Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Principles of Communication Systems

Lab # 6
FM Modulation

Submitted by group:
1 Ahmed Zaman (Fa20-epe-078)
2 Shahzeb Afridi (Fa20-epe-049)
3 Hassan Khan (Fa20-epe-068)

Submitted to Lab Engineer: Usman Ali

Subject Teacher: Dr. Imadad Khan

A P C
Total Marks 1 5 4
Obtained Marks
Experiment 6
FM Modulation
1.1Statement of problem:
Generate FM wave at different modulation index and verify whether the modulated index
affects the bandwidth and power of FM modulated signal.
1.2Literature Background:
Frequency modulation is a technique or a process of encoding information on a particular
signal (analogue or digital) by varying the carrier wave frequency in accordance with the
frequency of the modulating signal. As we know, a modulating signal is nothing but
information or message that has to be transmitted after being converted into an electronic
signal. Much like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation also has a similar approach
where a carrier signal is modulated by the input signal. However, in the case of FM, the
amplitude of the modulated signal is kept or it remains constant. The frequency modulation
index is mostly over 1 and it usually requires a high bandwidth at a range of 200 kHz. FM
operates in a very high-frequency range normally between 88 to 108 Megahertz. There are
complex circuits with an infinite number of sidebands that help in receiving high-quality
signals with high sound quality. Meanwhile, broadcast stations in the VHF portion of the
frequency spectrum between 88.5 and 108 MHz often use large values of deviation (±75
kHz). This is known as wide-band FM (WBFM). Even though these signals support high-
quality transmissions they do occupy a large amount of bandwidth. Normally, 200 kHz is
allowed for each wide-band FM transmission. On the other hand, communications use very
little bandwidth. Alternatively, narrowband FM (NBFM) often uses deviation figures of
around ±3 kHz. Besides, narrow-band FM is mostly used for two-way radio communication
applications

Equations:
X ¿ FM =( 2∗π∗f c∗t s + m∗X ¿ M )

df
m=
fm

X ¿ M =V M ∗cos ( 2∗π∗f m∗t s )

X ¿ C =V C ∗cos ( 2∗π∗f c∗t s )
 Block Diagram:
FM
Message Signal FFT of FM Wave
Modulation

Power and Bandwidth

Carrier Signal

1.3 Procedure:
Mat lab Code :
%%Lab 6
clc
close all
clear all

t=0:1:150 % Time
fm=100; % Message frequency
fc=10*fm; % Carrier Frequency
fs=10*fc; % Sampling Frequency
vm=5; % Amplitude of message signal
vc=5; % Amplitude of Carrier Signal
df=5*fm; % Frequency Daviation
m=df/fm; % Modulation index
ts=t/fs; % Sampling Time
N=1024; % Width

%% BASE BAND SIGNAL

X_m=vm*cos(2*pi*fm*ts); % Message Signal

figure
plot(ts,X_m)
title('Message Frequency')
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')

%% CARRIER SIGNAL
X_c=vc*cos(2*pi*fc*ts); % Carrier Signal
figure
plot(ts,X_c);
title('Carrier Signal');
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude');

%% FM SIGNAL
X_fm=vc*cos(2*pi*fc*ts+m.*X_m); % FM Signal
figure
plot(ts,X_fm)
title('FM WAVE')
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')

%% FFT OF FM SIGNAL
f=linspace(-fs/2,fs/2,N); % Vector Defined
FM_FFT=abs(fftshift(fft(X_fm,N))) % Forrier Transform
figure
plot(f,FM_FFT);
title 'FFT of FM Wave'
xlabel('Frequency')
ylabel('Amplitude')

%% POWER
P = sum(((X_fm).^2)/length(t)) % Power In Side Bands
disp('The power P=') % Displying Power
disp('Power')
powerSide=P-((sum(X_c).^2)/length(t))
disp 'Power in sb'
%% BANDWIDTH
B=2*(df+fm); % Calculating
Bandwidth
disp('Bandwidth')
disp(B)

1.4 Analysis:
Figure Analysis:
After analyzing this figure and the corresponding code that helped us generate
such a signal we understood that the V ¿ M represents the amplitude of the message
signal and the figure verifies that as its amplitude varies from -5 to +5. Secondly
the figure also tells us that it has a fundamental time period of 0.01 s to verify this
1
by code we have the f m set at 100 and T= that gives us T=0.01s
f

Figure Analysis:
This figure represents the carrier signal. The amplitude of this signal is set at
5.The frequency of this signal is 10∗(100)Hz. The fundamental time period is T
1
and T= so that equates to T=0.01s. Please note that the frequency of the carrier
f
signal is far greater (10x) than the frequency of message signal.
Figure Analysis:
This figure represents the frequency modulated wave and it shows the behavior as follows
as the amplitude was decreasing the spacing between the 2 consecutive troughs increased
ad as the amplitude started to rise again the distance/spacing between 2 consecutive troughs
start to decrease and this phenomenon tells us that the frequency of the signal has been
changed.

Figure Analysis:
This figure basically shows nothing except the Fourier transform of the modulated signal.
 TABLE
Modulation index Bandwidth Power of Sideband
0.5 300 12.4667
1 400 12.3297
2 600 14.9901
5 1200 10.4974

Hardware Implementations:

Figure Analysis:
This figure is basically the photo of the trainer connect across the frequency demodulator and
modulator circuit present in this trainer showing us the after effects of modulating the signal
and then demodulating it.We observe that the message signal at output and input is no
different in case of without added noise.
Figure Analysis:
This figure is basically an oscilloscopic picture of the carrier signal generated with the help of
function generator present in the trainer.

Figure Analysis:
This figure is basically an oscilloscopic picture of the frequency modulated signal.
Question and Answers:
1. What will happen to the power of FM waves including side bands
(increasing or decreasing) with the increase of modulation index? Give
mathematical reasoning.
Relationship between the power of side bands and modulation index:
2
PC( M I )
PS =
2
This equation clearly states that the power of side band signal is directly proportional to
the modulation index. With increase in modulation index the power of side bands also
increase and vice versa.
2. What will happen to the bandwidth of FM waves (increasing or
decreasing) with the increase of modulation index? Give mathematical
reasoning.
The bandwidth of the signal does not depend the modulation index
B=2∗f m

This relationship tells us that the bandwidth is dependent on the frequency of the signal.
3. At what modulation index of FM the bandwidth of AM and FM are
same?
Maximum value of modulation index for AM waves is 1 because when the modulation
index is greater than 1 over modulation occurs and the information in the signal is lost
due to distortion and aliasing.

Conclusion:
We conclude that by increasing modulation index the power of FM wave will remain constant
and increases in modulation index result in the level of other sidebands increasing in level. It also
contributes in the increased bandwidth of the signal as BW=2*(df+fm).