BMEE402 Heat and Mass Transfer

Module 1 – Conduction I
Lecture 1&2 - Modes of Heat Transfer

Dr K Karunamurthy
Professor
School of Mechanical Engineering
 Agenda
• Syllabus
• Difference between Thermodynamics & Heat
Transfer.
• Modes of heat transfer
• Laws governing modes of heat transfer
• Applications of heat transfer.

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Syllabus

• Module 1 – Conduction I
• Module 2 – Conduction II
• Module 3 – Convection I
• Module 4 – Convection II
• Module 5 – Heat Exchanger
• Module 6 – Radiation
• Module 7 – Mass Transfer

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Evaluation Pattern
Theory

Item % Weightage
CAT 1 15
CAT 2 15
Project (2 Reviews) 30
FAT 40

Total 100

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 References
• R. C. Sachdeva, (2005), Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, New Age
International (P) Ltd.
• Yunus A. Cengel, (2000) Heat Transfer-A Practical Approach, Tata McGraw
Hill Publishing Company Ltd.
• C. P. Kothandaraman and S. Subramanyan, (2004), Heat and Mass
Transfer Data Book, Fifth Edition, New Age International Publishers.
• Frank P. Incropera and David P. Dewitt, (2002), Fundamentals of Heat and
Mass Transfer, Fifth Edition, John Wiley & Sons.
• J. P. Holman, (2005), Heat Transfer, 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill Publishing
Company Ltd.
• P. K. Nag, (2005), Heat Transfer, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd.
• S. P. Venkateshan, (2004), First Course in Heat Transfer, Ane Books
Publishers.
• Sarit K Das, (2005), Process Heat Transfer, Narosa Publishing House.

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer
 Module I –
Introduction to Heat Transfer

From Thermodynamics

Energy Transfer by virtue of Difference in Temperature (DT)

Heat Transfer
 Why Heat Transfer?

Mobile Phone Electric Vehicle on fire

Catches fire

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MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer
 Difference between
Thermodynamics & Heat Transfer
Thermodynamics Heat Transfer

1. Amount of heat transfer is 1. Rate of heat transfer is

determined. determined.
Hot water
Vol = 1 litre
m = 1 kg
T1 = 80C
T2 = 30C

tx = 4 hours
ty = 8 hours Brand Y
Brand X
Q = m cp DT

Dr.K Karunamurthy
 Difference between
Thermodynamics & Heat Transfer

Atom Bomb Power Plant

• In Hiroshima, Atom Bomb • 10 MW, Power Plant.

“Little Boy” released 63 TJ 73 days to release 63 TJ of
in one second. energy.

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Difference between
Thermodynamics & Heat Transfer
Thermodynamics Heat Transfer

1. Amount of heat transfer is 1. Rate of heat transfer is

determined. determined.
2. Modes/Mechanisms of 2. Modes/Mechanisms of
heat transfer are not heat transfer are
studied. studied.
3. Systems will be in
equilibrium (Quasi-static 3. Systems will not be in
processes). equilibrium.
4. High temp to low and low 4. High temp to low temp
temp to high temp are only are discussed.
discussed.

Dr.K Karunamurthy
Modes of Heat Transfer

(i) Conduction
(ii) Convection
(iii) Radiation

Dr.K Karunamurthy 13
Conduction
Difference in Temperature
+
Medium
+
(No Bulk Motion)

Lattice Vibration

Conduction
Free electrons

Conduction by Lattice Vibration

Prof.K Karunamurthy 14
Conduction
Difference in Temperature
+
Medium
+
(No Bulk Motion)

Lattice Vibration

Conduction
Free electrons

Conduction by Free Electrons

Prof.K Karunamurthy 15
 Conduction
Free Electrons Lattice Vibration (Molecular Vibration)
Occurs only in metals Occurs in all solids
Fast Process Slow Process

Note: In metals both the mechanisms of conduction occurs but conduction by free
electrons is predominant.

Free electrons gain energy upon heating and move faster and transfer the thermal
energy. They move in between the atoms before they collide with the atoms

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

Conduction

T1 JOSEPH FOURIER

T Governed by Fourier’s Law:

The rate of conductive heat transfer is
directly proportional to temperature gradient
T2 and Area of cross section.
 dT 
dx Q  k A c  
 dx 
x
Where,
𝑄 - rate of heat transfer (W)
k - thermal conductivity (W/mK)

Ac - area of cross section (m2)

dT/dx- temperature gradient (K/m)

Dr K Karunamurthy 17
Convection
Difference in Temperature Water
+
Medium Pan
+
Bulk Motion
Upon heating

Expands (Volume increases)

Mass remains same

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

Convection is governed by
Newton’s Law of Cooling
Dr.K Karunamurthy 18
Convection
Difference in Temperature
+
Medium
+
Bulk Motion

Rate of heat transfer by convection Sir Isaac Newton

Convection is governed by
𝑄  As DT Newton’s Law of Cooling
𝑄 = h As DT
Where
𝑄 – rate of heat transfer (W)
h – convective heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)
As - Surface area (m2)
DT – temperature difference (K)

Dr.K Karunamurthy 19
Convection

body Temp = 36.5C

Convection is governed by
Newton’s Law of Cooling

𝑄 = h As DT
‘ 𝑄’ to be dissipated is same for both
Avg temp in India is 25.9C
Avg temp in Africa is 33.9C
DT is less for African elephant than Indian
Dr.K Karunamurthy 20
 Natural Convection
-Bulk motion is due to density difference
which in turn is due to temperature
difference
Convection
Forced Convection
-Bulk motion is due to external aid like fan,
blower, pump etc.,

Prof.K Karunamurthy 21
Radiation

Difference in Temp
+
No Medium / Medium

Prof.K Karunamurthy 22
Radiation
Governed by
Stefan-Boltzmann Law Josef Stefan Ludwig Boltzmann
The rate of radiative heat transfer is directly proportional to fourth
power of absolute temperature and surface area.
𝑄  𝐴𝑠 𝑇 4
Experimentally proved by
𝑄 =  𝐴𝑠 𝑇 4
Where JOSEF STEFAN and
 - Stefan Boltzmann Constant Theoretically proved by
 = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4 LUDWIG BOLTZMANN
q” =  𝑇 4

Radiation exchange between two (black) bodies

𝑄 =  𝐴𝑠 ( 𝑇14 − 𝑇2 4)

Prof.K Karunamurthy 23
 Notations
Q – Amount of heat transfer (J)
𝑄- Rate of heat transfer (J/s) or (W)
q” – heat flux (W/m2)
𝑄
q” =
𝐴
q’’’ – rate of heat generated per unit volume
(W/m3)

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

Applications of Heat Transfer

1. Design of boiler, condenser, Heat Exchanger etc.,

2. Electronics Cooling
3. Space applications (Re-entry Vehicles)
4. Jet & Rocket Propulsion Systems
5. Cryogenic Storage.
6. IC Engines, Incinerators & Combustion.
7. Refrigeration & A/C
8. Manufacturing Processes
9. Thermal Stress Analysis

Dr.K Karunamurthy 25
 Modes of Heat Transfer
Mode of Heat Solid Liquid Gas Vacuum
Transfer
Conduction Y N/Y N N

Convection N Y Y N

Radiation Y Y Y Y
(Q) (Q) (Q) (Q)

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 Recap

Conduction

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 Convection

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 Radiation

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 BMEE402 Heat and Mass Transfer

