LONG QUIZ IN PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS Name: _____________________________

Date: __________

 Number of students in a class

 Number of square feet in a house
 Population size of a city
 Age of an individual
 Height of an individual

 Eye color (e.g. “blue”, “green”, “brown”)

 Gender (e.g. “male”, “female”)
 Breed of dog (e.g. “lab”, “bulldog”, “poodle”)
 Level of education (e.g. “high school”, “Associate’s degree”,
“Bachelor’s degree”)
 Marital status (e.g. “married”, “single”, “divorced”)

 A nominal scale variable is classified into two or more categories. In this measurement
mechanism, the answer should fall into either of the classes.
 It is qualitative. The numbers are used here to identify the objects.
 The numbers don’t define the object characteristics. The only permissible aspect of numbers in
the nominal scale is “counting.”

 The ordinal scale shows the relative ranking of the variables

 It identifies and describes the magnitude of a variable
 Along with the information provided by the nominal scale, ordinal scales give the rankings of
those variables
 The interval properties are not known
 The surveyors can quickly analyse the degree of agreement concerning the identified order of
variables

Example:

 Ranking of school students – 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.

 Ratings in restaurants
 Evaluating the frequency of occurrences

 Very often

 Often

 Not often

 Not at all
  Assessing the degree of agreement

 Totally agree

 Agree

 Neutral

 Disagree

 Totally disagree

What is your weight in Kgs?

 Less than 55 kgs

 55 – 75 kgs
 76 – 85 kgs
 86 – 95 kgs
 More than 95 kgs
has a feature of absolute zero

 Testing the effectiveness of a new drug by randomly assigning participants to either a group receiving the
drug (experimental group) or a placebo (control group), then comparing the outcomes between the groups
to see if the drug had a significant effect.
 Quasi-experimental research:
Studying the impact of a new school curriculum on student test scores by comparing the performance of
students in a class that implemented the new curriculum to another class that continued with the old
curriculum (where the groups were not randomly assigned).
 Correlational research:
Examining the relationship between hours spent studying and test scores by collecting data on both
variables from a group of students and analyzing if there is a positive, negative, or no correlation between
them.
Further examples:
 Experimental:
 Investigating the impact of different teaching methods on student engagement by randomly
assigning students to different teaching styles and comparing their participation levels.
 Testing the effectiveness of a new exercise program on blood pressure by randomly assigning
participants to either the exercise group or a control group and measuring their blood pressure
before and after the intervention.
 Quasi-experimental:
  Comparing the academic performance of students in a school that recently implemented a new
after-school program to students in a similar school without the program.
 Studying the effect of a new company policy on employee morale by comparing employee
satisfaction levels before and after the policy change in a specific department.
 Correlational:
 Exploring the relationship between income level and life satisfaction by collecting data on income
and self-reported life satisfaction from a sample of individuals.
 Examining the association between screen time and sleep duration by collecting data on daily
screen time and sleep hours from a group of participants.

Give the level of measurement for each of the following variables and illustrate through drawing:
a. ethnic group to which a person belongs
b. number of times a mouse makes a wrong turn in a laboratory maze, and
c. position a runner finishes in a race
Question: On a measure of anxiety, the mean is 79 and the standard deviation is 12. What are the Z scores for
each of the following raw scores?
(a) 91, (b) 68, and (c) 103

Provide the answers below:

a. z = 1
b. z = -0.91667
c. z = 2

26, 37, 48, 33, 49, 26, 19, 26, 48

Stem Leaf
Key : 3 7 =

67, 42, 58, 41, 54, 65, 65, 54, 69, 53

Stem Leaf
Key : 6 5

74, 88, 97, 72, 79, 86, 95, 79, 83, 91

Stem Leaf
Key : 8 6 =

The stem and ieaf diagram belou, shows the ages of the teachers at
a school.

{a) How many teachers work at the school?

{b} What is the range of the ages of the teachers at the school?
{c} Hcw marly teachers are less than 35 years o1d?

d. W'hat is the mode?

 Worksheet #4. Measures of Variability

1. For the following scores, find the (a) mean, (b) median, (c) sum of squared deviations, (d) variance, and
(e) standard deviation:

2.13, 6.01, 3.33, 5.78

2. For the following scores, find the (a) mean, (b) median, (c) sum of squared deviations, (d) variance, and
(e) standard deviation:

6, 1, 4, 2, 3, 4, 6, 6

Provide your answers below:

Question Number 1:
a. Mean = 4.3125
b. Median = 4.555
c. Sum of squared deviations = 10.76368
d. Variance = 2.69
e. Standard deviation = 1.64

Question Number 2:
 a. Mean = 4
b. Median = 4
c. Sum of squared deviations = 26
d. Variance = 3.25
e. Standard deviation = 1.8
f. Flavors of frozen yogurt ________________
g. 2. Amount of money in savings accounts________________
h. 3. Students classified by their reading ability: Above average, Below average, Normal ________________
i. 4. Letter grades on an English essay ________________
j. 5. Religions ________________
k. 6. Commuting times to work ____________
l. 7. Ages (in years) of art students ________________
m. 8. Ice cream flavor preference ________________
n. 9. Years of important historical events ________________
o. 10. Instructors classified as: Easy, Difficult or Impossible ________________

What type of measure scale is being used? Nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio.

a. High school soccer players classified by their athletic ability: Superior, Average,
Above average
b. Baking temperatures for various main dishes: 350, 400, 325, 250, 300
c. The colors of crayons in a 24-crayon box
d. Social security numbers
e. Incomes measured in dollars
f. A satisfaction survey of a social website by number: 1 = very satisfied, 2 =
somewhat satisfied, 3 = not satisfied
g. Political outlook: extreme left, left-of-center, right-of-center, extreme right
h. Time of day on an analog watch
i. The distance in miles to the closest grocery store
j. The dates 1066, 1492, 1644, 1947, and 1944
k. The heights of 21–65 year-old women
l. Common letter grades: A, B, C, D, and F

Answer

a. ordinal
b. interval
c. nominal
d. nominal
e. ratio
f. ordinal
g. nominal
h. interval
 i. ratio
j. interval
k. ratio
l. ordinal

X Y

2 8

3 8

7 4

5 1

9 4

• ∑X

• ∑Y2

• ∑XY

• (∑Y)2

Question: Find the mean, median, mode and range for the given data:
90, 94, 53, 68, 79, 94, 53, 65, 87, 90, 70, 69, 65, 89, 85, 53, 47, 61, 27, 80

Solution:

Given,

90, 94, 53, 68, 79, 94, 53, 65, 87, 90, 70, 69, 65, 89, 85, 53, 47, 61, 27, 80

Number of observations = 20

Mean = (Sum of observations)/ Number of observations

= (90 + 94 + 53 + 68 + 79 + 94 + 53 + 65 + 87 + 90 + 70 + 69 + 65 + 89 + 85 + 53
+ 47 + 61 + 27 + 80)/20

= 1419/20

= 70.95

Therefore, mean is 70.95.

Median:

The ascending order of given observations is:

27, 47, 53, 53, 53, 61, 65, 65, 68, 69, 70, 79, 80, 85, 87, 89, 90, 90, 94,94

Here, n = 20

Median = 1/2 [(n/2) + (n/2 + 1)]th observation

= 1/2 [10 + 11]th observation

= 1/2 (69 + 70)

= 139/2

= 69.5

Thus, the median is 69.5.

Mode:

The most frequently occurred value in the given data is 53.

Therefore, mode = 53
Range = Highest value – Lowest value

= 94 – 27

= 67