8085 Microprocessor

Irfan Rasool
 Introduction
• The 8085 microprocessor is an 8-bit microprocessor that was developed
by Intel in the mid-1970s.
• The 8085A is suitable for a wide range of application and was a popular choice
for hobbyists and enthusiasts due to its simplicity and ease of use.
• It is a 40-pin DIP (Dual in package) chip, based on NMOS technology.
• It contains approximately 6200 transistors on a 164 x 222 mm chip.
Pin Diagram of 8085A
 Pin Diagram of 8085A

The letter "A" in the 8085A

microprocessor stands for
"enhanced version". The 8085A
is an enhanced version of the
8085 microprocessor.
Pin Diagram of 8085A
 Pin Diagram of 8085A
• It requires a single +5V supply between Vcc at pin no. 40 and Vss at pin no. 20.

1. Address Bus and Data Bus:

The address bus is a group of sixteen lines i.e A0-A15. The address bus is unidirectional, i.e., bits
flow in one direction from the microprocessor unit to the peripheral devices and uses the high order
address bus.

2. Control and Status Signals:

o ALE – It is an Address Latch Enable signal. It goes high during first T state of a machine cycle and
enables the lower 8-bits of the address, if its value is 1 otherwise data bus is activated.
o IO/M’ – It is a status signal which determines whether the address is for input-output or memory.
When it is high(1) the address on the address bus is for input-output devices. When it is low(0) the
address on the address bus is for the memory.
o SO, S1 – These are status signals. They distinguish the various types of operations such as halt,
reading, instruction fetching or writing.
 Pin Diagram of 8085A

IO/M’ S1 S0 Data Bus Status

0 1 1 Opcode fetch

0 1 0 Memory read

0 0 1 Memory write

1 1 0 I/O read

1 0 1 I/O write

1 1 1 Interrupt acknowledge

0 0 0 Halt
 Pin Diagram of 8085A
o RD’ – It is a signal to control READ operation. When it is low the selected memory or input-output
device is read.
o WR’ – It is a signal to control WRITE operation. When it goes low the data on the data bus is
written into the selected memory or I/O location.
o READY – It senses whether a peripheral is ready to transfer data or not. If READY is high(1) the
peripheral is ready. If it is low(0) the microprocessor waits till it goes high. It is useful for interfacing
low speed devices.

3. Power Supply and Clock Frequency:

o Vcc – +5v power supply
o Vss – Ground Reference
o XI, X2 – A crystal is connected at these two pins. The frequency is internally divided by two,
therefore, to operate a system at 3MHZ the crystal should have frequency of 6MHZ.
o CLK (OUT) – This signal can be used as the system clock for other devices.
 Pin Diagram of 8085A
4. Interrupts and Peripheral Initiated Signals:
The 8085 has five interrupt signals that can be used to interrupt a program execution.
(i) INTR (ii) RST 7.5 (iii) RST 6.5 (iv) RST 5.5 (v) TRAP
The microprocessor acknowledges Interrupt Request by INTA’ signal. In addition to Interrupts, there
are three externally initiated signals namely RESET, HOLD and READY. To respond to HOLD request,
it has one signal called HLDA.
o INTR – It is an interrupt request signal.
o INTA’ – It is an interrupt acknowledgement sent by the microprocessor after INTR is received.
5. Reset Signals:
• RESET IN’ – When the signal on this pin is low(0), the program-counter is set to zero, the buses are
tristated and the microprocessor unit is reset.
• RESET OUT – This signal indicates that the MPU is being reset. The signal can be used to reset other
devices.
 Pin Diagram of 8085A
6. DMA Signals:
o HOLD – It indicates that another device is requesting the use of the address and data bus. Having
received HOLD request the microprocessor relinquishes the use of the buses as soon as the current
machine cycle is completed. Internal processing may continue. After the removal of the HOLD signal
the processor regains the bus.
o HLDA – It is a signal which indicates that the hold request has been received after the removal of a
HOLD request, the HLDA goes low.