MODULE 1 – Conduction I
Steady State Conduction With and Without Internal Heat Generation

Lecture # 4: Conduction Equations

Dr K Karunamurthy
Professor
School of Mechanical Engineering
Recap of Thermodynamics
Interaction between
System and Surrounding
• Mass transfer
• Solid
• Liquid
Surrounding
• Gas
• Energy Transfer
Co-ordinate System
• Spatial Co-ordinates
System
• Cartesian
• Polar
o Cylindrical
o Spherical
• Temporal Co-ordinates

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 General Heat Conduction Equation - Recap
• Cartesian Co-ordinates (x,y,z)
• Polar Co-ordinates
– Cylindrical Co-ordinates (r,,z)
– Spherical Co-ordinates (r,,)

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 RECAP
General Heat Conduction Equation in Cartesian Co-ordinates

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_daCl19n92E
q’’’

Steady / Unsteady

Internal Heat generation

Diffusion term
Three Dimensional
Unsteady
Conduction Equation
With Internal Heat Generation

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

General Heat Conduction Equation in Cartesian Co-ordinates

q’’’ 3d unsteady heat conduction

with heat generation
Fourier – Biot Equation

3d steady heat conduction

0 with heat generation
Poisson Equation

3d unsteady heat conduction

without heat generation
Diffusion Equation

3d steady heat conduction

without heat generation
Laplace Equation

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

General Heat Conduction Equation in Cartesian Co-ordinates
In general (irrespective of 1D / 2D / 3D), the general heat conduction
equation can be written as,
𝑞′′′ 1 𝜕𝑇
𝛻2𝑇 + =
𝑘  𝜕𝑡
Thus the general heat conduction equation in Cartesian co-ord can be,

(i) Steady state conduction (ii) UnSteady state conduction

1D 2D 3D 1D 2D 3D
Without heat generation    Without heat generation   
With heat generation    With heat generation   

Note:
 there are 36 possible combinations of heat conduction equations for all the three
co-ordinate systems.

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 One Dimensional Heat Conduction
1 D heat conduction equation
(i) Cartesian Co-ordinates
𝜕2 𝑇 𝑞′′′ 1 𝜕𝑇
+ =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑘  𝜕𝑡

(ii) Cylindrical Co-ordinates

1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝑞′′′ 1 𝜕𝑇
𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝑟 𝜕𝑟
+ 𝑘
=  𝜕𝑡

(iii) Spherical Co-ordinates

1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝑞′′′ 1 𝜕𝑇
𝑟2 𝜕𝑟
𝑟2 𝜕𝑟 + 𝑘
=  𝜕𝑡

In general the 1 D heat conduction equation is

1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝑞′′′ 1 𝜕𝑇
𝑟𝑛 𝜕𝑟 + = 
𝑟𝑛 𝜕𝑟 𝑘 𝜕𝑡

Where n=0 represents cartesian co-ordinates

n=1 represents cylindrical co-ordinates
n=2 represents spherical co-ordinates
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 Boundary Conditions and Initial Condition
(i) Boundary condition of first kind (Dirichlet Condition)
known surface temperature

(ii) Boundary condition of second kind (Neumann Condition)

Heat flux at the boundary is known
(first derivative of temp is known)

(iii) Boundary condition of third kind (Robin Condition)

Convective or radiative condition (the boundary surface is
subjected to convection / radiation)

(iv) Boundary condition of fourth kind

Conduction between two bodies in perfect contact

(v) Initial condition

Temperature of the object when t = 0 will be specified
MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer
 BMEE402 Heat and Mass Transfer

MODULE 1 – Conduction I
Lecture # 5: 1D Steady Conduction Without Heat Generation

a. Plane Wall &

b. Hollow Cylinder
c. Hollow Sphere
Dr K Karunamurthy
Professor
School of Mechanical Engineering
 Agenda
• 1d steady conduction
– Without heat generation (q’” =0)
• Plane Wall
– Temperature profile
– Rate of heat transfer
• Hollow cylinder
– Temperature profile
– Rate of heat transfer

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 1 d Conduction
• 1d steady conduction
– Without heat generation (q’” =0)
• Plane Wall
• Hollow cylinder
• Hollow Sphere
– With heat generation
• Plane Wall
– Symmetrical temp profile
– Asymmetrical temp profile
• Hollow cylinder
• Hollow Sphere
• Unsteady Conduction

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 1- d Steady State Conduction Without Heat Generation
• Plane Wall / Slab T = f(x) 0 0
𝜕2 𝑇 𝑞′′′ 1 𝜕𝑇
(i) Temperature Profile + = 
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑘 𝜕𝑡

𝜕2 𝑇
𝜕𝑥 2
=0
𝑑2 𝑇
= 0 ----------------- (1) Governing Differential
𝑑𝑥 2
Equation
Integrating
𝑑𝑇
= 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥
c
Integrating again
T = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 --------- (2) General solution.
Boundary Conditions are,
(i) 𝑇𝑥=0 = 𝑇1
(ii) 𝑇𝑥=𝑙 = 𝑇2
l
𝑇1 > 𝑇2 Applying B.C (i)
𝐶2 = 𝑇1 ------------------(a)
MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer
1- d Steady State Conduction Without Heat Generation
• Plane Wall / slab
Applying B.C (ii) & substituting the value of C2
𝑇2 = 𝐶1 𝑙 + 𝑇1

𝑇2 −𝑇1
𝐶1 = ---------------(b)
𝑙

Sub the values of C1 and C2 in eqn. (2).

𝑇2 −𝑇1
T= 𝑥 + 𝑇1 --------(3)
𝑙

𝑇−𝑇1 𝑥
= --------------(4)
𝑇2 −𝑇1 𝑙

Equation (4) represents the temperature profile

within the plane wall.

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

1- d Steady State Conduction Without Heat Generation
Plane Wall / Slab 𝑄 =
(𝑇1−𝑇2)
𝑙 ------------ (7)
𝑘 𝐴𝑐
(ii) Rate of Heat Transfer
𝑑𝑇 We know from Ohm’s law,
𝑄 = −𝑘 𝐴𝑐 ------- (5)
𝑑𝑥 𝑉
I = 𝑅 -------------------(8)
𝑒
𝑄 dx = -𝑘𝐴𝑐 dT Eqn. (7) and (8) are similar,
Integrating between the limits This is called as electrical analogy.
𝑥=𝑙 𝑇2
Thus eqn. (7) can be replaced as
𝑄 dx = −𝑘𝐴𝑐 dT
𝑥=0 𝑇1
𝑇
𝑄 = 𝑅 ---------------- (9)
𝑡ℎ
𝑄 𝑙 − 0 = −𝑘𝐴𝑐 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
Where,
𝑘𝐴𝑐 (𝑇1 −𝑇2 )
𝑄 − 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑕𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 ( W or J/s)
𝑄 = 𝑙
-------- (6) 𝑇 – Temperature difference (C or K )
𝑅𝑡𝑕 - Thermal resistance (C / W)

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 1- d Steady State Conduction
Without Heat Generation
Hollow Cylinder 1 𝑑
𝑟
𝑑𝑇
= 0 ------------------- (1) GDE
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
(i) Expression for Temperature Profile 𝑑 𝑑𝑇
 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 =0
𝑑𝑟

