TYPE BOP
Element

Head

Body

Opening Port

Piston
Closing Port

Closing Port

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 125

Well Intervention Course Handouts

 ANNULAR BOP CLOSE & OPEN
CT CT

HEAD HEAD

ELEMENT ELEMENT

BODY BODY

Opening Port

Closing Port

PISTON
PISTON

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 126

Well Intervention Course Handouts

 ANNULAR BOP
Additional BOP for different OD & long BHA
• Close & seal any size
• Close & seal w/o tubing

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 127

ANNULAR BOP

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 128

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 129
HIGH PRESSURE CT STACKS 1

1. Goose Neck
2
2. Injector Head
3. Dual Stripper System
3

4. Hydraulic Connector
4
5. Quad BOP System
5
6. Flow line
6
7. Annular BOP
7
8. Shear & Seal BOP
8
9. Xmas Tree

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 130

LOW PRESSURE CT STACKS
1
1. Goose Neck
2. Injector Head
2
3. Stripper

4. Hydraulic Connector
3
4
5. Flow line
5
6. Combi BOP System
6

7. Annular BOP
7

8. Xmas Tree
x

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 131

CT BARRIERS
Primary Barrier

Blind Ram

Shear Ram
Secondary Barrier
Slips Ram

Pipe Ram

Tertiary Barrier Shear & Seal Ram

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 132

CT BHA
1
CT BHA configuration:

1. Coiled Tubing
2
2. Connector

3. Check Valve
3
Standard
4. Hydraulic disconnect BHA

5. Optional 4

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 133

CT BHA
CHECK VALVE - Standard 3 2 1

1. Ball Check Valve

Metal-to-metal seal & use when no
requirement for ball activated tools.

2. Dart Check Valve

Similar to Ball type.

3. Flapper Check Valve

Full bore design & enables
launching of balls.

4. Spring Return Check Valve

All time close valve & can be pump
through.. 5 4

5. Pressure Retaining Check Valve

Similar to Spring Return type &
adjustable by adding or subtracting
washers.

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 134

 WIRELINE
Objective:

Provide general knowledge of WL types & its operations, WL

equipments & its functional requirements, operational
parameters & well control requirements.

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 135

WIRELINE
Well Intervention technique of conveying tools & instrument downhole.
The most efficient & practical method to diagnose well problems.
Easily junk wells if not properly manage.

Wireline Category:
1. Slickline or Solidline or Pianoline
2. Braidedline
3. Electricline

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 136

 SLICKLINE
Single strand wire with wire OD range from 0.105”, 0.108”, 0.125” , 0.140, 0.160”&
0.190”,0.260”
• Wire selection depends on the severity of the operation load.
• It’s robust & versatile in service

Mechanical application;
• Removal of well obstruction
• Repair mechanical failure
• Bringing other zones in-line
• Setting downhole FCD

Advance application by running;

• Recorded Real Time Data Acquisition Instrument
• Recorded Tubing Caliper
• Perforators
• Tubing Cutter
• Chemical Deployment Tools
• Explosive Jar etc
WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 137
BRAIDEDLINE
Multi-strands wire cable OD range from 3⁄16”, 7⁄32”, ¼” & 5 ⁄16”.
• Wire selection depends on the severity of the operation load required.

Application:
• Retrieval of downhole tools with slickline failure.

• Fishing job

• Swabbing

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 138

ELECTRICLINE
Multi-strands wire cable range from 3⁄16”, 7⁄32”, ¼” & 5 ⁄16”, 7⁄16” & ¾” OD with
single or multiple conductors.

Application by running;
• SRO Pressure & Temperature Recorder
• SRO Electronic Logging Instrument for open hole & cased hole.

• Coring Services

• Packer setting

• Perforations etc.

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 139

WIRELINE EQUIPMENT
1 Surface Equipment
1.1 WL Unit
1.2 Power Pack
1.3 Hoisting Unit
2 PCE Optional PCE
2.1 Quick Union 2.6 Tool Trap
2.2 Stuffing Box / GIH 2.7 Tool Catcher
2.3 Lubricator 2.8 Injection Sub
2.4 BOP 2.8 SCU
2.5 Tree Adapter 2.9 Pumping Tee
3 Subsurface Equipment (SSE)
3.1 Toolstring 3.6 Shifting Tool
3.2 Service Tools 3.7 Kick Over Tool
3.3 Tubing Conditioning Tools 3.8 Overshot
3.4 Running Tools 3.9 Spear
3.5 Pulling Tools 3.10 Flow Control Device
WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 140
Surface rig up

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 141

 SURFACE EQUIPMENT
1.1 Wireline Unit
• Single Drum or Dual Drum
• Skid Mounted / Containerized / Helicopter Unit
Component
• Operating Panel – Direction Lever, Brake, Hydraulic Valve, Gauges etc
• Measuring Device
• Weighing Device
• Level Wind

1.2 Power Pack

• Diesel or Electrical Powered
• Zoning Classification

Zone 0 – Continuous present of flammable agent.