7. Serial I/O Ports:

Serial transmission in 8085 is implemented by the two signals,
o SID and SOD – SID is a data line for serial input where as SOD is a data line for serial output.
 Pin Configuration of Intel 8085A Microprocessor
Address and Data Buses in the 8085 Microprocessor:
• Higher Order Address Lines (A15–A8) [Pin 28 to Pin 21]:
• These lines provide the higher-order 8 bits of the 16-bit address bus (A15–A8).
• Unidirectional and tri-state lines.
o Memory Addressing:
• The 8085 microprocessor can address 64K memory locations (65536 memory locations) using the 16
address lines (A15-A0).
o Tri-state Conditions: The higher order address lines become tri-stated (high-impedance state) during:
• (a) DMA (Direct Memory Access) operations.
• (b) When a HALT instruction is executed.
• (c) During the microprocessor's RESET operation.
• Lower Order Address/Data Bus (AD7–AD0) [Pin 19 to Pin 12]:
o These 8 pins are time-multiplexed, serving a dual purpose:
• (a) Address Bus (A7–A0): During the first part of the machine cycle (T1), they are used to send the
lower-order 8 bits of the address.
• (b) Data Bus (D7–D0): In the subsequent timing slots (T2 and T3), these same pins are used for data
transfer.
o Reason for Multiplexing: This was done to limit the number of pins to 40 on the 8085 microprocessor chip.
o Tri-state Conditions:
• These pins will be in a tri-state during T4, T5, T6, as well as during DMA, RESET, and HALT
operations.
• There is also a short period of tri-stating between T1 and T2.
 Pin Configuration of Intel 8085A Microprocessor
States of the 8085 Microprocessor:
• RESET State (TRESET):
o The microprocessor enters this state when the RESET signal is active.
o The duration of this state lasts for an integral number of clock cycles.
• WAIT State:
o The microprocessor remains in this state based on an external signal input (READY).
o The duration is controlled by external conditions.
• HOLD State (THOLD):
o The processor enters this state when the HOLD signal is active.
o It stays in the HOLD state until the signal becomes inactive.
• HALT State (THALT):
o The microprocessor enters this state upon execution of a HALT instruction.
o It remains in this state until an external signal requests further operation.
• Other Processor States (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6):
o The microprocessor moves through these states during each machine cycle.
o Each state lasts for one clock period.
o Specific actions are performed during each of these timing slots (T1 to T6).
 Multiplexed Address-Data Bus in 8085A
• Time Multiplexed Address-Data Bus:
o Pins AD7–AD0 (Pins 19 to 12) serve a dual purpose:
• During the T1 state of a machine cycle, these pins carry the lower 8 bits of the address bus (A7-A0).
• During the T2 and T3 states, these same pins are used as the data bus (D7-D0).
o Reason for Multiplexing: The 8085A microprocessor had limited pins (40-pin configuration), so
multiplexing allowed both address and data to share the same lines.
• ALE (Address Latch Enable):
o ALE is a signal used to differentiate between address and data on the multiplexed bus.
o During the T1 state, ALE is HIGH, indicating that AD7–AD0 contains address information (A7–A0).
o Falling Edge of ALE: It can be used to latch the address bits (A7–A0) into an external latch like the
74LS373 register.
o ALE is issued once during every T1 state to signal the external latch that the lower 8 address bits are
present.
 ALE Signal Issued in Every T1 State