Integrating
r2 𝑑𝑇
𝑟 = 𝐶1
r1 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑇 𝐶1
=
𝑑𝑟 𝑟
r
Integrating again
T (r) : Heat transfer occurs in radial
direction T = 𝐶1 ln(r) + 𝐶2 ---------------------- (2) Gen. Solution
Ti – inner surface temperature
To – outer surface temperature Boundary Conditions are,
r1 – inner radius (i) 𝑇𝑟=𝑟1 = Ti -------------------- (a)
r2 – outer radius
(ii) 𝑇𝑟=𝑟2 = To -------------------- (b)
𝑇𝑖 > 𝑇𝑜
Sub B.C (i) and (ii) in the general solution

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 1- d Steady State Conduction
Without Heat Generation
• Hollow Cylinder
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵. 𝐶 𝑖   𝐶1 ln(𝑟1 ) + 𝐶2 = 𝑇𝑖 -------------(i)
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵. 𝐶 𝑖𝑖   𝐶1 ln(𝑟2 ) + 𝐶2 = 𝑇𝑜 --------------(ii)
(i) - (ii) 

𝑟1
𝐶1 ln = 𝑇𝑖 - 𝑇𝑜
𝑟2

(𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 )
𝐶1 = 𝑟1 ------------- (c)
ln 𝑟2

Substituting C1 in eqn. (i)

(𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 )
𝑟1 ln(𝑟1 ) + 𝐶2 = 𝑇𝑖
ln 𝑟2

(𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 )
𝐶2 = 𝑇𝑖 - 𝑟1 ln(𝑟1 ) ------------- (d)
ln 𝑟2

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 1- d Steady State Conduction
Without Heat Generation
• Hollow Cylinder
Sub. (c) and (d) in eqn. (2) general solution.
(𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 ) (𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 )
T= 𝑟1 ln(r) + 𝑇𝑖 - 𝑟1 ln(𝑟1 )
ln 𝑟2
ln 𝑟2

(𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜)
T= 𝑟1 ln 𝑟 − ln(𝑟1 ) + 𝑇𝑖
ln 𝑟2

(𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 ) 𝑟
𝑇 - 𝑇𝑖 = 𝑟1 ln (𝑟
ln 𝑟2
1)

𝑟
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑖 ln (𝑟 )
1
= 𝑟1
(𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 ) ln 𝑟2

𝑟
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇 ln (𝑟 )
1
= 𝑟2 -------------------------------------------------- (3)
(𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 ) ln 𝑟1

Temperature Profile

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 1- d Steady State Conduction
Without Heat Generation
• Hollow Cylinder
(ii) Rate of Heat Transfer
𝑑𝑇 (𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 )
𝑄 = −𝑘 𝐴𝑐 −−−−− −(4) 𝑄= 1 𝑟2 ------------------ (6)
𝑑𝑟  ln
2 𝑘𝑙 𝑟1
𝑄 𝑑𝑟 = - 𝑘 𝐴𝑐 𝑑𝑇
𝑄 𝑑𝑟 = - 𝑘 (2𝑟𝑙). 𝑑𝑇 Eqn. (6) is in electrical analogy form
Integrating
𝑟2 𝑇𝑜 Where
𝑑𝑟
𝑄 = − 𝑘 (2𝑙). 𝑑𝑇 Temperature difference (C)
𝑟1 𝑟 𝑇𝑖
T = 𝑇𝑖 -𝑇𝑜
𝑟2
𝑄 ln(𝑟) = - 𝑘 (2𝑙). 𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑖
𝑟1 𝐶
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑇𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ( 𝑊 )
2𝑘𝑙 (𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 ) 1 𝑟2
𝑄= ------------------- (5) 𝑅𝑡ℎ = ln ----------- (7)
ln 𝑟2 2𝑘𝑙 𝑟1
𝑟1

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 1- d Steady State Conduction
Without Heat Generation
1 𝑑 𝑑𝑇
Hollow Sphere 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
𝑟2 𝑑𝑟
= 0 ------------------- (1) GDE

𝑑 𝑑𝑇
(i) Expression for Temperature Profile  𝑑𝑟 𝑟 2 =0
𝑑𝑟

Integrating
𝑑𝑇
To 𝑟2 = 𝐶1
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑇 𝐶
Ti = 𝑟 12 = 𝐶1 𝑟 −2
𝑑𝑟
Integrating again
𝑟 −2+1
T= 𝐶1 −2+1 + 𝐶2
T (r) : Heat transfer occurs in radial
−1
direction T = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ---------------------- (2) Gen. Solution
𝑟
Ti – inner surface temperature
To – outer surface temperature Boundary Conditions are,
r1 – inner radius (i) 𝑇𝑟=𝑟1 = Ti -------------------- (a)
r2 – outer radius (ii) 𝑇𝑟=𝑟2 = To -------------------- (b)
𝑇𝑖 > 𝑇𝑜 Sub B.C (i) and (ii) in the general solution
MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer
 1- d Steady State Conduction
Without Heat Generation
Hollow Sphere
−𝐶1
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵. 𝐶 𝑖  + 𝐶2 = 𝑇𝑖 -----------(i)
𝑟1
+ −𝐶
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵. 𝐶 𝑖𝑖   1 + 𝐶2 = 𝑇𝑜 ---------(ii)
𝑟2
1 1
(i) - (ii)  𝐶1 − = 𝑇𝑖 - 𝑇𝑜
𝑟2 𝑟1
(𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 )
𝐶1 = 1 1 ------------- (c)
−
𝑟2 𝑟1

Substituting C1 in eqn. (i)

−1 (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 )
+ 𝐶2 = 𝑇𝑖
𝑟1 1 1
−
𝑟2 𝑟1
1 (𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 )
𝐶2 = 𝑇𝑖 + 1 1 . ------------- (d)
𝑟1 −𝑟
𝑟2 1

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 1- d Steady State Conduction
Without Heat Generation
Hollow Sphere
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 C1 and C2 in the general solution

(𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 ) −1 1 (𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 )

T= 1 1 + 𝑇𝑖 + 1 1 .
−𝑟 𝑟 𝑟1 −𝑟
𝑟2 1 𝑟2 1
(𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 ) −1 1
T - 𝑇𝑖 = 1 1 +
−𝑟 𝑟 𝑟1
𝑟2 1

1 1
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑖 −
𝑟1 𝑟
= 1 1
(𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 ) −
𝑟2 𝑟1
Thus the temperature profile is
1 1
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇 −
𝑟 𝑟1
= 1 1 ------------------------------------------------- (3)
(𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 ) −
𝑟2 𝑟1

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 1- d Steady State Conduction
Without Heat Generation
• Hollow Sphere
(ii) Rate of Heat Transfer
𝑑𝑇 (𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 )
𝑄 = −𝑘 𝐴𝑐 −−−−− −(4) 𝑄= 1 1 1 ------------------ (6)
𝑑𝑟 
4 𝑘 𝑟1
−
𝑟2
𝑄 𝑑𝑟 = - 𝑘 𝐴𝑐 𝑑𝑇
𝑄 𝑑𝑟 = - 𝑘 (4𝑟2). 𝑑𝑇 Eqn. (6) is in electrical analogy form
Integrating
𝑟2 𝑇𝑜 Where
𝑑𝑟
𝑄 2
= − (4𝑘). 𝑑𝑇 Temperature difference
𝑟1 𝑟 𝑇𝑖
T = 𝑇𝑖 -𝑇𝑜
−1 𝑟2 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑇𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑄 = - 4𝑘. 𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑖 1 1 1
𝑟 𝑟1 𝑅𝑡ℎ = 4𝑘 𝑟 − 𝑟 ----------- (7)
1 2