Zone 1 – Flammable agent likely to occur in normal operation.
Zone 2 – Flammable
WELLagent not likely
INTERVENTIONS COURSEto occur in normal operation.
HANDOUTS 142
SURFACE EQUIPMENT
1.3 Hoisting Unit
• Pedestal Crane
• Mast
• ‘A’ Frame
• Derrick
• Gin Pole
• Rig

Operational Considerations:
• Length of Lubricators, Risers & Stack Up.
• Height of Hoisting Unit
• Fishing Job
• Toolstring Length

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 143

 PCE - QUICK UNION
OTIS BOWEN

Pin End

•Thread Connection:
O-Ring
5¾ - 4 ACME Thread
•Hand Tight NO wrench
Box End
•O-Ring seal
•To be kept clean at all time.
•Check thread & o-ring before make-up.
WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 144
PCE - STUFFING BOX

Hydraulic Stuffing
Box

Manual
WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS Stuffing Box 145
 PCE - GREASE INJECTION HEAD
Flow Tube Range:
2 Tubes: <2K psi
3 Tubes: <10K psi
GIH
4 Tubes: <15K psi Contaminated
Clearance: 0.004” – 0.006” Grease Tank

SCU

Pack Off Hand Pump

Lubricator

Grease Pump
BOP
Flow Tube
Flow Tube, Flow Tube
Cable & & Cable
Grease GIH
WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS GREASE SYSTEM 146
PCE - SAFETY CHECK UNION

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 147

 PCE - LUBRICATOR

Lower Section Top Section

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 148

 PCE - BOP

Ram Outer Seal Ram Body Assembly

Ram Guide

Ram Key WELL INTERVENTIONS

Ram InnerCOURSE
SealHANDOUTS 149
 SLICKLINE PCE
Stuffing Box
Stuffing Box

Lubricator
Lubricator
SLICKLINE FISHING
SLICKLINE OPERATION OPERATION

Blind Ram
Blind Ram Blind Ram

Shear & Seal Ram Shear & Seal Ram

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 150

BRAIDEDLINE PCE
GIH
PRIMARY BARRIER

SCU

Lubricator

SECONDARY BARRIER
1 1 Braidedline Ram
2 2 Braidedline Inverted Ram
3
4 3 Blind Ram
4 Shear Ram

Shear & Seal Ram

TERTIARY BARRIER

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 151

 SUB SURFACE EQUIPMENT
All sub surface tools must incorporate ‘Fishing Neck’ a recovery
feature. Int FN 1

Ext FN
3.1 Toolstring
1. Rope Socket
2
2. Stem
3. Jar
4. Knuckle Joint

Optional Tools
5. Roller Stem 3

6. High Density Stem

7. Hydraulic Jar
8. Spring Jar
9. Knuckle Jar
4
10. QLS
11. Swivel Joint
12. Accelerator WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 152
12 10 11 9 8 7 6 5
WIRELINE PARAMETERS

Five considerations required serious attention prior wireline operations.

1. Job Planning

2. Rig-up & Rig-down

3. Pressure Testing

4. RIH Considerations

5. Emergency Response

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 153

WIRELINE PARAMETERS

1. Job Planning:
1 Husband
& 4 Wives
• Obtain Well Information

• Study Well History

• Tools & Equipment Inventory

• Pre-Run Checks on Tools & Equipment

• Personnel Knowledge & Skills

• Safety Devices & Equipment

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 154

WIRELINE PARAMETERS

2. Rig Up & Rig Down:

• Effective Communication

• Working Location

• Weather Condition

• Hazardous Environment for Material Selection

• Pre-Run Checks on Tools & Equipment

• Back Up & Spares for Tools & Consumables

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 155

WIRELINE PARAMETERS

3 Pressure Testing
• Max SITHP + Safety Factor (500 psi) & apply in stages.
• PT medium; 60:40 ratio by volume of fresh water & glycol respectively.
(This would prevents “Emulsion” formation in oil wells or “Hydrates” if it
would be discharged into wells)

De-Pressurize
• Bleed off through production process venting system.
• If not possible, bleed off with extreme care, no personnel & source of
ignition down wind.
• De-pressurizing must be a Controlled Operation.
• PATIENCE is the virtue of this case & NO ACCELERATION is
permitted. Ensure that equipment is earthed to prevent ignition by
static electricity.

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 156

 PRESSURE TESTING

RU on Xmas Tree P/Testing BOP Open Master Valve

P/Testing
Open BOP Open Swab Valve
Lubricator & BOP

Depress
Xmas Tree
Above BOP Monitor
Valve
Isolation
Monitor Press Open
Apply Close Equal
Close SV Press Ram Valve
Press
Close WV
Open
Open
Open SSV Ram
SV
Close MV Open MV

Pull T/String
All Way Up

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 157

WIRELINE PARAMETERS

4. RIH Considerations

Wireline Philosophy:

“Achieve WL Objective with Minimum Run”

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 158
WIRELINE PARAMETERS

5 Emergency Response
5.1 During emergency if toolstring in lubricator
• Close SV on Xmas Tree
• Shut down Power Pack
• Secure wire with Wire Clamp
• Secure work area & make safe
• Refer to Company Man for further instruction.

5.2 During emergency if toolstring is suspended in the well

• Close Blind Ram WL BOP
• Shut down Power Pack
• Secure wire with Wire Clamp
• Secure work area & make safe
• Refer to Company Man for further instruction.

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 159

 THE END
&
THANK YOU

WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS 160