Latching of Lower Order Address in External Latch

 IO/M Signal at Pin 34
• IO/M Signal Functionality:
o This is a tri-state control signal, which is HIGH or LOW depending on whether the address refers
to I/O devices or memory.
o If the address corresponds to memory, IO/M is set to LOW during all states of the machine cycle
(T1–T6), indicating that the data on the bus refers to memory.
o If the address refers to an I/O device, IO/M is set to HIGH, indicating that the data is related to an
I/O device.
• Importance for Interfacing:
o The IO/M signal is critical in interfacing external memory or I/O devices with the microprocessor.
o The external circuitry uses this signal to enable either the memory or I/O devices based on the state
of IO/M.
 De-multiplexing the AD Bus
• Latching Lower Address Bits (A7–A0):
o Since the lower 8 bits of the address (A7–A0) are available only during the T1 state, ALE is used
to latch these bits into an external latch (like 74LS373).
o After latching the address, the AD7–AD0 bus is used for bi-directional data transfer during T2 and
T3 states.
• External Latch and ALE Operation:
o The ALE signal is connected to the enable (G) pin of the latch.
o When ALE is HIGH, the latch is transparent, meaning the lower address bits are passed to the
output.
o When ALE goes LOW, the address is latched and remains so until the next ALE signal.
• System Bus Creation:
o Once the lower byte of the address is latched, the AD bus can be used for data transfer, and the full
16-bit address (A15–A0) is available for the memory.
o Together, the address bus, data bus, and control bus form the system bus.
De-multiplexing of AD bus to Generate System Bus
Read and Write Signals Issued During T2-T3 State
 Control Signals for Read and Write Operations
• Write Operation (WR Signal at Pin 31):
o WR Signal is used to indicate that the microprocessor is in WRITE mode.
o The WR signal is active LOW, going LOW during the T2 state and HIGH in the middle of the T3
state.
o When WR is LOW, it signals the external world that the data on the bus should be written to the
memory location or I/O device.
• Read Operation (RD Signal at Pin 32):
o RD Signal is used to indicate that the microprocessor is in READ mode.
o The RD signal is also active LOW, going LOW during the T2 state and HIGH during the T3 state.
o When RD is LOW, it signals that the microprocessor is reading from the selected memory or I/O
device.
• Mutual Exclusion:
o The RD and WR signals are never active (LOW) simultaneously.
o Both signals are tri-stated during HOLD, HALT, and RESET states.
 Latching and De-multiplexing Example
• In the de-multiplexing setup, AD7-AD0 is connected to the input of the external latch (like
74LS373).
• The ALE signal enables the latch, which stores the lower 8 bits of the address during T1,
allowing the AD7–AD0 lines to be reused for data transfer in T2 and T3.
• The unidirectional address bus is formed by combining the higher and latched lower address
bits, and the bi-directional data bus is ready for data transfer during T2 and T3.

• System Bus Formation:

o After de-multiplexing, the 16-bit address bus, bi-directional data bus, and control signals work
together as a system bus, enabling communication between the microprocessor and memory or I/O
devices.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of the 8085 Microprocessor
Advantages
• The pin diagram is easy to understand and remember because of its logical and systematic arrangement.
• It has a simple structure with fewer pins compared to other microprocessors, making it easy to design
and implement in electronic circuits.
• It has a dedicated pin for interrupt handling, which makes it easy to interface with external devices that
require interrupt-driven communication.
Disadvantages
• It has limited addressing capability due to its 8-bit architecture, which can limit its use in applications
that require large amounts of memory.
• It has a limited number of pins, which can be a constraint in designing complex systems that require
more input/output devices or peripherals.
• It has separate pins for input/output and memory access, which can make it more difficult to design
memory-mapped input/output circuits.
 Architecture of 8085 Microprocessor

Components of the 8085:

1. Arithmetic and Logic
Unit (ALU)
2. Registers
3. Timing and Control Unit
4. Interrupt Control
5. Serial I/O Control
6. Data Bus and Address
Bus
7. Accumulator
8. Flags
 Components of the 8085
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
o Different operations are carried out in ALU: Logical operations, Bit-Shifting Operations,
and Arithmetic Operations.
o Performs arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction) and logic operations (AND, OR,
NOT).
o 8-bit Operations: The ALU handles 8-bit data operations.
• Role of Accumulator: A special register used by the ALU for performing operations and
storing results temporarily.
 Components of the 8085
Registers in 8085
• General Purpose Registers:
o Six 8-bit registers: B, C, D, E, H, L.
o Can be paired as BC, DE, and HL for 16-bit operations.
o the BC register pair, the DE register pair, and the HL register pair.
o These register pairs are commonly used to store memory addresses and other data.
o Here registers W and Z are reserved registers. We can’t use these registers in arithmetic
operations. It is reserved for microprocessors for internal operations like swapping two
16-bit numbers.
 Components of the 8085
Registers in 8085
• Special Purpose Registers:
o Accumulator (A): The accumulator is an 8-bit register that is used to store arithmetic and
logical results. Operations such as addition, subtraction, and bitwise operations.
o Flag Register: Indicates the status of the last operation (Sign, Zero, Auxiliary Carry, Parity,
Carry).
o Program Counter (PC): The program counter is a 16-bit register that contains the memory
address of the next instruction to be executed. The program counter is incremented after each
instruction is executed, which allows the microprocessor to execute instructions in sequence.
o Stack Pointer (SP): The stack pointer is a 16-bit register that is used to manage the stack.
The stack is a section of memory that is used to store data temporarily, such as subroutine
addresses and other data. The stack pointer is used to keep track of the top of the stack.
operations like PUSH, POP, and nested CALL requests initiated by Microprocessor
o Instruction Register is an 8-bit register that contains the current instruction being executed.
The instruction register is used by the microprocessor to decode and execute instructions.
o Temporary Register: It is an 8-bit register that holds data values during arithmetic and
logical operations.
 Components of the 8085
Timing and Control Unit
o Generates control signals for memory and I/O operations.
o Control Signals:
• RD (Read): Reads data from memory or an I/O device.
• WR (Write): Writes data into memory or an I/O device.
• ALE (Address Latch Enable): Indicates the availability of a valid address on the
address bus.
o Clock Signals: Provides synchronization for internal operations and external peripherals.

The timing and control unit comes under the CPU section, and it controls the flow of data from the
CPU to other devices. It is also used to control the operations performed by the microprocessor
and the devices connected to it. There are certain timing and control signals like Control signals,
DMA Signals, RESET signals and Status signals.
 Components of the 8085
Interrupt Control
• Allows the processor to handle external events or devices asynchronously.
• Interrupts in 8085:
o TRAP (Non-maskable Interrupt)
o RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5 (Maskable interrupts)
o INTR (Interrupt request)
o Priorities of Interrupts: TRAP > RST 7.5 > RST 6.5 > RST 5.5 > INTR
 Components of the 8085
Serial I/O Control
• Serial Data Communication:
o SID (Serial Input Data): Receives serial input.
o SOD (Serial Output Data): Sends serial output.

• It controls the serial data communication by using Serial input data and Serial output data
between the microprocessor and external devices in a serial manner, i.e., one bit at a time
• The 8085 has a serial I/O port (SID/SOD) for serial communication.
• The SID pin is used for serial input and the SOD pin is used for serial output.
• The 8085 also has two special purpose registers, the Serial Control Register (SC) and the
Serial Shift Register (SS), which are used to control and monitor the serial communication.
 Components of the 8085
Buses in 8085
Address bus and data bus: In the 8085 microprocessor, the address bus and data bus are two separate buses
that are used for communication between the microprocessor and external devices.
o The data bus is bidirectional and carries the data which is to be stored. The Data bus is used to
transfer data between the microprocessor and external devices such as memory and I/O devices.
The data bus is an 8-bit bus, allowing the 8085 to transfer 8-bit data at a time. The data bus can
also be used for instruction fetch operations, where the microprocessor fetches the instruction code
from memory and decodes it.
o The address bus is unidirectional and carries the location where data is to be stored. The Address
bus is used to transfer the memory address of the data that needs to be read or written. The address
bus is a 16-bit bus, allowing the 8085 to access up to 65,536 memory locations.
The Control Bus: Carries control signals to manage data flow and I/O operations.
• The control bus is a set of signals that controls the operations of the microprocessor, includes
signals such as the read signal, write signal, interrupt signal, and reset signal
• The read signal is used to read data from memory or other devices
• the write signal is used to write data to memory or other devices
• the interrupt signal is used to signal the microprocessor that an interrupt has occurred
• the reset signal is used to reset the microprocessor to its initial state.
 Components of the 8085
Accumulator and Flag Register
• Accumulator (A Register): Used for arithmetic and logic operations and temporarily holds the
result.
• Flag Register:
o Sign Flag (S): Indicates the sign of the result.
o Zero Flag (Z): Set if the result is zero.
o Auxiliary Carry Flag (AC): Set if there is a carry out from bit 3 to bit 4.
o Parity Flag (P): Set if the number of 1s in the result is even.
o Carry Flag (CY): Set if there is a carry from the most significant bit.