4𝑘 (𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜)

𝑄= 1 1 ------------------- (5)
−𝑟
𝑟1 2

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 1- d Steady State Conduction
Without Heat Generation
Geometry Temperature Thermal Rate of Heat Transfer
Profile Resistance

𝑇i − 𝑇 Rth 𝑄
(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 )

𝑥 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
Plane Wall 𝑙
𝑙 𝑘 𝐴𝑐 𝑙/(𝑘𝐴𝑐 )

𝑟
Hollow ln (𝑟 )
1
1
ln
𝑟2
𝑄= 1
(𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 )
𝑟2
Cylinder ln 𝑟2 2𝑘𝑙 𝑟1
 ln
2 𝑘𝑙 𝑟1
𝑟1

Hollow 1
𝑟 −
1
𝑟1
1 1
−
1
1
(𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 )
1 1
4𝑘 𝑟1 𝑟2
Sphere 1 1 
4 𝑘 𝑟1
−𝑟
2
−
𝑟2 𝑟1

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

BMEE402 Heat and Mass Transfer

MODULE 1 – Conduction I
Steady State Conduction Without Internal Heat Generation

Lecture # 5a: Simple Numerical Problems

Dr K Karunamurthy
Professor
School of Mechanical Engineering
 1- d Steady State Conduction
Without Heat Generation
Geometry Temperature Thermal Rate of Heat Transfer
Profile Resistance

𝑇i − 𝑇 Rth 𝑄
(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 )

𝑥 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
Plane Wall 𝑙
𝑙 𝑘 𝐴𝑐 𝑙/(𝑘𝐴𝑐 )

𝑟
Hollow ln (𝑟 )
1
1
ln
𝑟2
𝑄= 1
(𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 )
𝑟2
Cylinder ln 𝑟2 2𝑘𝑙 𝑟1
 ln
2 𝑘𝑙 𝑟1
𝑟1

Hollow 1
𝑟 −
1
𝑟1
1 1
−
1
1
(𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 )
1 1
4𝑘 𝑟1 𝑟2
Sphere 1 1 
4 𝑘 𝑟1
−𝑟
2
−
𝑟2 𝑟1

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

1- d Steady State Conduction Without Heat Generation
Numerical Problem
• Plane Wall / Slab

1. Calculate the heat transfer rate for a wall made of

refractory brick with the dimensions; length = 5 m, height
= 4 m and thickness = 25 cm. The temperature of the wall
at its inner surface is 110°C and that of the outer surface
is 40°C. The thermal conductivity of the refractory brick is
0.7 W/mK. It is also necessary to estimate the
temperature of the the wall at a location 20 cm from the
inner surface.

Ans: 3.92 kW, T=54°C

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

1- d Steady State Conduction Without Heat Generation
Numerical Problem

• Hollow Cylinder
2. A hollow cylinder of 5cm ID and 10cm OD has an
inner surface temperature of 200C and an outer
surface temperature of 100C, Determine the
temperature at a point halfway between the inner and
outer surfaces. If the thermal conductivity of the
cylinder is 70 W/mK, determine the heat flow through
the cylinder per metre.
Ans: 63.42 kW/m, T=141.5°C

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

1- d Steady State Conduction Without Heat Generation
Numerical Problem

• Hollow Sphere
3. A hollow sphere of 10cm ID and 30cm OD with
thermal conductivity of 50W/mK is used as a
container for a liquid chemical mixture. Its inner
and outer surface temperatures are 300°C and
100°C respectively, Determine the temperature at a
point quarter of the way between the inner and
outer surfaces. Also estimate the rate of heat flow
through the sphere.

Ans: 9.42 kW, T=200°C

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Dr K Karunamurthy
Professor
School of Mechanical Engineering
BMEE402 Heat and Mass Transfer

MODULE 1 – Conduction I
1D Steady State Conduction Without Internal Heat Generation

Lecture # 6:Composite Thermal Systems

Dr K Karunamurthy
Professor
School of Mechanical Engineering
Composite Systems
•Multilayered
• These layers are made up of
 distinct material (k),
 individual thickness
• Perfect contact between these layers

(i) Composite wall

(ii) Composite cylinder

(iii)Composite sphere

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Composite Systems
(i) Composite Wall
TiNOx Coating for
absorbing solar radiation
Brick
on copper substrate. Rockwool

Metal
Cladding

. Solar Collector Furnace wall Refrigerator door

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Composite Systems
(ii) Composite Cylinder

Insulated steam pipes Insulated solar water tank Insulated furnace oil storage tank

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Composite Systems
(ii) Composite Sphere

Cryogenic tanks
LNG Carrier

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Thermal Resistance Network
Plane wall Composite wall

𝑄 𝑇1 −𝑇3
𝑄 =
𝑅1 +𝑅2
Ac
Ac k 𝑇1 −𝑇3
𝑄 = 𝑙1 𝑙2
𝑘1 𝐴𝑐
+ 𝑘2 𝐴𝑐

l
l1 l2 𝑄 =
𝑇2 −𝑇3
𝑅2

R1 R1 R2 𝑇2 −𝑇3
𝑄 = 𝑙2
𝑘2 𝐴𝑐
T1 > T2 T1 > T2 > T3
𝑇1 −𝑇2
𝑙 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑄 = 𝑅1
𝑅1 = 𝑅= 𝑘 1 𝐴𝑐
+ 𝑘 2 𝐴𝑐
𝑘 𝐴𝑐 𝑇1 −𝑇2
𝑄 = 𝑙1
𝑇 𝑇1 −𝑇2 𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑘1 𝐴𝑐
𝑄 = = 𝑙 𝑄 =
𝑅1 𝑅
𝑘 𝐴𝑐
 Types of Thermal Resistances
(i) Resistances in series
The various thermal resistances are R1 R2 R3

• Conductive resistance
• Convective resistance The total thermal resistance,
• Radiative resistance 𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
(Note: The resistance that we have discussed
already is conductive resistance) (ii) Resistances in parallel
R1

These resistances can in T1 T2

– Series and/or
– Parallel
R2
Equivalent Resistance (R12)

1 1 1
=𝑅 +𝑅
𝑅12 1 2

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Convective Resistance
We know from Newton’s Law of Cooling
Rate of heat transfer by convection is
𝑄 = h 𝐴𝑠 T
𝑄 = h 𝐴𝑠 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
According to electrical analogy
( 𝑇 − 𝑇 ) Where
𝑄= 1 As – surface area exposed to convection
h 𝐴𝑠 T – Temperature difference
T – Temperature of the surface
Rconv T – ambient temperature
h – convective heat transfer coefficient
Thus
1
Rconv =
h 𝐴𝑠

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Thermal Resistance Network
Plane wall Composite wall 𝑇 1 − 𝑇 2
𝑄 =𝑅
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣1
𝑅1 +𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣2
+

𝑄 𝑇  1 − 𝑇 2
𝑄 = 1 𝑙 𝑙2 1
ℎ1 𝐴𝑐
+ 𝑘 1𝐴 + 𝑘2 𝐴 𝑐
+ ℎ 𝐴
Ac 1 𝑐 𝑜 𝑐

𝑇1 − 𝑇3
Ac k h, T T 𝑄 =
k  1 ho, T2 1 𝑙
+ 𝑘 1𝐴 + 𝑙2
ℎ1 𝐴𝑐 𝑘2 𝐴 𝑐
hi 1 𝑐

l l1 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
l l2 𝑄 = 1 𝑙
+ 𝑘 2𝐴
ℎ1 𝐴𝑐 2 𝑐

RR11 R1 R2
𝑄 = 11 1
𝑇 −𝑇

ℎ1 𝐴𝑐
T1 > T2 T1 > T2 > T3 𝑇1 −𝑇3
𝑄 = 𝑙1 𝑙2
𝑙 1 +
1 𝑙1 𝑙2 1 𝑘1 𝐴𝑐 𝑘2 𝐴𝑐
𝑅1 = 𝑘 𝐴𝑐
+ ℎ 𝐴𝑐 𝑅= + + +
ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑐 𝑘 1 𝐴𝑐 𝑘 2 𝐴𝑐 ℎ𝑜 𝐴𝑐
𝑇1 −𝑇2
𝑄 = 𝑙1
𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑇1 −𝑇
 𝑄 =
𝑇 𝑘1 𝐴𝑐
𝑄 = = 𝑙 1 𝑅
𝑅1 𝑘 𝐴𝑐
+ ℎ𝐴
𝑐
 Thermal Resistance Network
(ii) Composite Cylinder (Both surfaces convecting)

ho,
T2
hi,
T1

𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

𝑅 = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣1 + 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣2

1 1 𝑟2 1 𝑟3 1 𝑟4 1
𝑅= + 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑙𝑛 +
ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑖 2𝑘1 𝑙 𝑟1 2𝑘2 𝑙 𝑟2 2𝑘3 𝑙 𝑟3 ℎ𝑜 𝐴𝑜

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Thermal Resistance Network
(ii) Composite Cylinder
1 1 𝑟2 1 𝑟3 1 𝑟4 1
𝑅= + 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑙𝑛 +
ℎ𝑖 2𝑟1 𝑙 2𝑘1 𝑙 𝑟1 2𝑘2 𝑙 𝑟2 2𝑘3 𝑙 𝑟3 ℎ𝑜 2𝑟4 𝑙

𝑇
𝑄=
𝑅
(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝑄=
1 1 𝑟 1 𝑟 1 𝑟 1
+ 𝑙𝑛 2 + 𝑙𝑛 3 + 𝑙𝑛 4 +
ℎ𝑖 2𝑟1 𝑙 . 2𝑘1 𝑙 𝑟1 2𝑘2 𝑙 𝑟2 2𝑘3 𝑙 𝑟3 ℎ𝑜 2𝑟4 𝑙
(𝑇1 − 𝑇3 )
𝑄=
1 1 𝑟 1 𝑟
+ 𝑙𝑛 𝑟2 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑟3
ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑖 2𝑘1 𝑙 1 2𝑘2 𝑙 2

(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝑄=
1 𝑟 1 𝑟 1 𝑟
𝑙𝑛 𝑟2 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑟3 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑟4
2𝑘1 𝑙 1 2𝑘2 𝑙 2 2𝑘3 𝑙 3

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Thermal Resistance Network
(iii) Composite Sphere
Convecting from inner and outer surfaces

ho,
T2
ho, T0
i
i

𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

𝑅 = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣1 + 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑅= + − + − + − +
ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑖 4𝑘1 𝑟1 𝑟2 4𝑘2 𝑟2 𝑟3 4𝑘3 𝑟3 𝑟4 ℎ𝑜 𝐴𝑜

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Thermal Resistance Network
(iii) Composite Sphere
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑅= + − + − + − +
ℎ𝑖 4𝑟1 2 4𝑘1 𝑟1 𝑟2 4𝑘2 𝑟2 𝑟3 4𝑘3 𝑟3 𝑟4 ℎ𝑜 4𝑟4 2

𝑇
𝑄=
𝑅
(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝑄=
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ − + − + − +
ℎ𝑖 4𝑟1 2 4𝑘1 𝑟1 𝑟2 4𝑘2 𝑟2 𝑟3 4𝑘3 𝑟3 𝑟4 ℎ𝑜 4𝑟4 2
(𝑇1 − 𝑇4 )
𝑄=
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ − + − + −
ℎ𝑖 4𝑟1 2 4𝑘1 𝑟1 𝑟2 4𝑘2 𝑟2 𝑟3 4𝑘3 𝑟3 𝑟4
(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝑄=
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
− + − + − +
4𝑘1 𝑟1 𝑟2 4𝑘2 𝑟2 𝑟3 4𝑘3 𝑟3 𝑟4 ℎ𝑜 4𝑟4 2

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 1- d Steady State Conduction
Without Heat Generation
• Composite Wall
4. Determine the heat transfer
through the composite wall
shown in figure assuming 1- d
conduction. The thermal
conductivities of the materials A,
B, C, D, and E are 50, 10, 6.67, 20
and 30 W/mK respectively.
Assume the area of cross section
for material B and C are equal.

Ans: 40.7 kW

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 1- d Steady State Conduction
Without Heat Generation
• Composite Wall
5. A wall of 0.5 m thickness having thermal
conductivity of 1.4 W/mK is to be insulated with
a material having thermal conductivity of 0.35
W/mK, so that the heat loss per square metre
will not exceed 1450W, The temperatures of the
inner and outer surfaces are 1200°C and 15°C.
Calculate the thickness of insulation required.
Ans: 0.161m

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 1- d Steady State Conduction
Without Heat Generation
Composite Wall
6. The door of a cold storage plant is made from
two 6mm thick glass sheets separated by a uniform
air gap of 2mm. The temperature of the air inside
the room is -20°C and the ambient air temperature
is 30°C. Assuming the heat transfer coefficient
between the glass and air to be 23.26 W/m2K,
determine the rate of heat leaking into the room
per unit area of the door. Neglect convection effects
in the air gap.
k_glass = 0.75 W/mK
k_air = 0.02 W/mK

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 1- d Steady State Conduction
Without Heat Generation
Composite Cylinder
7. Determine the heat loss from an insulated steel pipe
carrying hot liquid, to the surrounding per metre length of the
pipe, given the following particulars.
ID of the pipe = 10 cm
Wall thickness = 1 cm
Thickness of insulation = 3 cm
Temperature of hot liquid = 85°C
Temperature of surrounding = 25°C
k1 for steel = 58 W/mK
k2 for insulating material = 0.2 W/mK
Inside heat transfer coefficient = 720 W/m2K
Outside heat transfer coefficient = 9 W/m2K

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 1- d Steady State Conduction
Without Heat Generation
Composite Cylinder
8. A steel pipe (k=50 W/mK) of ID 100 mm and OD
110mm is to be covered with two layers of insulation
each having a thickness of 50 mm. The thermal
conductivity of the first insulation material is 0.06 W/mK
and that of the second is 0.12 W/mK. Calculate the loss of
heat per m length of the pipe and the interface
temperature between the two layers of insulation when
the temperature of the inside tube surface is 250°C and
that of outside surface of insulation is 50°C.
If the order of insulation is reversed for the steel pipe,
that is the insulation with a higher value of thermal
conductivity was put first, calculate the change in heat
loss with all other conditions remaining unchanged.
Comment also on the result.
MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer
 1- d Steady State Conduction
Without Heat Generation
Composite Sphere
9. A hollow sphere is made up of two materials;
first with a thermal conductivity of 70 W/mK is
having an ID of 10 cm and OD of 30 cm and the
second with a thermal conductivity of 15 W/mK
forms the outer layer with OD of 40 cm. The
inside and outside temperatures are 300°C and
30°C respectively. Estimate the rate of heat flow
through this sphere assuming perfect contact
between two materials.
MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer
 1- d Steady State Conduction
Without Heat Generation
Composite Sphere
10. A spherical thin walled metallic container is used to
store liquid N2 at 77 K. The container has a diameter of
0.5 m and is covered with a silica insulation layer of
thermal conductivity 0.0017 W/mK. The insulation is 25
mm thick and its outer surface is exposed to ambient air
at 300 K. The convective heat transfer coefficient is 20
W/m2K. The latent heat of vaporization and density of
liquid N2 are 200 kJ/kg and 804 kg/m3, respectively.
Determine
(i) The rate of heat transfer to the liquid N2
(ii) The rate of vaporization (in litres/day)?