Memory Interfacing
• Memory Addressing:
o Can address 64 KB of memory using its 16-bit address bus.
• Memory Read/Write Operations:
o Performs read and write operations via control signals (RD, WR).
• Address Decoding:
o Uses external decoders to manage addressing when interfacing with memory modules.
 The flow of an Instruction Cycle in 8085 Architecture
1) Execution starts with Program Counter, starts program execution with the next
address field. It fetches an instruction from the memory location pointed by Program
Counter.
2) For address fetching from the memory, multiplexed address/data bus acts as an
address bus and after fetching instruction this address bus will now acts as a data bus
and extract data from the specified memory location and send this data on an 8-bit
internal bus. For multiplexed address/data bus Address Latch Enable(ALE) Pin is
used. If ALE = 1 (Multiplexed bus is Address Bus otherwise it acts as Data Bus).
3) After data fetching data will go into the Instruction Register it will store data fetched
from memory and now data is ready for decoding so for this Instruction decoder
register is used.
4) After that timing and control signal circuit comes into the picture. It sends control
signals all over the microprocessor to tell the microprocessor whether the given
instruction is for READ/WRITE and whether it is for MEMORY/I-O Device activity.
 The flow of an Instruction Cycle in 8085 Architecture
5. Hence according to timing and control signal pins, logical and arithmetic operations are
performed and according to that data fetching from the different registers is done by a
microprocessor, and mathematical operation is carried out by ALU. And according to
operations Flag register changes dynamically.

6. With the help of Serial I/O data pin(SID or SOD Pins) we can send or receive
input/output to or from external devices, in this way execution cycle is carried out.

7. While execution is going on if there is any interrupt detected then it will stop
execution of the current process and Invoke Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) Function.
Which will stop the current execution and do execution of the current occurred interrupt
after that normal execution will be performed.
 Applications of 8085 microprocessor
• Embedded Systems: The 8085 microprocessor is commonly used in embedded systems, such as industrial
control systems, automotive electronics, and medical equipment.
• Computer Peripherals: The 8085 microprocessor has been used in a variety of computer peripherals, such
as printers, scanners, and disk drives.
• Communication Systems: The 8085 microprocessor has been used in communication systems, such as
modems and network interface cards.
• Instrumentation and Control Systems: The 8085 microprocessor is commonly used in instrumentation
and control systems, such as temperature and pressure controllers.
• Home Appliances: The 8085 microprocessor is used in various home appliances, such as washing
machines, refrigerators, and microwave ovens.
• Educational Purposes: The 8085 microprocessor is also used for educational purposes, as it is an
inexpensive and easily accessible microprocessor that is widely used in universities and technical schools.
 Issues in 8085 microprocessor
• Overheating: The 8085 microprocessor can overheat if it is used for extended periods or if it is
not cooled properly. Overheating can cause the microprocessor to malfunction or fail.
• Power Supply Issues: The 8085 microprocessor requires a stable power supply for proper
operation. Power supply issues such as voltage fluctuations, spikes, or drops can cause the
microprocessor to malfunction.
• Timing Issues: The 8085 microprocessor relies on accurate timing signals for proper
operation. Timing issues such as clock signal instability, noise, or interference can cause the
microprocessor to malfunction.
• Memory Interface Issues: The 8085 microprocessor communicates with memory through its
address and data buses. Memory interface issues such as faulty memory chips, loose
connections, or address decoding errors can cause the microprocessor to malfunction.
• Hardware Interface Issues: The 8085 microprocessor communicates with other devices
through its input/output ports. Hardware interface issues such as faulty devices, incorrect
wiring, or improper device selection can cause the microprocessor to malfunction.
• Programming Issues: The 8085 microprocessor is programmed with machine language or
assembly language instructions. Programming issues such as syntax errors, logic errors, or
incorrect instruction sequences can cause the microprocessor to malfunction or produce
incorrect results
8085 Microprocessor Kit
Any Questions