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Dr K Karunamurthy
Vellore Institute of Technology Chennai
 MEE 2005 Heat Transfer

MODULE 2 – Conduction I
Steady State Conduction With and Without Internal Heat Generation

Lecture # 6: 1D Conduction Without Heat Generation

Critical Radius of Insulation

Dr K Karunamurthy
Associate Professor
School of Mechanical Engineering
 Agenda

Critical Radius of Insulation

(i) Cylinder

(ii) Sphere

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 CRITICAL THICKNESS OF INSULATION
The geometries discussed are Plane wall, Hollow Cylinder and
Hollow Sphere,
(i) Plane Wall Consider this plane wall as an insulator
Rth = Rcond + Rconv
𝑄 Remains
same

Ac 𝑙 1
k h, T Rth = +
𝑘 𝐴𝑐 ℎ𝐴

l
Increasing the thickness of insulation
R1
Total thermal resistance increases and
The rate of heat transfer decreases….
𝑇
𝑄 =
𝑅

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 CRITICAL THICKNESS OF INSULATION
(ii) Hollow Cylinder
Consider this hollow cylinder is made up of an
insulating material
h, T Rth = Rcond + Rconv
T1
T2 1
Rth = 21𝑘𝑙 𝑙𝑛 𝑟2
+
𝑟1 ℎ 𝐴𝑜

1 𝑟2 1
Rth = 2𝑘𝑙 𝑙𝑛 𝑟1
+ ℎ 2 𝑟2 𝑙
Increasing the thickness of insulation

If Rcond dominates then Rth and 𝑄

If Rconv dominates then Rth and 𝑄

Thus increasing the thickness of insulation may Q or it may Q

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 CRITICAL THICKNESS OF INSULATION
(ii) Hollow Sphere
Consider this hollow sphere is made up of an
insulating material
h, T Rth = Rcond + Rconv
T1
T2 1
Rth = 41 𝑘 1
−
1
+
𝑟1 𝑟2 ℎ 𝐴𝑜

1 1 1 1
Rth = 4𝑘 − +
𝑟1 𝑟2 ℎ 4 𝑟2 2
Increasing the thickness of insulation

If Rcond dominates then Rth and 𝑄

If Rconv dominates then Rth and 𝑄

Thus increasing the thickness of insulation may Q or it may Q

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 CRITICAL THICKNESS OF INSULATION

The radius at which rate of heat

transfer is maximum is called Critical
Radius of Insulation.

Beyond the critical radius of

insulation increasing the insulation
thickness reduces the rate of heat
transfer.

(i) For a hollow cylinder

𝒌
𝒓𝒄 = 𝒉
rconv rcond
dominates dominates
(i) For a hollow sphere
𝟐𝒌
𝒓𝒄 =
r1 rC 𝒉

radius

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 CRITICAL THICKNESS OF INSULATION
To determine the critical radius of insulation (rc)
(i) Hollow Cylinder (i) Hollow Sphere
At r = rc ; Q = Qmax and Rth is minimum At r = rc ; Q = Qmax and Rth is minimum

Condition for minimum Condition for minimum

𝑑 𝑑
( Rth) = 0 ( Rth) = 0
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟2
2

𝑑 1 𝑟2 1 𝑑 1 1 1 1
−𝑟 + =0
𝑑𝑟2 2𝑘𝑙
ln 𝑟1
+ ℎ 2 𝑟2 𝑙
=0 𝑑𝑟2 4𝑘 𝑟1 2 ℎ 4 𝑟2 2

𝑑 1 1 𝑟2 1 𝑑 1 1 1 1 1
ln + − + =0
𝑑𝑟2 2𝑙 𝑘 𝑟1 ℎ𝑟2
=0 𝑑𝑟2 4 𝑘 𝑟1 𝑟2 ℎ𝑟2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 −1 −2
− 0 + − ℎ𝑟 =0
2𝑙 𝑘 𝑟2 2
2
4 𝑘
0 − 𝑟2 2
+ ℎ𝑟2 3
=0
1 1
= 1 2
𝑘𝑟2 ℎ 𝑟2 2 =
𝑘𝑟2 2 ℎ𝑟2 3
𝒌 𝟐𝒌
𝒓𝟐 = = 𝒓𝒄 𝒓𝟐 = = 𝒓𝒄
𝒉 𝒉

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 CRITICAL THICKNESS OF INSULATION
Take away……..
• Insulators are materials that are used to reduce the rate
of heat transfer.
• In general, increasing the thickness of insulation reduces
the rate of heat transfer, this is relevant for plane wall
geometry.
• In the case of a cylinder or a sphere, increasing
insulation thickness will not guarantee a decrease in the
rate of heat transfer.
Q Insulator
• Some times the rate of heat transfer increases, and Q
some times the rate of heat transfer decreases as the
insulation thickness increases.
• The radius (thickness) at which rate of heat transfer is
maximum is called as a CRITICAL RADIUS OF
INSULATION OR CRITICAL THICKNESS OF
INSULATION.
• If the radius provided is more than the critical radius of
insulation, then further increase in insulation thickness
reduces the rate of heat transfer.

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Critical Radius of Insulation
11. A steam pipe of 10cm ID and 11 cm OD is
covered with an insulating material (k=1 W/mK).
The steam temperature and the ambient
temperatures are 200°C and 20°C respectively. If
the convective heat transfer coefficient between
the insulation surface and air is 8 W/m2K. Find the
critical radius of insulation. For this value of radius,
calculate the heat loss per metre of pipe and the
outer surface temperature. Neglect the conductive
resistance of pipe material.

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Critical Radius of Insulation
12. An electric conductor made of copper of length 1 m with a
diameter of 1mm is covered with a plastic insulation of
thickness 1 mm. The temperature of its surroundings is 20°C.
(i) Find the maximum current that can be carried for this
insulation thickness by the conductor such that no part of
plastic is above 80°C.
kplastic = 0.5 W/mK, h = 8 W/m2K, resistivity = 3 x 10-8  m.
(ii) Determine the critical radius of insulation,
(iii) the maximum rate of heat transfer at critical radius
(iv) maximum current that can be carried by the conductor at
critical radius, and
(v) Discuss the effect of increase or decrease of insulation on
the current carrying capacity of the conductor.

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Dr K Karunamurthy
Vellore Institute of Technology Chennai
 MEE 2005 Heat Transfer

MODULE 2 – Conduction I
Steady State Conduction With and Without Internal Heat Generation

Lecture # 8: 1D Conduction With Heat Generation

(Plane Wall)

Dr K Karunamurthy
Associate Professor
School of Mechanical Engineering
 Systems with internal heat generation
In engineering applications, systems with internal heat generation are
common, as the final form of conversion of energy is heat.
Some of the conventional systems where internal heat generation
encountered are
(i) Exothermic chemical reaction (ii) Electrical heaters
Product

.
(X+Y)

q’’’
Reactant X Reactant Y

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Systems with internal heat generation
(iii) Nuclear fuel rod (iv) Concrete under curing

(vi) Heat generation from sun (v) Thermal conductivity of insulating powder

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 1D Conduction With Heat Generation
• Plane wall
– Symmetrical Temperature Profile
– Asymmetrical Temperature Profile
• Solid Cylinder
• Solid Sphere

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

1d steady conduction with internal heat generation
T = f(x) 0
(i) Plane wall 𝜕2 𝑇
+
𝑞′′′
= 
1 𝜕𝑇
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑘 𝜕𝑡

To 𝜕2 𝑇 𝑞′′′
𝜕𝑥 2
+ 𝑘
= 0 ----------------- (1) GDE
𝑑2 𝑇 𝑞′′′
Tw =- 𝑘
Tw 𝑑𝑥 2
q’’’ Integrating
h, h, 𝑑𝑇 𝑞′′′
T = − 𝑥 + 𝐶1 --------- (1a)
T 𝑑𝑥 𝑘
Integrating again
𝑞′′′ 𝑥 2
T=− + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 ------(2) General solution.
𝑘 2

x=-l x=0 x=l Boundary Conditions are,

𝑑𝑇
(i) 𝑇𝑥=0 = 𝑇𝑜  𝑑𝑥 x = 0 = 0
Thickness of the wall is 2 l (ii) 𝑇𝑥=𝑙 = 𝑇𝑤
𝑇𝑥=𝑙 = 𝑇𝑤 = 𝑇𝑥=−𝑙
Tw – wall temperature Applying B.C (i)
To – Max Temp 𝐶1 = 0 ------------------(a)
T - ambient temperature
To > 𝑇𝑤 > T MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer
 0
𝑞′′′ 𝑥 2
T=− + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝑘 2
𝑞′′′ 𝑥 2
T=− + 𝐶2
𝑘 2
𝑞′′′ 𝑙 2
Applying B.C (ii); Tw = − + 𝐶2
𝑘 2
𝑞′′′ 𝑙 2
𝐶2 = Tw + ------- (b); sub (a) and (b) in general solution
𝑘 2 0
𝑞′′′ 𝑥 2 𝑞′′′ 𝑙 2
T=− + 𝐶1 𝑥 + Tw +
𝑘 2 𝑘 2
𝑞′′′
T − Tw = (l2 - x2) ---------- (3)
2𝑘
when x = 0, T = To= Tmax
𝑞′′′
To − Tw = (l2) ------------ (4)
2𝑘
(3) – (4) 
𝑞′′′ 𝑥 2
T − To = − ------------ (5)
𝑘 2
(3)  (4) 

T − Tw 𝑥 2
= 1− ---(6)
To − Tw 𝑙
1d steady conduction with internal heat generation
Rate of heat transfer
Heat generated = heat conducted = heat convected
q’’’ A (2l) = h (2A) (Tw-T)

q’’’ l = h (Tw - T)

q’’’ l
Tw = T + ------ (7)
ℎ

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 1- d Steady State Conduction
With Heat Generation
Plane wall
13. A plane wall of 10 cm thick generates heat at
the rate of 4 x 104 W/m3, when an electric current is
passed through it. The convective heat transfer
coefficient between each face of the wall and the
ambient air is 50 W/m2K. Determine
(i) The surface temperature
(ii) The maximum temperature in the wall
The ambient air temperature is 20°C and the
thermal conductivity of the wall material is 15
W/mK.
MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer
 MEE 2005 Heat Transfer

MODULE 2 – Conduction I
Steady State Conduction With and Without Internal Heat Generation

Lecture # 8(b): 1D Conduction With Heat Generation

(Solid Cylinder)

Dr K Karunamurthy
Associate Professor
School of Mechanical Engineering
 1- d Steady State Conduction With Heat Generation

(ii) Solid Cylinder

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 1- d Steady State Conduction With Heat Generation
(ii) Solid Cylinder

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 1- d Steady State Conduction With Heat Generation
(ii) Solid Cylinder

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 1- d Steady State Conduction With Heat Generation
(ii) Solid Cylinder

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

Cylinder
14. An electrical transmission line made of a 25
mm dia annealed copper wire carries 200 A and
has a resistance of 0.4x10-4  / cm length. If the
surface temperature is 200°C and the ambient
temperature is 10°C, determine the heat
transfer coefficient between the wire surface
and the ambient air and the maximum
temperature in the wire, if k=160 W/mK.

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 1- d Steady State Conduction
With Heat Generation
Cylinder
15. Nichrome having a resistivity of 100cm is to be
used as a heating element in a 10 kW heater. The
Nichrome temperature at the surface should not exceed
1220°C. Other design features include
Surrounding temperature = 20°C
Out side heat transfer coefficient = 1.15 W/m2K
Thermal conductivity of Nichrome = 17 W/mK
(i) Find out what diameter of Nichrome wire is
necessary for a 1 m long heater.
(ii) Also find the rate of current flow.

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 MEE 2005 Heat Transfer

MODULE 2 – Conduction I
Steady State Conduction With and Without Internal Heat Generation

Lecture # 9(a): 1D Conduction With Heat Generation

(Plane Wall – Asymmetrical Temperature Profile)

Dr K Karunamurthy
Associate Professor
School of Mechanical Engineering
 1D Conduction With Heat Generation
• Plane wall
– Symmetrical Temperature Profile
– Asymmetrical Temperature Profile
• Solid Cylinder
• Solid Sphere

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

1d steady conduction with internal heat generation
T = f(x) 0
(i) Plane wall 𝜕2 𝑇
+
𝑞′′′
= 
1 𝜕𝑇
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑘 𝜕𝑡

To 𝜕2 𝑇 𝑞′′′
𝜕𝑥 2
+ 𝑘
= 0 ----------------- (1) GDE
Tw1 𝑑2 𝑇 𝑞′′′
=- 𝑘
q’’’ Tw2 𝑑𝑥 2
Integrating
h, h, 𝑑𝑇 𝑞′′′
T = − 𝑥 + 𝐶1 --------- (1a)
T 𝑑𝑥 𝑘
Integrating again
𝑞′′′ 𝑥 2
T=− + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 ------(2) General solution.
𝑘 2

x=-l x=0 x=l Boundary Conditions are,

(i) 𝑇𝑥=−𝑙 = 𝑇𝑤1
Thickness of the wall is 2 l (ii) 𝑇𝑥=𝑙 = 𝑇𝑤2
𝑇𝑥=𝑙 = 𝑇𝑤2 ; 𝑇𝑥=−𝑙 = 𝑇𝑤1
Tw1, Tw2 – wall temperatures Applying B.C (i) & B.C (ii)
To – Max Temp
T - ambient temperature
MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer
 𝑞′′′ 𝑙 2
(i)  Tw1 = − − 𝐶1 𝑙 + 𝐶2
𝑘 2
𝑞′′′ 𝑙 2
(ii)  Tw2 = − + 𝐶1 𝑙 + 𝐶2
𝑘 2
MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer
MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer
 MEE 2005 Heat Transfer

MODULE 2 – Conduction I
Steady State Conduction With and Without Internal Heat Generation

Lecture # 9(b): 1D Conduction With Heat Generation

(Solid Sphere)

Dr K Karunamurthy
Associate Professor
School of Mechanical Engineering
1- d Steady State Conduction With Heat Generation
(iii) Solid Sphere
1- d Steady State Conduction With Heat Generation
(iii) Solid Sphere
1- d Steady State Conduction With Heat Generation
(iii) Solid Sphere

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 MEE 2005 Heat Transfer

MODULE 2 – Conduction I
Steady State Conduction With and Without Internal Heat Generation

Lecture # 10: Variable Thermal Conductivity

Dr K Karunamurthy
Associate Professor
School of Mechanical Engineering
 1- d Steady State Conduction
Thermal Conductivity
• Rate of heat conducted per unit thickness when unit
temperature difference was maintained.
• Notation: k
• Unit: W/mK
• ‘k’ is constant and it is a material property.
• For anisotropic material
• ‘k’ is not constant; kx  ky  kz
• Also ‘k’ is a function of temperature
– k(T)
 1- d Steady State Conduction

Temperature
Temperature profile
T1 profile
T1
>0
=0

T2 <0
T2

k(T)
‘k’ is constant
k(T) =ko(1+T) linear variation
- coefficient of thermal conductivity
 1- d Steady State Conduction
• From Fourier’s law
𝑑𝑇
𝑄 = −𝑘(𝑇) 𝐴𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑄
𝐴𝑐
dx = −𝑘(𝑇) 𝑑𝑇
𝑄
dx = - ko(1+T) dT
𝐴𝑐
integrating
𝑙 𝑄 𝑇2
0 𝐴𝑐
dx = 𝑇1
− ko(1+T) dT
𝑄𝑙 𝑇 2 T2
𝐴𝑐
= − ko(T) −  2 T1
𝑄𝑙 (𝑇22 −𝑇12 )
= − ko(T2−T1) −  2
𝐴𝑐
𝑄𝑙 (𝑇12 −𝑇22 )
= ko(T1−T2) +  2
𝐴𝑐
(𝑇 −𝑇 )
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑐 km 1 𝑙 2
(𝑇 +𝑇 )
where km = ko (1+  1 2 2 )
Note:
km can be calculated using this relation only if the dependence of thermal
conductivity on temperature is linear.
MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer
 Numerical Problems
A fireclay wall of 20 cm thick has its two surfaces
maintained at 1000C and 200C. The thermal
conductivity of fireclay varies with
temperature(C) as
k = 0.813 + 0.000582T, where T is in C
Calculate the rate of heat flow

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer
MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer
 Numerical Problems
Compute the heat loss / m2 of a 40 cm thick
furnace wall having surface temperatures of
300C and 50C, if the thermal conductivity ‘k’
of the wall material is given by
k = 0.005T – 5 x 10-6 T2, where T is in (C).

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer
MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer
MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer
MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer
MEE 2005 Heat Transfer

Revision

Dr K Karunamurthy
Dr M Sreekanth
Dr Ayub Ahmed
 Agenda
• Critical Radius of Insulation – Numerical
• Revision
 Critical Radius of Insulation
11. A steam pipe of 10cm ID and 11 cm OD is
covered with an insulating material (k=1 W/mK).
The steam temperature and the ambient
temperatures are 200°C and 20°C respectively. If
the convective heat transfer coefficient between
the insulation surface and air is 8 W/m2K. Find the
critical radius of insulation. For this value of radius,
calculate the heat loss per metre of pipe and the
outer surface temperature. Neglect the conductive
resistance of pipe material.

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

Given To Find
r1 = 5 cm
(i) rc
r2 = 5.5 cm
(ii) Q at rc
k =1 W/mK
(iii) To
h = 8 W/m2K
Ti = 200C
T = 20C
L=1m
Solution
(i) Critical radius (cylinder) = k/h =0.125 m=12.5 cm
(ii) Rate of heat transfer
∆𝑇
Q =
𝑅𝑡ℎ
Rth = Rcond + Rconv
1 𝑟𝑐
Rcond = ln( )
2𝑘𝑙 𝑟2
1
Rconv=
ℎ (2𝑟𝑐𝑙)
Rth = 0.289 K/W
Rate of heat transfer
Q = 622.83 W
(iii) Tw
Q = const for steady state
∆𝑇 Tw − T
Q= =
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 0.159
Tw − 20
622.83 =
0.159

Tw = 119.03C
 Critical Radius of Insulation
12. An electric conductor made of copper of length 1 m with a
diameter of 1mm is covered with a plastic insulation of
thickness 1 mm. The temperature of its surroundings is 20°C.
(i) Find the maximum current that can be carried for this
insulation thickness by the conductor such that no part of
plastic is above 80°C.
kplastic = 0.5 W/mK, h = 8 W/m2K, resistivity = 3 x 10-8  m.
(ii) Determine the critical radius of insulation,
(iii) the maximum rate of heat transfer at critical radius
(iv) maximum current that can be carried by the conductor at
critical radius, and
(v) Discuss the effect of increase or decrease of insulation on
the current carrying capacity of the conductor.

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

Given
r1 = 0.5 mm To Find
thick = 1mm (i) rc
r2 =1.5 mm
(ii) Qmax
Resistivity () = 3 x 10-8m (iii) Imax
k =0.5 W/mK
h = 8 W/m2K (iv) .
To = 80C
T = 20C
L=1m
(i) Critical radius
rc = k/h = 0.5/8 = 0.0625 m = 6.25 cm
∆𝑇
(ii) Q =
𝑅𝑡ℎ
Rth = Rcond + Rconv
1 𝑟
Rcond = ln( 𝑐 )
2𝑘𝑙 𝑟2
1
Rconv=
ℎ (2𝑟𝑐𝑙)
Rth = 1.505 K/W
Qmax = 39.86 W
(iii) To find Imax
Qmax = I2 R
𝑙
Electrical Resistance R = = 0.0382 
𝐴𝑐
Imax = 32.3 A
r2<rc
Amount of Heat Transfer
Rate of Heat Transfer
Governing laws
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
• Thermal conductivity
– Unit
– Variable thermal conductivity
• Heat Transfer Coefficient
– Unit
• Stefan Boltzmann Constant
– Unit
Cartesian Co-ord
T(x,y,z,t) T(x)
q’’’

Cylindrical Co-ord
T(r, , z, t) T(r)

Spherical Co-ord
T(r, , , t) T(r)
 1-d steady conduction
(i) Cartesian Co-ordinates
𝜕2 𝑇 𝑞′′′ 1 𝜕𝑇
+ =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑘  𝜕𝑡

(ii) Cylindrical Co-ordinates

1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝑞′′′ 1 𝜕𝑇
𝑟 + =
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑘  𝜕𝑡

(iii) Spherical Co-ordinates

1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝑞′′′ 1 𝜕𝑇
𝑟2 + =
𝑟2 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑘  𝜕𝑡

In general the 1 D heat conduction equation is

1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝑞′′′ 1 𝜕𝑇
𝑟𝑛 + =
𝑟𝑛 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑘  𝜕𝑡
 1d steady conduction
• Simple Systems
– Plane wall
– Hollow cylinder
– Hollow Sphere
• Composite Systems
• Critical Radius of Insulation
– Cylinder
– Sphere
• Systems with heat generation
– Plane wall
– Solid cylinder
– Solid Sphere
 Module 3
• Conduction Shape factor